电导率仪在测定发酵液体积中的应用

本文简要介绍了用电导率仪测定发酵罐中液体培养基体积的方法。该方法准确、快速、方便,是测定发酵液体积的较好方法。     

移植瘤体积不同计测方法的比较

目的比较不同计算和测量方法评价移植瘤体积的异同,以探索最佳的接近真实体积的计算和测量方法。方法利用裸鼠皮下移植人原发性肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721建立人肝癌移植瘤动物模型。将荷瘤裸鼠随机分为三组,分别注射PBS液、Ad-LacZ、Ad-p27mt。处理后2周、3周分别处死裸鼠,在体体外内测量移植瘤的长径（a）,宽径（b）及高（c）,通过4种不同的体积测量公式（πabb/6、abb/2、aab/2、πabc/6）计算出移植瘤体积。同时测出移植瘤近似真实体积。结果πabc/6法计算体积与近似真实体积无明显差异性（P〉0.05）,πabb/6、abb/2、aab/2法与近似真实体积有明显差异性（P〈0.05）。πabc/6法计算体积（cm3）、近似真实体积（cm3）与其重量（g）无明显差异性（P〉0.05）,而πabb/6、abb/2、aab/2法计算体积（cm3）与重量有明显差异性（P〈0.05）。在体体内外方法测得的数据通过四种方法计算出来的体积均无明显差异（P〉0.05）。结论4种不同的体积测量公式（πabb/6、abb/2、aab/2、πabc/6）,以V=πabc/6方法计测移植瘤体积最准确、客观。在体移植瘤亦可通过游标卡尺测量肿瘤高度,通过v=πabc/6法准确计算出移植瘤体积及推算出移植瘤重量。     

对胸腹部膨胀体积法测量小鼠潮气量可行性的评价

目的：探讨利用双体描箱法对胸腹部膨胀体积测量小鼠潮气量的可行性。方法：选用6只呼吸频率在90～120h／min的小鼠,通过双体描箱法进行潮气量和胸腹部膨胀体积的同步测量。结果：小鼠胸腹部膨胀体积为（0.369±0.014）ml,潮气量为（0.356±0.012）ml,前者显著高于后者（P〈0.01）。结论：目前常用的以胸腹部膨胀体积代替潮气量的测量方法不能准确测定潮气量。     

SPECT体积测试中系统误差校正初探

本文详细的介绍了一种在用ＳＰＥＣＴ测量脏器体积中校正系统误差的有效方法。对动物试验的结果,相对误差小于５％,证明了这一方法的可靠性和实用意义。文章还对测试结果和这一方法的改进作了进一步的讨论。     

小约化体积膜泡形状的研究

目的:研究ADE模型下小约化体积膜泡的形状。方法:应用数值计算方法中的打靶法,运用Mathematica 7.0软件进行编程。结果:在ADE模型下,计算得到了一系列小约化体积的膜泡的形状,解决了已往小约化体积区域内不存在稳定膜泡的问题。结论:研究表明,在ADE模型下通过适当的边界条件把黏附双层区域的接触势能考虑进去,数值计算结果与实验上的非常相似。     

人工红松树干内部节子体积预测模型

基于黑龙江省林口林业局林场和东京城林业局林场29块标准地中49株人工红松1207个节子数据,使用图片处理软件Digimizer对节子纵剖面图片数据进行提取,将节子形状用一个二维散点图表示。根据节子二维形状散点图,把人工红松节子分为3种类型: 活节(整个节子为健全节)、未包藏死节(节子由健全节和疏松节组成)和包藏死节(节子的健全节和疏松节部分被树干包藏)。3个类型节子的健全节体积通过对健全节形状参数方程求积得到;疏松节体积利用圆柱体的体积计算得到;节子总体积等于健全节体积与疏松节体积之和。最后,基于节子变量(节子直径、节子相对高、节子总长度)和树木变量(胸径),采用样地和树木水平的线性混合模型建立了红松人工林健全节体积、疏松节体积和节子总体积的预测模型。与基础模型相比,考虑样地和树木水平的混合效应所建立的健全节体积、疏松节体积和节子总体积预测模型,其参数估计更精准,残差分布更均匀,拟合精度明显提高。检验结果表明,基础模型预估精度均在90%以上,引入样地和树木效应的混合模型的预估精度均在93%以上,说明所建模型可以很好地预测红松人工林节子体积大小。     

非小细胞肺癌三维适形放射治疗靶区和食管剂量学研究

目的:通过剂量学研究明确非小细胞肺癌各照射方法中食管放射损伤.方法:分为常规放疗和三维适形放射治疗(3D-CRT)计划组.3D-CRT分为全纵隔预防照射(TNI)、选择性淋巴引流区预防照射(SNI)、不做选择性淋巴引流区预防照射(N-SNI)三组.通过剂量体积直方图(DVH)、正常组织并发症概率(NTCP)、肿瘤控制率(TCP)评价各治疗计划.结果:常规放疗、TNI、SNI和N.SNI组PTV-2的TCP分别为:0.92、0.95、0.95、0.96;食管修稿≥45Gy照射的百分比(V45)分别为37.45%、48.04%、38.4%、29.67%;NTCP分别为0.0762、0.1142、0.0612、0.0551.结论:3D-CRT在靶区剂量分布上明显优于常规放疗,选择性和不做选择性淋巴引流区预防照射可以更好的减少食管放射性损伤.     

体积排阻液相色谱法质粒的含量测定

首次以体积排阻液相色谱法进行质粒提取液浓度的测定研究,通过纯质粒溶液在260 nm处的紫外吸峰面积与质粒浓度之间数据的线性最小二乘拟合,得到了反映质粒浓度和紫外吸收峰峰面积之间关系的标准曲线:Y=2×10~(-5) X,通过验证实验,确定了质粒提取液中不同组分,如核糖核酸,蛋白质等在色谱图中的出峰位置.结合标准曲线测定了自制的质粒提取液的质粒浓度为0.32 mg/mL.该方法方便,快捷,准确.     

蛋白质体积对其亚细胞定位的影响

蛋白质亚细胞定位信息对深入研究蛋白质的细胞生物学功能十分重要.通过Helix Systems在线计算程序和Vor计算程序两种方法讨论了蛋白质的体积对其亚细胞定位的影响,发现定位于细胞外的蛋白质体积显著小于定位于细胞核、细胞膜和细胞质的蛋白体积,证实了体积参数对区分蛋白质的亚细胞定位是有效的.     

前列腺癌患者前列腺体积与肿瘤分级之间关系探讨

目的:探讨国人前列腺癌患者前列腺体积与肿瘤分级之间的关系。方法:回顾我院及武汉大学人民医院2005年1月-2011年10月70例确诊为前列腺癌并行根治性前列腺切除术(RP)患者的临床病理资料,采用SPSS13.0软件总结并分析前列腺癌患者前列腺体积与肿瘤分级之间的关系。结果:经直肠前列腺穿刺活检获得肿瘤病理分级与根治性前列切除术获得最终病理分级具有显著差异(P=0.003);在活检及根治性前列腺切除标本中,前列腺体积与高级别肿瘤发生率均呈负相关(P<0.05);小前列腺与阳性手术切缘、前列腺外侵犯及高级别肿瘤在单变量分析中具有相关性(P<0.05),而与精囊腺侵犯及淋巴结侵犯则无相关性(P>0.05);在校正了年龄、体重指数及术前前列腺特异性抗原水平后,前列腺体积与阳性手术切缘、前列腺外侵犯、精囊腺侵犯及高级别肿瘤发生率均呈负相关(OR<1,P<0.05),而与淋巴结侵犯则无相关性(P>0.05)。结论:前列腺体积是高级别前列腺癌的重要预测因子,利用其对高级别肿瘤风险的预测能力可帮助选择最佳治疗方案并进一步提高治疗效果。     

在大鼠牵拉心房和急性扩张血容量所致的肾效应

在28只麻醉大鼠,观察了牵拉心房和急性扩容时的肾效应。用5—7g的砝码牵拉大鼠右心房30min(n=6)时,尿量、尿钠和尿钾分别增加98％、127％和59％;牵拉左心房(n=4)所致的肾效应与牵拉右心房的基本相同。切断双侧迷走神经后,牵拉右心房的肾效应无明显改变。在切断迷走神经的大鼠,观察了双线结扎右心耳对急性扩容后肾效应的影响。急性扩容在假手术大鼠引起明显的利尿、钠尿和钾尿效应(P<0.01);而结扎右心耳的大鼠,钠尿效应约为假手术大鼠的一半,但尿量和尿钾排泄量与假手术组无明显异差。上述肾效应不受切断迷走神经的影响,因此不是通过容量感受性反射引起的。根据以上结果,我们推测,牵拉心房或急性扩容引起的尿量、尿铜和尿钾的增多,可能是心房钠尿因子释放增多所致,而结扎右心耳则导致释放入血流的心房钠尿因子减少。     

大鼠脑胆碱能系统对血量扩张引起利尿与尿钠排泄的作用

本工作在清醒大鼠侧脑室注射胆碱能药物,观察脑胆碱能系统对血量扩张引起利尿与尿钠排泄的作用。侧脑室注射人工脑脊液后进行血量扩张引起尿流量、排钠量和排钾量显著增加(P<0.01)。侧脑室注射胆碱能 M 受体阻断剂阿托品后,血量扩张引起尿流量、排钠量和排钾量增加的效应比注射人工脑脊液组的均显著减弱(P<0.01);而侧脑室注射胆碱能 N 受体阻断剂六烃季胺后,血量扩张引起尿流量、排钠量和排钾量增加的效应与注射人工脑脊液组的相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。侧脑室注射人工脑脊液或阿托品大鼠的肾小球滤过率(GFR)与肾血浆流量(RPF)在血量扩张后均无显著变化(P>0.05)。上述结果表明:大鼠脑胆碱能M 受体参与血量扩张引起利尿与尿钠排泄反应的调节。脑 M 受体的这种作用不是通过改变GFR 和 RPF,而可能是通过未明神经液递机制直接影响肾小管对水钠的重吸收。     

Determination of optimal planning target volume margins in patients with gynecological cancer

PurposeTo define optimal planning target volume (PTV) margins for intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) ± knee-heel support (KHS) in patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy.MethodsComputed tomography (CT) scans ± KHS of 10 patients were taken before and at 3rd and 5th week of treatment, fused and compared with initial IMRT plans.ResultsA PTV margin of 15 mm in anteroposterior (AP) and superoinferior (SI) directions and 5 mm in lateral directions were found to be adequate without any difference between ± KHS except for the SI shifts in CTV-primary at the 3rd week. Five mm margin for iliac CTV was found to be inadequate in 10–20% of patients in SI directions however when 7 mm margin was given for iliac PTV, it was found to be adequate. For presacral CTV, it was found that the most striking shift of the target volume was in the direction of AP. KHS caused significantly less volume of rectum and bladder in the treated volume.ConclusionsPTV margin of 15 mm in SI and AP, and 5 mm in lateral directions for CTV-primary were found to be adequate. A minimum of 7 mm PTV margin should be given to iliac CTV. The remarkable shifting in presacral CTV was believed to be due to the unforeseen hip malposition of obese patients. The KHS seems not to provide additional beneficial effect in decreasing the shifts both in CTV-primary and lymphatic, however it may have a beneficial effect of decreasing the OAR volume in PTV margins.     

Lithiation‐Induced Dilation Mapping in a Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrode by 3D X‐Ray Microscopy and Digital Volume Correlation

Recent advances in high‐resolution 3D X‐ray computed tomography (CT) allow detailed, non‐destructive 3D structural mapping of a complete lithium‐ion battery. By repeated 3D image acquisition (time lapse CT imaging) these investigations of material microstructure are extended into the fourth dimension (time) to study structural changes of the device in operando. By digital volume correlation (DVC) of successive 3D images the dimensional changes taking place during charge cycling are quantified at the electrode level and at the Mn₂O₄ particle scale. After battery discharging, the extent of lithiation of the manganese (III/IV) oxide grains in the electrode is found to be a function of the distance from the battery terminal with grains closest to the electrode/current collector interface having the greatest expansion (≈30%) and grains furthest from the current collector and closest to the counter electrode showing negligible dilation. This implies that the discharge is limited by electrical conductivity. This new CT+DVC technique is widely applicable to the 3D exploration of the microstructural degradation processes for a range of energy materials including fuel cells, capacitors, catalysts, and ceramics.     

LEAF INITIATION RATES AND VOLUME GROWTH RATES IN THE SHOOT APEX OF CHRYSANTHEMUM

The leaf initiation rate and apical volume growth rate of lateral shoots of Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Improved Albatross III’ were determined for plants growing under controlled environment conditions. After removal of the terminal bud, the top two lateral buds produced leaves at a rate of 1.4 to 1.6 leaves/day for the first 9 or 10 days. At about the 10th day there appeared to be an abrupt shift to a lower initiation rate of 0.7 to 0.8 leaves/day. Defoliation by periodic removal of leaves larger than 1 cm caused a statistically significant increase in initiation rate, but not to as high a rate as that of the first 10 days of bud growth. Volume growth rates of the apical region were determined from transverse sections of five apices, according to the method of Richards (1951). The apical region was found to have a radial expansion rate of 0.1623/plastochron and a vertical expansion rate of 0.0494/plastochron. The volume growth rate was calculated to be 0.3740/plastochron and the volume doubling time to be 1.85 plastochrons or 56 to 63 hr.     

Four-dimensional carbon-ion pencil beam treatment planning comparison between robust optimization and range-adapted internal target volume for respiratory-gated liver and lung treatment

We investigated the dose differences between robust optimization-based treatment planning (4DRO) and range-adapted internal target volume (rITV). We used 4DCT dataset of 20 lung cancer and 20 liver cancer patients, respectively, who had been treated with respiratory-gated carbon-ion pencil beam scanning therapy. 4DRO and rITV plans were created with the same clinical target volume (CTV) and organs at risk (OAR) contours. Four-dimensional dose distribution was calculated using deformable image registration. Dose metrics (e.g. D95, V20) were analyzed. Statistical significance was assessed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. For the lung cases, the mean CTV-D95 value for the rITV plan (=98.5%) was same as that for the 4DRO plan (=98.5%, P = 0.106), while the mean D95 value for the CTV + setup margin contour for the rITV plan (=98.2%) was higher than that for the 4DRO plan (95.2%, P < 0.001). For the liver cases, the mean CTV-D95 value for the rITV plan (=98.1%) was slightly lower than that for the 4DRO plan (=98.5%, P < 0.01), while the mean D95 value for the CTV + setup margin contour for the rITV plan (=98.0%) was higher than that for the 4DRO plan (94.1%, P < 0.001). For the doses to the organs at risk (OARs), the ipsilateral lung-V20/liver-V20 values for the rITV plan (=10.1%/19.7%) was significantly higher than that for the 4DRO plan (=8.6%/17.6, P < 0.001). Although the target coverage for 4DRO plan may be worse than that for rITV plan in the presence of the setup error, the 4DRO plan can improve OAR dose while preserving acceptable target dose coverage.     

Spatiotemporal quantification of metastatic tumour cell growth and distribution in lymph nodes by whole-mount tissue 3D imaging

Lymph nodes (LNs) are a common site of metastasis in many solid cancers. Tumour cells can migrate to LNs for further metastatic colonization of distant organs, indicating poor prognosis and requiring different clinical interventions. The histopathological diagnostic methods currently used to detect clinical lymph node metastasis (LNM) have limitations, such as incomplete visualization. To obtain a complete picture of metastatic LNs on the spatial and temporal scales, we used ultimate 3D imaging of solvent-cleared organs (uDISCO) and 3D rapid immunostaining. MC38 cells labelled with EGFP were injected into the left footpads of C57BL/6 mice. Draining lymph nodes (DLNs) harvested from these mice were cleared using the uDISCO method. Metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in various regions of DLNs from mice at different time points were quantified using 3D imaging of whole-mount tissue. Several stages of tumour cell growth and distribution in LNs were identified: 1) invasion of lymphatic vessels (LVs) and blood vessels (BVs); 2) dispersion outside LVs and BVs for proliferation and expansion; and 3) re-entry into BVs and efferent lymphatic vessels (ELVs) for further distant metastasis. Moreover, these data demonstrated that mouse fibroblast cells (MFCs) could not only promote LNM of tumour cells but also metastasize to LNs together with tumour cells, thus providing a “soil” for tumour cell colonization. In conclusion, 3D imaging of whole-mount tissue and spatiotemporal analysis of LNM may collectively constitute an auxiliary method to improve the accuracy of clinical LNM detection.     

Tumour budding intensity in relation to cathepsin D expression and some clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer

Although it has been suggested that tumour budding at the invasive edge of colorectal cancer is an important prognostic factor its biological significance for tumour progression is still to be evaluated. The aim of the study was to correlate tumour budding intensity with cathepsin D expression and some other clinicopathological variables of presumed or established prognostic value. 48 patients with colorectal cancer at pT3 stage, G2 grade of histological differentiation and tumour budding at the invasive edge were evaluated. Colorectal tumours were investigated for cathepsin D expression by immunohistochemistry of formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded tissues. There was no statistically significant relationships between tumour budding intensity grade and primary tumour cathepsin D expression, stromal cell cathepsin D expression and histochemical immunostaining of cathepsin D in rumour budding at its invasive edge. The tumour budding intensity was not associated with lymph node status, tumour site, peritumoral inflammatory response as well as the patient's age and sex. The results of this study suggest that intensity of tumour budds formation at the invasive margin of colorectal cancer is not associated with presumed or established prognostic factors such as lymph node metastases, and peritumoural inflammatory reaction as well as cathepsin D expression.     

大鼠动情周期中生殖轴系微循环血量的变化

本文采用放射性生物微球技术,对雌性大鼠动情周期中丘脑下部-垂体-卵巢轴系的微循环血量进行了测量。结果指出,周期各期丘脑下部和垂体的血流量无显著差异(p>0.05)。卵巢血流量在动情后期最大,动情期最小,两期血流量的差异显著(p<0.02)。子宮血流量以动情后期最大,间情期仍维持在较高水平,动情期最小。动情后期和间情期与动情期比较均有显著差异(分别为p<0.01和P<0.05)。输卵管血流量动情期最大,动情前期最小,两期血流量的差异也有显著性(p<0.05)。由此表明,卵巢、子宫和输卵管血流量有明显的周期性波动。血流量的多寡与其生理机能状态和性激素的变化有关。