金丝猴社会生态学研究进展

金丝猴栖息于热带雨林,亚热带森林,温带高山、亚高山森林等多样自然生态系统中,对理解非人灵长类生态与行为适应的灵活性和复杂性非常有益;以一雄多雌为基本结构的重层社会,其形成与演化机制能为揭示早期人类社会形成及演化提供线索。由于栖息生境地形险陡、长期狩猎导致不易接近和个体识别困难等,其社会生态学研究难以取得进展。近年来,辅助投食种群突破了研究瓶颈,该文综述了几十年来金丝猴社会生态学的部分研究成果,以期抛砖引玉,推动金丝猴社会生态学的研究进程。     

黔金丝猴食性及社会结构的初步研究

黔金丝猴(Rhinopithecus brelichi)是我国一级重点保护动物,仅分布于贵州梵净山狭小范围内(杨业勤,2002),被IUCN列为"濒危种"(IUCN, 2007).它自1903年由Thomas命名后,直到1965年才出现一些生态方面的报道(彭鸿绶等,1965),20世纪80年代,Tan(1985)、马世来等(1988)零星报道了一些黔金丝猴生态学方面的工作.     

中国云南塔城滇金丝猴的社会结构

在云南塔城附近的山地森林中,我们利用摄象机记录了一群滇金丝猴通过山谷和在水源地饮水的过程。我们利用这些记录分析这群滇金丝猴的种群大小、组成成员以及个体的空间分布,并利用连续通过个体之间的时间间隔来揭示社会结构。塔城滇金丝猴群由366个个体组成,是目前所知最大的滇金丝猴群体。猴群内雌性个体较多。猴群可以分为26个单位,其中有19个单雄多雌单位、5个多雄多雌单位和2个全雄单位。统计结果表明单位内个体间的时间间隔显著比单位间的短。2/3以上的亚成年雄性个体和全雄单位一起活动。猴群在地面活动时全雄单位位于猴群的外围,充当前卫和后卫。塔城猴群的生命表组成结构与吾牙普亚猴群的大致一样,同样是多层社会结构,单雄多雌和全雄单位构成猴群的主体。亚成年雄性多数与全雄单位一起活动,表明雄性可能会从其出生的单雄多雌单位中迁移出来。     

组织工程血管补片动物模型的建立及围术期处理

目的评估组织工程血管补片动物模型的可行性并总结模型建立的围手术期处理。方法10只成年杂种犬,用自身的骨髓细胞和高分子可降解材料构建的组织工程血管补片扩大肺动脉流出道。结果实验中有1例在术中出现心动过缓,暂停手术操作后,其余手术均逐渐恢复,未造成不良后果。术后实验动物均存活。术后5～10min撤离呼吸机,拔除胸引管。术后两周肺动脉造影示左肺动脉通畅,未见动脉瘤形成,移植物处稍狭窄;取出移植物观察,血管管腔通畅,腔面光滑,无血栓,无感染。结论通过自身的骨髓细胞和高分子可降解材料构建的组织工程血管补片扩大犬肺动脉流出道成功建立了组织工程血管补片动物模型。为了保证模型的成功建立,应使用右侧卧位、尽早进行心电监护、及时处理心律紊乱和尽早撤离呼吸机等围术期护理要点。     

Distribution and conservation status of Rhinopithecus strykeri in China

This paper summarizes the results of 358 interviews we conducted on Rhinopithecus strykeri in the Gaoligong Mountains, northwest Yunnan, China, between April 2011 and December 2012. Based on our interview records and selective field surveys (47 days of field survey for seven possible distribution areas), we suggest that there may be up to 10 groups of R. strykeri occurring in China between the Salween River and the border with Myanmar, and that the total population of R. strykeri in China should be between 490 and 620 animals. According to interviewees, Rhinopithecus strykeri tends to use conifer and mixed conifer–broad-leaved forest, predominantly between 2,600 and 3,100 m above sea level. To better protect this globally threatened species, classified as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), we suggest extensions to current nature reserve boundaries to better include the home ranges of China’s remaining population.     

Social organization of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Deqin, China

Data on social organization of two bands of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) were collected when the monkeys were crossing an open spot at Nanren and Bamei (northwest of Yunnan, China) using a sampling rule where individuals within one social unit are spatially closer to each other than individuals between social units. The typical pattern of social organization in this sample was multiple adult females (AFs) and their offspring with one adult male (AM) in a one-male unit (OMU), similar to that of many other colobines. In such units, on average one male is associated with 4.0 AFs and 2.5 of their offspring. Moreover, there are multimale/multifemale units and monogamous units besides OMUs. All bisexual units traveled together with at least one all-male unit as a cohesive band. In two bands of monkeys, 87% of AMs in bisexual units were within OMUs, 7.8% within monogamous units and 5.2% within multimale, multifemale units. In the Bamei band, 6.7% of AMs were in the all-male unit. The size of OMUs in the Nanren band was larger than that of the Bamei band, with more AFs and juveniles, which may be related to better conservation in the Nanren band's habitat. For the Nanren band, the average number of AFs in OMUs varied across time, increasing from 4.3 in 1994 to 5.1 in 2001, and then decreasing to 3.8 in 2005. This article suggests three possible explanations for this variation, but more data are needed for these hypotheses to be tested.     

Cafeteria-style feeding trials provide new insights into the diet and nutritional strategies of the black snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri): Implications for conservation

Anthropogenic changes and fragmentation of natural habitats often exert a negative effect on resource availability and distribution, and the nutritional ecology and feeding behavior of nonhuman primates. The goals of this study are to examine food choice and to identify the nutritional profile of foods consumed by the Critically Endangered black snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri). To accomplish our study goals, we presented cafeteria-style feeding trials of fresh food items collected in the home range of wild black snub-nosed monkeys to the only two captive R. strykeri, and compared the nutritional profiles of the leafy foods (buds, young, and mature leaves, 100 items from 70 plant species) selected with those avoided (54 items from 48 plant species). Overall, the results indicate that captive R. strykeri selected foods that were higher in moisture (Mo; 77.7%), crude protein (CP; 21.2%), total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC; 34.9%), and phosphorus (P; 0.37%) while tending to avoid foods with a neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of greater than 46.8%. Leaves collected in autumn and selected by the monkeys were characterized by a slightly higher amount of metabolizable energy (ME) than those rejected (1,350 kJ/100 g vs. 1,268 kJ/100 g). In contrast, the protein content of foods collected and consumed during the spring was greater (22.9%) than in autumn (16.4%). Random Forests modeling, an ensemble learning method, indicated that the proportion of Mo, NDF, ME, CP, P, and TNC were among the most important factors in predicting which items were consumed by the captive R. strykeri during spring and autumn. On the basis of the nutritional profile of foods consumed across the two seasons, we identified 18 nutrient-rich native plant species that we recommend for use in ex- and in-situ conservation management and reforestation programs to provide long-term access to a nutritionally adequate diet.     

秦岭玉皇庙川金丝猴2-3岁内个体社会行为的性别差异

2005年3月至2006年5月在秦岭北坡的陕西周至国家级自然保护区玉皇庙地区,采用焦点动物取样法(Focal animal sampling)观察动物,利用瞬时记录法(Instantaneous recording)等记录数据,对2003年出生的7只秦岭川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)个体(3♀、4♂)的社会理毛、社会玩耍、被驱赶、攻击、爬跨等行为进行了研究,以了解该物种社会行为的发育在2-3岁阶段是否存在性别间的差异。结果表明:雌、雄二性社会理毛行为的平均频次存在显著性差异(♀11.86%、♂6.55%),并且这种显著性差异也体现在理毛婴猴行为(♀3.64%、♂1.26%)和理毛母亲行为(♀4.61%、♂2.70%)方面;雄性社会玩耍行为的平均频次与雌性相比也有显著性差异(♀4.44%、♂7.39%),这与被驱赶行为性别差异的研究结果相同(♀0.42、♂1.98);爬跨行为的平均频次也表现出显著性的性别差异(♀0.034、♂1.83),如同攻击行为(♀0.043、♂0.088)。另外,我们在将2-3岁阶段分为4个小发育阶段的基础上,还发现除雌性理毛婴猴行为的发生频次和雄性被驱赶行为的发生频次与年龄(阶段)呈极显著正相关外,雌性和雄性其它行为的发生频次与年龄均不相关。因此,川金丝猴2-3岁内个体社会行为的发育具有显著性的性别差异,且在一定程度上反映了雌雄二性不同的生活史,而这种行为上的策略正是该物种在长期进化中在群体水平上对自然选择压力的回应,以增加个体的适合度,使种群得以繁衍.     

Dominance hierarchy and social relationships in a group of Captive black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti)

Different types of dominance hierarchies reflect different social relationships in primates. In this study, we clarified the hierarchy and social relationships in a one-male unit of captive Rhinopithecus bieti observed between August 1998 and March 1999. Mean frequency of agonistic behaviour among adult females was 0.13 interactions per hour. Adult females exhibited a linear hierarchy with a reversal of 10.9%, indicating an unstable relationship; therefore, R. bieti appears to be a relaxed/tolerant species. The lack of a relationship between the agonistic ratio of the adult male towards adult females and their ranks indicated that males did not show increased aggression towards low-ranking females. Differentiated female affiliative relationships were loosely formed in terms of the male, and to some extent influenced by female estrus, implying that relationships between the male and females is influenced by estrus and not rank alone. A positive correlation between the agonistic ratio of adult females and their ranks showed that the degree to which one female negatively impacted others decreased with reduction in rank. Similarly, a positive correlation between the agonistic ratio of females and differences in rank suggests that a female had fewer negative effects on closely ranked individuals than distantly ranked ones. These data indicate that rank may influence relationships between females. A steeper slope of regression between the agonistic ratio and inter-female rank differences indicated that the extent of the power difference in high-ranking females exerting negative effects on low-ranking ones was larger during the mating season than the birth season, suggesting that rank may influence the mating success of females.     

西藏米拉卡黑白仰鼻猴的栖息地变化

黑白仰鼻猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)分布在我国金沙江和澜沧江之间的横断山脉的一个狭小区域内（26°14′N—29°20′N,99°15′E—99°37′E）,海拔分布范围2 600 （南部）—4 200 m（北部）;目前大约有15群,约1 700只。本文所研究的西藏米拉卡猴群分布在我国西藏藏族自治区芒康县的南部,数量约50只。基于野外调查和过去的报道,此地的暗针叶林和针阔叶混交林是猴群的适宜栖息地,而由于人口数量增加所导致的夏季牧场和农田面积不断扩增正在逐渐侵蚀着这里的暗针叶林。为了评估该猴群的栖息地现状、变化趋势和变化原因,我们通过野外调查工作,利用GIS和RS技术,分别解译了当地过去5年(1986—2006年) 冬季的Landsat TM卫星影像,并对解译结果进行了分析和计算,得到了该猴群栖息地的主要结果有：1）2006年暗针叶林面积是13 600 hm²,夏季牧场面积是4 900 hm²,农田面积是3 300 hm²;2）在过去20年（1986—2006年）,暗针叶林面积减少了15.5%（2 500 hm²）,牧场面积增加了58.1%（1 800 hm²）,农田面积增加了17.8%（500 hm²）;3）暗针叶林的斑块数量增加了75.6%,平均斑块面积下降了51.8%（从1986年的15.3 hm²到2006年的7.4 hm²）,最大斑块指数下降了54.7%;景观丰富度并没有变化,但Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度指数分别增加了4.0%;4）暗针叶林面积变化与当地的人口数量呈显著负相关（r＝−1.000）,而夏季牧场和农田面积分别和当地人口呈显著正相关（r＝1.000）。表明黑白仰鼻猴米拉卡猴群栖息地的丧失和破碎化程度较为严重;栖息地丧失和破碎化是当地传统生产方式和人口增长共同作用的结果。     

神农架一个川金丝猴群的食物分布

食物分布是灵长类行为生态学研究的重要内容之一。国内对川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)的食物种类和喜好程度已进行了大量翔实的研究,但在食物的时空分布方面相对薄弱。在2006年8月～2008年7月的两年间,我们对神农架千家坪地区一个川金丝猴群的食物组成做了调查,同时通过样方法(每隔200 m的海拔梯度)研究了该猴群的食物在该地区的分布状况,以及食物分布海拔的季节性变化。结果表明,该猴群的食源植物至少有15种,占食物组成的55.0%,而地衣占食物组成的38.4%;该猴群的食物在某些海拔地带具集中分布趋势,但分布密度总体上不高,重要食源植物(占食物组成的5.0%以上)的乔木胸高断面积和灌木冠部面积所占比例在任何季节分别小于12%和小于14%,约89%的乔木和81%的灌木表面没有地衣覆盖;食物主要分布在海拔1 900～2 500 m之间,可能制约着该猴群的活动海拔范围;植物性食物在海拔上的分布呈现明显的季节性差异,即春季和夏季比秋季和冬季的分布海拔低,这很可能引起该猴群活动海拔的季节性变化。