岷山山系川金丝猴群的社会结构——以唐家河国家级自然保护区川金丝猴为例

为进一步深入理解不同地理区域川金丝猴群的社会结构特点,于2014年3—7月,采用焦点动物取样法对岷山山系唐家河国家级自然保护区辅助投食成功的一个川金丝猴群进行了观察。研究表明:该猴群共有138只个体,包括16只成年雄性,48只成年雌性,11只亚成年雌性,3只亚成年雄性,36只青少年猴以及24只婴幼猴;猴群中成年个体与未成年个体的比例为0.86∶1。唐家河川金丝猴群具有典型的重层社会结构:即由11个一雄多雌单元(one-male units,OMUs)组成2个繁殖分队(breeding band),并分别与1个密切联系的全雄单元(all-male unit,AMU)共同构成。其中,每个OMU分别由6~15只个体组成,平均为10.64只±2.77只;AMU共21只个体,以青少年个体最多,占61.9%。方差分析表明:2个繁殖分队中的OMU大小差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。     

陕西省楼观台实验林场川金丝猴的种群数量及分布

2016年5—10月,采用"V"形样线调查和红外相机监测相结合的方法,对陕西省楼观台实验林场川金丝猴Rhinopithecus roxellana的种群分布、数量进行调查,初步探讨林场内猴群的社会结构。通过持续跟踪观察,发现猴群共2处,证实一雄多雌单元(OMU)15个,全雄单元(AMU)1个,能区分不同个体137只。AMU有8只个体,OMU平均大小为8.6只,其中,成年占40%、青少年占48%、婴幼猴占12%。成年雌雄的比例为2.40∶1,成年与青少年的比例为1∶1.22,且主要分布于林场南部的东碾道-秦岭村-光头山区域。与秦岭其他种群相比,虽OMU大小基本一致,但成年雌雄的比例却低于其他种群,造成的原因尚不清楚。本次调查不仅摸清了陕西省楼观台实验林场川金丝猴的种群数量、分布与社会结构,且为陕西省珍稀野生动物抢救饲养研究中心圈养川金丝猴的饲养管理提供基础资料。     

西双版纳尚勇自然保护区野生印支虎及其三种主要有蹄类猎物种群现状调查

中国野生印支虎及其猎物种群状况的野外实地研究一直处于空白。本研究使用足迹鉴别法、粪堆计数法,首次对西双版纳尚勇自然保护区野生印支虎种群数量现状及该区域内的虎猎物种群状况进行了调查研究。结果显示:2004 ～ 2009 年间,确认西双版纳保护区存在3 只成年印支虎个体(2 雌1 雄),西双版纳尚勇保护区拥有比较丰富的有蹄类种群,其中虎的主要猎物:水鹿平均密度为7.63 (7.40 ～ 9.23)只/ km² ;赤麂平均密度为17. 39 (11.33 ～24.94)只/ km² ,野猪平均密度为10.26 (7.69 ～ 14.51) 只/ km² ,该区域虎猎物生物量为1 715. 74 kg/ km² 。本研究还探讨了该区域印支虎种群的保护前景以及中国境内开展虎种群调查的适用办法等。     

中国云南塔城滇金丝猴的社会结构

在云南塔城附近的山地森林中,我们利用摄象机记录了一群滇金丝猴通过山谷和在水源地饮水的过程。我们利用这些记录分析这群滇金丝猴的种群大小、组成成员以及个体的空间分布,并利用连续通过个体之间的时间间隔来揭示社会结构。塔城滇金丝猴群由366个个体组成,是目前所知最大的滇金丝猴群体。猴群内雌性个体较多。猴群可以分为26个单位,其中有19个单雄多雌单位、5个多雄多雌单位和2个全雄单位。统计结果表明单位内个体间的时间间隔显著比单位间的短。2/3以上的亚成年雄性个体和全雄单位一起活动。猴群在地面活动时全雄单位位于猴群的外围,充当前卫和后卫。塔城猴群的生命表组成结构与吾牙普亚猴群的大致一样,同样是多层社会结构,单雄多雌和全雄单位构成猴群的主体。亚成年雄性多数与全雄单位一起活动,表明雄性可能会从其出生的单雄多雌单位中迁移出来。     

饲养条件下川金丝猴群中主雄的移除和替换对社群行为的影响

在上海野生动物园对一群半散养的川金丝猴进行了为期一年的行为学研究。在此期间,猴群中发生了4起家庭主雄被移除和替代事件和一个雌性群因繁殖需要引入一个成年雄猴的事件,该过程在饲养条件下首次被完整记录。观察发现,繁殖群中,在家庭主雄猴的健康状况良好期间,群中各雄性成员间的社会等级关系相当稳定,很少变动。主雄猴有效地控制着群体的秩序,并严格地看护着其家庭中的雌猴免受其他雄猴的侵扰,而且它也很少对其他低序位雄猴主动攻击。全雄群中则再由一个高序位雄猴控制其他低序位雄猴。疾病、衰老、前主雄猴的存在以及被饲养人员从群中移除进行治疗等都可能引起猴群社会发生很大动荡,尤其是全雄群中各雄猴的社会等级序位发生剧烈改变,甚至发生家庭主雄的替代。在本报道中,人为因素在主雄替代过程中起着主要作用。主雄替代一旦成功,新主雄会把原主雄赶入全雄群,攻击追撵其他低序位雄猴,并彻底与全雄群完全脱离。对于每一个新主雄,家庭中的雌猴对其的接纳表现出明显的选择倾向。雌性性选择可能是野生猴群中新家庭群建立一种内在基础机制,同时提示偷配发生的可能性。     

九寨沟自然保护区川金丝猴的分布及种群数量

2014年2月至5月,对四川省九寨沟自然保护区野生川金丝猴的种群分布、数量及其社会结构进行调查,初步探讨该种群与其他种群在外部形态和社会结构方面的差异性。采用"V"型路线法调查,发现九寨沟保护区共有川金丝猴4群。然后结合长时间的持续跟踪观察,证实家庭单元19个,全雄群3个,能区分不同个体296只。OMU大小平均为12.7只,其中OMU内的成年个体占38%,青少年个体占53%,幼仔占9%。成年与青少年比例为1∶1.39,成年雌雄的比例为3.84∶1。与秦岭种群的外部形态相比,该种群的成年雄性更为壮大,毛发弯曲程度明显;成年雌性毛发略显灰黑色,金黄色暗淡,大部分个体嘴角长有很小的肉瘤;青少年个体毛色泛白。亦发现九寨沟种群倾向于选择海拔偏高(2400—3550 m)的针叶林带活动。     

川金丝猴社会行为节目及其动作模式

正确区分和定义川金丝猴各项社会行为节目及其动作模式是研究川金丝猴社会行为的重要基础。本文的目的是按照现代习性学的基本观点,探讨川金丝猴在演化过程中所形成的物种典型行为以及它们的固定动作模式。数据收集时间为1988～2005 年,采用焦点动物取样法和随意取样法,对川金丝猴笼养条件下的繁殖群、半笼养条件下的繁殖群和全雄群、以及其自然栖息地神农架林区的野生猴群进行观察,总计观察约3 000 h。初步确定了川金丝猴54 项物种典型行为节目及其动作模式,其中45 项是群内个体之间用以进行社会交往的社会行为节目,包括8 种在其他灵长类物种中目前还没有报道或比较少见的。     

基于样线法和非损伤性标志重捕法对古田山小麂种群现状评价

为分析古田山自然保护区内小麂种群资源的现状,制定合理的保护和管理措施,本研究结合传统的样带调查法和非损伤性标志重捕法进行小麂种群资源的调查与评估。2014年4月、7月、10月和2015年1月在古田山自然保护区内进行了4次调查,结果显示：样带法得到全区的种群密度为(5.8±0.4)只/km²,种群数量为(473.5±29.2)只,其中核心区种群密度最高,为(7.5±0.7)只/km²,种群数量为(160.8±14.0)只;缓冲区为(5.7±0.6)只/km2,种群数量为(98.2±10.4)只;实验区密度最低,为(3.3±0.5)只/km²,种群数量为(140.5±20.7)只。非损伤性标志重捕法得到全区种群密度为(4.9±0.3)只/km²,种群数量为(397±26)只。样带法调查显示,不同功能区之间的种群密度随季节发生变化,核心区、缓冲区和实验区均是春季种群密度最高,保护区内小麂主要栖息在海拔400-800 m之间,夏季向高海拔区域迁移,冬季则向低海拔迁移。SRY性别鉴定结果表明,古田山小麂种群季节间平均雌雄性比1.17∶1,周年雌雄性比为1.11∶1（9只雌性,84只雄性）（x=0.458,P=0.499）,雌性个体的数量优势并不是很明显,若要进一步提高种群数量,则需要加强保护。     

四川小相岭山系大熊猫种群及栖息地调查

小相岭山系是现存大熊猫种群数量最少的山系之一。根据全国第3次大熊猫及其栖息地调查结果,小相岭山系大熊猫栖息地分布在石棉、冕宁和九龙三县,栖息地总面积802.04 km²,大熊猫种群数量有32只。大熊猫在3个位于小相岭山系的自然保护区内种群数量和栖息地面积分别为:四川冶勒自然保护区9只,栖息地面积168.01 km²;四川栗子坪自然保护区14只,栖息地面积306.38 km²;四川贡嘎山自然保护区1只,栖息地面积15.19 km²。在3个保护区大熊猫栖息地总面积为489.58 km²,占各山系大熊猫栖息地总面积的61.05%;有大熊猫24只,占大熊猫种群数量的75.0%。小相岭山系大熊猫meta种群栖息地片段化比较严重,它由2个种群和2个孤立分布点组成。南北方向从成都至昆明的108国道以东的种群A有大熊猫13只,栖息地面积263.54 km², 完整性较好,大熊猫分布比较集中。108国道以西的种群B有大熊猫19只,栖息地面积为538.50 km²,栖息地破碎。该山系大熊猫数量少,栖息地片段化严重,需加强保护。
     

Male dispersal in a provisioned multilevel group of Rhinopithecus roxellana in Shennongjia Nature Reserve, China

Most Old World monkeys show male-biased dispersal. We present the first systematic data on male dispersal in a provisioned multilevel group of Rhinopithecus roxellana, based on 4.5 years of field observations in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, China. We evaluated both ultimate (inbreeding avoidance and male mating competition) and proximate (food availability and predation risk) factors influencing male dispersal. The focal group contained 34-53 individuals, in 3-4 one-male units (OMUs) and 1 all-male unit (AMU). We observed 37 dispersal events involving 10 of 11 adults, 7 of 8 subadults, and 7 of 15 juveniles. Most interunit transfers within the focal group occurred around the months of mating season. Adult males competed for the leader positions of OMUs mainly through aggressive takeovers, and young males transferred from the OMUs to the AMU at the median age of 41 months, forced out by leader males. No young males older than 4 years remained in natal or non-natal OMUs. The male mating competition hypothesis was supported. The young males emigrated voluntarily from the focal group at the average age of 58.6 months, and no young emigrating male was observed to return, suggesting inbreeding avoidance also played a role in the dispersal of young males. Most emigration/immigration events were parallel dispersal and occurred during intergroup encounters, suggesting increased predation risk during the dispersal period. Males were more likely to emigrate/immigrate during the months when preferred foods were most available. We compared the dispersal patterns in R. roxellana with those in gelada baboons and hamadryas baboons, both living in multilevel societies. Similar to R. roxellana, young male geladas disperse at puberty, but they may return and breed in their natal groups. Males in hamadryas also disperse, but much less commonly than in R. roxellana. Provisioning may have influenced results, and confirming studies on unprovisioned groups would be valuable.     

A study on the social structure and dispersal patterns of hamadryas baboons living in a commensal group at Taif,Saudi Arabia

Three levels of hamadryas social structure—the one male unit (OMU), the band, and the troop—have been observed at all sites studied, but a fourth—the clan—has been observed at only one site, Erer-Gota, Ethiopia, during a longitudinal check of the dispersion of identified individuals. The clan is important since it appears to provide the basis for male philopatry, although comparative data is needed from other sites to confirm this. We studied a huge commensal group of hamadryas baboons (over 600 animals) in Saudi Arabia. We put ear tags on baboons between 1998 and 2004 and analyzed social structure, relying on the interactions of these tagged animals by focusing especially on their dispersal patterns from OMUs. OMU membership tended to be looser than that of the Ethiopian hamadryas. Females tended to shift between OMUs on an individual basis in our study group, whereas the collapse of an OMU was a major occasion of adult female transfer in Ethiopia. We found neither stable bands (a “band” in our study group was defined as a regional assemblage of OMUs) nor clans that lasted for several years. Some OMUs moved and transferred into neighboring areas over both the short and long term. Further, some post-adolescent males appeared to move out of the study area. The ratio of adult females in an OMU in our study group was larger than for any other documented study site, and this may be the reason for enhanced female transfer between OMUs. A large proportion of the adolescent females showed no clear membership to OMUs, and no “initial units” (commonly observed in Ethiopia) were discernible. The ease with which young males acquired adult females at the study site must have disrupted the formation of a clan, a “male-bonded society.”     

罗布泊野骆驼的家域特征及其意义

野双峰骆驼(Camelus ferus)生活在荒漠戈壁, 种群数量稀少, 栖息地地形复杂多样, 且有长距离迁徙习性, 目前对其家域面积和重要栖息地范围的研究只有定性描述。本研究于2012年5月至2013年7月, 在阿奇克谷地和阿尔金山北麓捕捉了8峰野骆驼并安装GPS卫星跟踪项圈, 分别获得了12-423天的13,748个GPS位点记录。研究结果表明, 8峰野骆驼的100%最小凸多边形(minimum convex polygons, MCP)家域面积分别为1,775-11,768 km², 总家域面积为32,821 km², 占罗布泊野骆驼分布区面积的23.1%, 平均家域面积为7,349 ± 1,323 km²。野骆驼个体家域面积季节间差异显著, 秋季最大, 其次是冬季和夏季, 春季最小, 秋季是春季的4.4倍。野骆驼在繁殖季节的家域平均面积为879 ± 320 km², 非繁殖季节为998 ± 106 km², 二者间无显著差异。除了项圈编码为135号的野骆驼和其他7峰野骆驼的家域没有重叠外, 其余7峰野骆驼的家域都有重叠。这7峰野骆驼的家域总面积是24,910 km², 占罗布泊野骆驼分布区总面积的17.5%, 重叠区面积是515 km²。鉴于野骆驼主要分布在阿奇克谷地及以南区域、阿尔金山北麓, 建议将罗布泊野骆驼国家级自然保护区位于阿奇克谷地北山以北的核心区部分区域、磁海低地以南的山区和阿尔金山西部原为实验区的部分区域调整为缓冲区, 而将阿尔金山北麓至库姆塔格沙漠之间的戈壁地带原为缓冲区的部分区域调整为核心区。     

间歇运动对心梗大鼠梗死周边区单个心肌细胞钙瞬变和收缩功能的影响

目的:探讨间歇运动对心梗大鼠缺血心肌细胞钙瞬变和收缩功能改变的影响。方法:3月龄SD雄性大鼠24只,适应性喂养1周后随机分为假手术组(S)、心梗组(MI)、心梗+运动组(ME),每组8只。MI组结扎左冠状动脉前降支制备心梗模型;S组只穿线不结扎;ME组术后一周开始间歇训练,运动方式为1周适应性运动(10 m/min×30 min/d),然后先以10 m/min×10 min,再以15 m/min×6 min和25 m/min×4 min依次交替运功,60 min/d,每周5 d连续8周。训练结束后次日,腹腔麻醉并分离心肌细胞。采用单细胞可视化动缘探测系统(IonOptix)测定[Ca^2+]i amplitude、[Ca^2]+i荧光比率(Ratio)、Departure velocity、TTP、TTP50%、TTB50%、Return velocity以及Ratio amplitude等钙瞬变指标和±dl/dtmax、SL、PTA、SL shortening%等心肌细胞收缩指标。结果:与S组相比,MI组[Ca^2+]i amplitude、[Ca^2+]i Ratio amplitude,Departure velocity和Return velocity均显著下降(P<0.01),TTB50%、TTP和TTP50%均显著增加(P<0.01),心肌细胞肌节SL Shortening%、PTA、±dl/dtmax均显著减少(P<0.01);与MI组相比,ME组Ratio amplitude、[Ca^2+]i amplitude、Return velocity和Departure velocity均显著提高(P<0.01),TTB50%、TTP和TTP50%均显著缩短(P<0.01,P<0.05),心肌细胞肌节SL Shortening%、PTA、±dl/dtmax均显著提高(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论:间歇运动可同步改善MI大鼠梗死周边区心肌活细胞的钙瞬变异常和心肌细胞的收缩功能。     

Demographic study of a large-sized unit-group of chimpanzees in the mahale mountains,Tanzania: A preliminary report

Long-term demographic observations on a large-sized unit-group of chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania, are summarized. The unit-group, the M group, contains over 100 individuals, which makes it the largest unit-group ever reported. The age-sex composition, natality, mortality and transfers of the M group are analyzed. An attempt is made to illustrate an age-sex pyramid of the group by estimating the ages of all the individuals in the group. The results reveal that: (1) the mortality rate of the male infants within 1 year almost doubled that of female infant; (2) adult male to adult female ratio of the M group is considerably higher than any other unit-groups elsewhere; and (3) the M group contains a relatively large number of old animals over 40 years of age, suggesting that the longevity of wild chimpanzees might be greater than estimated so far.     

Social dynamics of the golden snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana): female transfer and one‐male unit succession

Among primates that form multilevel societies, understanding factors and mechanisms associated with the movement of individuals between groups, clans, and one‐male social units offers important insight into primate reproductive and social strategies. In this research we present data based on an 8‐year field study of a multilevel troop of Sichuan snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in the Qinling Mountains of China. Our study troop contained 78–126 individuals, and was usually organized into 6–8 one‐male units (OMU). The majority of OMUs were composed of networks of unrelated females and their offspring. We found that 59.7% (43/72) of subadult and adult females in our study troop transferred between OMUs (n=66) or disappeared (n=7) from the troop. In the majority of cases, two or more females transferred together into new OMUs or troops. In R. roxellana, new OMUs formed in several ways. During 2001–2008, 16 adult males appeared in the study troop. Over this period, we observed 13 different males who became harem leaders either by taking over an existing harem or by attracting females from other OMUs into their harem. We also observed four OMUs from a neighboring troop to successfully immigrate into the study troop. The number of individuals in these newly immigrated OMUs was significantly smaller than that number of individuals in resident OMUs. During harem formation, fighting between adult males was rarely observed, and female mate choice appeared to play a crucial role in harem male recruitment and replacement. These results suggest that golden snub‐nosed monkeys are organized in a nonmatrilineal social system. Female mate choice and possibly incest avoidance appear to play important roles in female transfer, male tenure, and OMU stability. Am. J. Primatol. 71:670–679, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

四川省竹巴笼自然保护区矮岩羊的集群特征

2007 年7 ～12 月和2008 年4 ～6 月,采用样线法和定点观察法,在四川省竹巴笼自然保护区对矮岩羊集群行为进行了观察。2007 年观察到34 群共217 只矮岩羊,集群平均为6. 4 ± 4.9 只;2008 年观察到16 群共135只,集群平均为8.4 ± 7.7 只。集群分为雄性群(2007 年:8.8% ;2008 年:6.3% )、雌性群(2007 年:2. 9% ;2008 年:0)、混合群(2007 年:70.6% ;2008 年:81.2% )、母仔群(2007 年:8.8% ;2008 年:12. 5% )和孤羊(2007 年:8.8% ;2008 年:0)5 种类型。在不同季节,5 种集群类型比例都有所变化,差异显著(P <0.01)。集群大小间和集群类型间也有显著或极显著差异,其中2 ～ 10 只的集群在2007 年占73.5%,在2008 年占75.0% ,呈集小群特征。年龄组结构中,成体、亚成体和幼体个体数比为100∶ 26.4∶ 28. 6 (2007 年)和100∶24.7∶ 20. 4 (2008 年)。雌雄性比2007 年为100∶ 55.7,2008 年为100∶ 56.6,年间差异不显著(P > .05)。受集群收益、生物学特征、繁殖周期、资源竞争、生境地形地貌、捕食风险和人类活动等主要因素的影响,矮岩羊在集群类型、集群大小、年龄结构和性比上显示了其生存策略。