鼬科动物线粒体DNA控制区结构分析

利用PCR技术获得紫貂(Martes zibellina)和黄喉貂(Martes flavigula)线粒体DNA控制区全序列,并结合从GenBank中下载的9种鼬科动物相应序列,用ClustalX排序后对控制区结构进行分析,识别出延长终止序列区、中央区和保守序列区3个区域,指出了一个终止相关序列ETAS1及8个保守序列(CSB-F、E、D、C、B、1、2和3),并给出了序列通式,在CSB1和CSB2之间发现不同形式的短重复序列.此外,以狼为外类群,应用邻接法构建鼬科线粒体控制区全序列的系统进化树,结果表明:臭鼬亚科最先从鼬科中分化出来,随后剩余类群分为两大支系,即貂属种类与貂熊聚为一支,并与獾亚科的狗獾形成姐妹群;另一支为水獭亚科的物种与鼬属的林鼬形成姐妹群,再与虎鼬聚在一起,狗獾与貂属的紫貂亲缘关系最近,水獭亚科与鼬属亲缘关系最近.     

华北京津冀地区兽类新纪录——香鼬

香鼬(Mustela altaica Pallas,1811)属食肉目(Carnivora)鼬科(Mustelidae)鼬属(Mustela),是分布于东亚和中亚的一种小型食肉动物,主要以小型啮齿动物为食,其典型栖息地为海拔1 500～4 000 m的森林、森林草原、高山草甸及灌丛或多岩石的山地等环境(高耀亭等,198...     

虎鼬秘密20+

正世界上大约有70种鼬。黄鼬、臭鼬、白鼬、伶鼬……这些都是老面孔了,你期待认识新的鼬类朋友吗?接下来,有请本文主角虎鼬携它的22个小秘密闪亮登场。虎鼬是鼬类的一种,因身体表面长有类似老虎的斑纹而得名。这个名字不错,既能表明身份,又可以"蹭"老虎的热度,听起来很有气势。     

内蒙古中新世通古尔组 Tungurictis(Carnivora:Hyaenidae)的新材料

斯氏通古尔鼬 (Tungurictisspocki)是 1 939年Colbert描述的一个采自内蒙古中中新世通古尔组的小型食肉类的新属、新种。他最初认为通古尔鼬属于灵猫科 ,但最近Hunt( 1 989)及Hunt和Solounias( 1 991 )提出通古尔鼬具有一些鬣狗科耳区的特征 (如水平方向的听泡隔板等 )但缺少典型鬣狗科强壮的用来咬碎骨骼的前臼齿。Werdelin和Solounias( 1 991 )对鬣狗科分支系统的研究也进一步证实通古尔鼬实际上是一种鬣狗科较为原始的成员。因此通古尔鼬成为研究鬣狗科初期演化关系的重要一环。Tungurictisspocki的正型标本 (AMNH 2 660 0 )是一件相当完整的头骨 ,但这是美国自然历史博物馆第三次中亚考查团在狼营地点 (WolfCamp)获得的惟一标本。缺少下颌骨和非常关键的下裂齿对于研究鬣狗科关系总是一件憾事。因此在通古尔台地南缘首次发现的出自同一个体的斯氏通古尔鼬上、下颌骨 ,对加深该种形态特征的认识和对鬣狗科系统关系的研究都具有一定意义。新发现的材料 (IVPPV 1 3784)包括很可能属同一个体头骨的前半部分以及下颌骨 ,并保存了P3～M2及m1～m2。V 1 3784采自内蒙古苏尼特左旗IVPP 346地点西 1 .5km(美国自然历史博物馆中亚考查团推饶木诺尔地点TairumNorlocality ,又称南营地SouthCamp) ,属通古尔组下部     

内蒙古三盛公渐新世古鼬(食肉目,古鼬科)新材料及系统发育关系分析

古鼬属(palaeogale)由H.von Meyer于1846年建立,欧亚大陆以及北美的晚始新世一中新世地层中均有报道。但受化石标本以及研究程度的限制,古鼬的分类位置问题一直存在争议,曾被分别归入鼬科(Mustelidae)、古灵猫科(Viverravidae)、猫科(Felidae)、古鼬科(Palaeogalidae)和猫型亚目(Feliformia)科未定等。内蒙古三盛公地区新发现了5件古鼬标本,其中IVPP V 19325(包括属于同一个体的一件残破头骨、一对近乎完整的下颌以及一些椎体和肋骨)是目前为止亚洲发现的保存最完好的标本。本文详细描述了这些新材料,并基于新材料,结合前人的图版描述,提取了古鼬的形态学性状特征用于系统发育关系分析。参考Wesley-Hunt and Flynn(2005)的系统发育关系分析,选用了共计42个类群的100个性状特征进行了分析。此外,对12个现生类群的6个基因(细胞核基因TR-i-I,TBG和IRBP;线粒体基因ND2,CYTB和12S rRNA),共计5893个碱基对进行的分子系统发育关系分析,帮助完善了古鼬的形态学系统发育关系分析结果。50%多数合意树的结果显示古鼬与鼬科及古灵猫科均无明显的亲缘关系,而是位于猫型亚目基干位置,代表了猫型亚目下一个原始的支系,可被归入古鼬科(Palaeogalidae)。同时,还厘定了古鼬科的鉴定特征。未来还需要更完整的性状数据,尤其是耳区的性状特征,来完善古鼬的系统发育关系分析。     

天牛亚科中国四新纪录种(鞘翅目,天牛科)

记述了天牛亚科虎天牛族4新纪录种,刺虎天牛属Demonax Thomson的八点刺虎天牛D.contrarius Holzschuh;艳虎天牛属Rhaphuma Pascoe的独艳虎天牛R.unigena Holzschuh;绿虎天牛属Chlorophorus Chevrolat的胖绿虎天牛C.proannulatus Gressitt & Rondon;瘦棍腿天牛属Stenodryas Bates的四纹瘦棍腿天牛S.nigromaculatus(Gardner).研究标本保存在西南大学昆虫标本馆.     

浅谈鼬獾

<正>鼬獾(Melogale moschata),别名山獭、山狟、白猪鼻、白猸,属食肉目鼬科鼬獾属,为东洋界特产动物(封面照片林剑声2010年3月27日摄于江西武夷山国家级自然保护区海拔1100m处)。     

新疆貂熊种群初步调查

正貂熊(Gulo gulo)属食肉目,鼬科,貂熊属。此种有两个亚种,分别为古北亚种(G.g.gulo)和新北亚种(G.g.luscus)。新北亚种分布在北美北部地区;古北亚种分布在欧亚大陆,我国分布为此亚种(朴仁珠和张明海,2000)。貂熊主要栖息在高山、苔原、泰加林、北方森林区域、沼泽等环境(Mitchell-Jones et al.,1999)。目前,欧洲种群     

海南睑虎繁殖生物学特征初步观察

关于睑虎属(Goniurosaurus)物种的研究主要集中在新种描述、分类分布以及系统进化等方面,繁殖生物学资料基本空白.本课题组于2017年9月至2019年8月对海南吊罗山国家级自然保护区内海南睑虎(G.hainanensis)的繁殖生物学特征进行了调查研究.结果发现,海南睑虎的繁殖期为3～10月,共观察到雌性个体1...     

中国天牛新记录

(1)天牛亚科Cerambycinae 1、卵纹绿虎天牛Chlorophorus hederatus Heller 1926分布:广西龙州;印度,泰国,老挝。寄主:石萝(?)属,婆罗双树属,合欢属,榆绿属,坡垒属,栎属。 2、工字纹艳虎天牛Rhaphuma maculicollis Gressitt et Rondon 1970分布:海南岛尖峰岭;老挝。 3、道氏脊虎天牛Xylotrechus daoi Gressitt et Rondon 1970     

大耳猬血液、尿无机离子等指标测定及肾脏水通道蛋白1、2的表达

测定了大耳猬血清及尿中多种无机离子和尿素氮等指标,并应用免疫组织化学方法观察了AQP1、AQP2在肾脏的表达.大耳猬血清钠、氯含量较高;而尿液中以钾、钠、氯及尿素氮含量较高.尿液中主要离子浓度高于血清,较为浓缩,尿素氮、钾排泄能力较强.AQP1免疫反应阳性表达于近曲小管上皮和髓袢细段,AQP2主要表达于集合管上皮细胞.因此,AQP1、AQP2可能在大耳猬肾脏水重吸收及尿液浓缩过程中具有重要作用.     

Characterization of C-terminal-truncated urinary metabolites of a recombinant hirudin in rats

Although it has been reported that hirudin was excreted in urine mainly as its nonmetabolized form in humans, dogs, and rabbits, no report has been published about the molecular nature of urinary metabolites in rats. We found that nonmetabolized hirudin could not be detected in rat urine after its i.v. administration and that urinary metabolites of recombinant hirudin CX-397 consisted of at least the following six C-terminal-truncated peptides: CX-397^1–49, CX-397^1–50, CX-397^1–51, CX-397^1–52, CX-397^1–54, and CX-397^1–55, in the ratio of roughly 11, 51, 3, 11, 19, and 5%, respectively. In conclusion, the urinary metabolism of recombinant hirudin in rats is different from that in humans, dogs, and rabbits, suggesting that the handling of hirudin in rat kidney is unique among them.     

草甸草原土壤与植物系统自然丰度氮稳定同位素的年际变化及其指示作用

氮是陆地生态系统生产力的首要限制性养分,利用自然丰度δ¹⁵N(¹⁵N/¹⁴N)可以有效指示生态系统氮循环过程。本试验研究了内蒙古草甸草原土壤与植物系统自然丰度δ¹⁵N、土壤净氮矿化潜势的年际变化。结果表明: 2017—2020年,土壤NO₃^--N含量(9.83～14.79 mg·kg^-1)均显著高于NH₄⁺-N含量(3.92～5.00 mg·kg^-1);土壤NH₄⁺的δ¹⁵N值(13.3‰～18.3‰)显著高于NO₃^-的δ¹⁵N值(3.76‰～6.14‰),土壤NO₃^-的δ¹⁵N值与土壤NO₃^-含量呈显著负相关;干旱年NH₄⁺的δ¹⁵N值相对较高,降水较高或较低年NO₃^-的δ¹⁵N值显著降低。干旱年土壤净氮矿化速率、净氨化速率显著高于湿润年,而土壤硝化速率与年降水量无显著相关性。植物δ¹⁵N值与土壤δ¹⁵N值无显著相关性,但与植物N含量呈显著负相关;豆科植物与非豆科植物δ¹⁵N值、N含量均呈显著正相关,在一定程度上表明豆科植物对非豆科植物的N吸收具有促进作用。研究结果可为草原土壤-植物系统氮循环过程及其对降水变化的响应提供数据支撑。     

Ultrastructural localization of Na+,K+-ATPase in rat and rabbit kidney medulla

Na+,K+-ATPase was localized at the ultrastructural level in rat and rabbit kidney medulla. The cytochemical method for the K+-dependent phosphatase component of the enzyme, using p-nitrophenylphosphate (NPP) as substrate, was employed to demonstrate the distribution of Na+, K+- ATPase in tissue-chopped sections from kidneys perfusion-fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde-0.25% glutaraldehyde. In other outer medulla of rat kidney, ascending thick limbs (MATL) were sites of intense K+-dependent NPPase (K+-NPPase) activity, whereas descending thick limbs and collecting tubules were barely reactive. Although descending thin limbs (DTL) of short loop nephrons were unstained, DTL from long loop nephrons in outer medulla were sites of moderate K+-NPPase activity. In rat inner medulla, DTL and ascending thin limbs (ATL) were unreactive for K+-NPPase. In rabbit medulla, only MATL were sites of significant K+-NPPase activity. The specificity of the cytochemical localization of Na+,K+-ATPase at reactive sites in rat and rabbit kidney medulla was demonstrated by K+-dependence of reaction product deposition, localization of reaction product (precipitated phosphate hydrolyzed from NPP) to the cytoplasmic side of basolateral plasma membranes, insensitivity of the reaction to inhibitors of nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, and, in the glycoside-sensitive rabbit kidney, substantial inhibition of staining by ouabain. The observed pattern of distribution of the sodium transport enzyme in kidney medulla is particularly relevant to current models for urine concentration. The presence of substantial Na+,K+-ATPase in MATL is consistent with the putative role of this segment as the driving force for the countercurrent multiplication system in the outer medulla. The absence of significant activity in inner medullary ATL and DTL, however, implies that interstitial solute accumulation in this region probably occurs by passive processes. The localization of significant Na+,K+-ATPase in outer medullary DTL of long loop nephrons in the rat suggests that solute addition in this segment may occur in part by an active salt secretory mechanism that could ultimately contribute to the generation of inner medullary interstitial hypertonicity and urine concentration.     

骨髓间充质干细胞对肾移植受者T淋巴细胞分化和miRNA-155表达的影响

目的探讨骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）对肾移植受者T淋巴细胞分化和miRNA-155表达的影响。 方法选取2013年1月至2017年12月于福州总医院接受MSCs诱导+同种异体肾移植术的受者20例（MSCs组）,对照组为同期配对的异体肾移植受者20例。两组患者术后免疫抑制方案均为霉酚酸酯+他克莫司+强的松。两组患者分别于移植术前、术后第15天抽取静脉血,流式细胞仪检测外周血CD4⁺ CD25⁺ FoxP3⁺ Treg细胞/?CD4⁺细胞亚群比值;ELISA检测白细胞介素2（IL-2）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）和白细胞介素10（IL-10）浓度;免疫磁珠分选外周血T淋巴细胞后,Rea1-time PCR法检测外周血T淋巴细胞中miRNA-?155的表达。两组间均数比较采用独立t检验,治疗前后均数比较采用配对t检验。 结果移植前两组肾移植受者外周血CD4⁺ CD25⁺ FoxP3⁺ Treg细胞/?CD4⁺细胞比值、IL-2、IL-?10、TNF-α、T淋巴细胞miRNA-155表达水平差异均无统计学意义（P均> 0.05）;术后第15天,与对照组相比,MSCs组外周血CD4⁺ CD25⁺ FoxP3⁺ Treg细胞/?CD4⁺细胞亚群比值（30.44﹪?± 4.23﹪? vs 26.06﹪?±4.77﹪,t = 2.365,P = 0.042）、IL-10水平（20.35?ng/?L?±?5.10?ng/?L? vs 16.63?ng/?L±6.26?ng/?L,t = 2.062,P?=?0.046）上升,而IL-2（27.47ng/?L±4.30 ng/?L vs 31.40?ng/?L±5.33 ng/L,t = 2.252,P = 0.015）、TNF-α（41.52?ng/?L±8.32?ng/L vs 46.67?ng/?L±6.71?ng/L,t = 2.157,P = 0.037）和T淋巴细胞miRNA-155表达水平（1.61±0.31 vs 1.89±0.15,t = 3.688,P?= 0.001）则降低。 结论MSCs能够升高肾移植受者外周血CD4⁺ CD25⁺ FoxP3⁺ Treg细胞/?CD4⁺细胞比值和IL-10水平,降低IL-2、TNF-α和T淋巴细胞miRNA-155表达水平,与MSCs的免疫耐受诱导有关。     

Erythrocyte water permeability and renal function in double knockout mice lacking aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-3

Aquaporin (AQP) water channel AQP3 has been proposed to be the major glycerol and non-AQP1 water transporter in erythrocytes. AQP1 and AQP3 are also expressed in the kidney where their deletion in mice produces distinct forms of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Here AQP1/AQP3 double knockout mice were generated and analyzed to investigate the functional role of AQP3 in erythrocytes and kidneys. 53 double knockout mice were born out of 756 pups from breeding double heterozygous mice. The double knockout mice had reduced survival and impaired growth compared with the single knockout mice. Erythrocyte water permeability was 7-fold reduced by AQP1 deletion but not further reduced in AQP1/AQP3 null mice. AQP3 deletion did not affect erythrocyte glycerol permeability or its inhibition by phloretin. Daily urine output in AQP1/AQP3 double knockout mice (15 ml) was 9-fold greater than in wild-type mice, and urine osmolality (194 mosm) was 8.4-fold reduced. The mice remained polyuric after DDAVP administration or water deprivation. The renal medulla in most AQP1/AQP3 null mice by age 4 weeks was atrophic and fluid-filled due to the severe polyuria and hydronephrosis. Our data provide direct evidence that AQP3 is not functionally important in erythrocyte water or glycerol permeability. The renal function studies indicate independent roles of AQP1 and AQP3 in countercurrent exchange and collecting duct osmotic equilibration, respectively.     

Simultaneous production of two different gel-forming exopolysaccharides by an Alteromonas strain originating from deep sea hydrothermal vents

Exopolysaccharide production by the marine bacterium Alteromonas sp. strain 1644 was shown to be stimulated by restricted growth conditions and was optimized in nitrogen limited fed-batch cultures. Exopolysaccharides were either partly secreted in the medium or stayed firmly cell-associated. The cell-polysaccharide associations could be destroyed by dialysis against distilled water, allowing polysaccharide purification. The chemical and rheological characterization of this last polysaccharide showed that it was different from the secreted polysaccharide that has been previously described (polysaccharide 1644). At low ionic concentration (below 0.03 M whatever the nature of the ions), solutions of this new polysaccharide had very low viscosities. However, at higher ionic concentration, it formed a gel or exhibited in solution at low polymer concentration an unusually high temperature dependent viscosity. This behaviour was also dependent on the nature of the ions and the following sequences for cations and anions were NH4 ⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na ⁺ > Li⁺ > K⁺ > TMA⁺ and Br⁻ > NO₃⁻ > SO₄²⁻ > Cl⁻ > I⁻ respectively.     

Ionic regulation and Na+–K+-ATPase activity in gills and kidney of the freshwater stingray Paratrygon aiereba living in white and blackwaters in the Amazon Basin

During low-water period, freshwater stingray Paratrygon aiereba collected in the whitewater (WW) of the River Amazon showed higher urea content, osmolality, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations in plasma and perivisceral fluid than those caught in blackwater (BW) of the River Negro. Gills and kidney Na⁺–K⁺-ATPase activities were significantly lower in WW than in BW fish. The high level of kidney Na⁺–K⁺-ATPase activity in P. aiereba may minimize ion loss and generate diluted solute-free urine in ion-poor BW environment.     

Effects of ethacrynic acid and furosemide on phosphory-lation reactions of kidney mitochondria. Inhibition of the adenine nucleotide translocase

Previous reports that ethacrynic acid and furosemide diminish mitochondrial P : O ratios and reduce (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase activity suggested that these diuretics may inhibit mitochondrial phosphorylation reactions. This possibility was initially studied by determining the effects of ethacrynic acid and furosemide on [³²P]ATP exchange activity of rat kidney mitochondria. Concentrations of both drugs at 10⁻⁴ M or greater, significantly inhibited [³²P]ATP exchange. To investigate the mechanism of this inhibition, the effects of ethacrynic acid and furosemide on the ATPase activity of intact mitochondria and sonicated submitochondrial particles were determined. Both diuretics inhibited ATPase activity of intact mitochondria at 10⁻⁴ M. In contrast, ATPase of submitochondrial particles was significantly less susceptible to inhibition by the diuretics. These results suggested that ethacrynic acid and furosemide inhibit adenine nucleotide transport across the mitochondrial membrane. This was directly tested by determining the effects of the diuretics on the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase. At 5 · 10⁻⁴ M, both ethacrynic acid and furosemide significantly inhibited adenine nucleotide transport. These findings suggest that ethacrynic acid and furosemide may diminish renal tubular solute reabsorption by direct inhibition of adenine nucleotide transport across the mitochondrial inner membrane.     

3H]desGly-NH2(9)-d(CH2)5[D-Ileu2,Ileu4]AVP: an AVP V2 receptor antagonist radioligand

Binding characteristics of the selective V₂ antagonist radioligand [³H]desGly-NH₂⁹-d(CH₂)₅[D-Ileu²,Ileu⁴]AVP to rat kidney were determined. Binding was specific, saturable and reversible. The peptide bound to a single class of high-affinity binding sites with B_max 69.4±6.8 fmol/mg protein and K_D 2.8±0.3 nM. AVP and other related peptides displaced [³H]desGly-NH₂⁹-d(CH₂)₅[D-Ileu²,Ileu⁴]AVP binding. The order of potency of inhibition was desamino-D-AVP > AVP > d(CH₂)₅[D-Ileu²,Ileu⁴]AVP > oxytocin > d(CH₂)₃[Tyr(Me)²]AVP > d(CH₂)₅[sarcosine⁷]AVP, which is typical of a selective V₂ radioligand. Autoradiographic localization of [³H]desGly-NH₂⁹-d(CH₂)₅[D-Ileu²,Ileu⁴]AVP binding sites in kidney showed dense binding in the inner and outer medulla with less binding in the cortex, which is consistent with known renal V₂ receptor distribution.