寄主植物对昆虫抗寒力的影响

寄主植物是影响昆虫抗寒力的重要因素之一.本文综述了寄主植物对昆虫越冬虫态的发育进度及抗寒物质的积累、抗冻蛋白、冰核物质的形成、虫体含水量等方面的影响.分析了目前研究寄主植物对昆虫抗寒力影响中存在的问题及今后的研究方向.     

信息化合物对昆虫行为的影响

本文综述了来自寄主植物的挥发性物质和同种昆虫或异种昆虫释放的各种信息素及两者的协同作用的信息化合物对昆虫行为的影响。特别强调了寄主植物的气味物质和昆虫信息素协同作用在昆虫寻找寄主、求偶、交配及天敌在寄主识别过程中的重要地位。昆虫对寄主植物的识别是由于识别了植物气味的由一定组分、按照严格比例组成的化学指纹图。昆虫信息素与植物挥发性物质相结合为昆虫寻找求偶、交配场所提供更复杂或更全面的信息。许多昆虫只有在寄主植物或寄主植物气味存在时 ,才能释放性或聚集信息素。天敌在寄主识别、搜索及定位等一系列过程中 ,来自寄主的食料、寄主本身及两者的互作的信息化合物起重要的作用。研究信息化合物对昆虫行为的影响可以探索昆虫各种行为的内在机理 ,更好的了解寄主—昆虫—天敌三层营养关系的相互作用 ,对利用天然活性化合物防治害虫及生物防治提供理论依据     

昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应机制及其对昆虫抗药性的意义

植物次生物质(plant secondary metabolites)对昆虫的取食行为、生长发育及繁殖可以产生不利影响,甚至对昆虫可以产生毒杀作用。为了应对植物次生物质的不利影响,昆虫通过对植物次生物质忌避取食、解毒代谢等多种机制,而对寄主植物产生适应性。其中,昆虫的解毒代谢酶包括昆虫细胞色素P450酶系（P450s）及谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GSTs）等,在昆虫对植物次生物质的解毒代谢及对寄主植物的适应性中发挥了重要作用。昆虫的解毒酶系统不仅可以代谢植物次生物质,还可能代谢化学杀虫剂,因而昆虫对寄主植物的适应性与其对杀虫剂的耐药性甚至抗药性密切相关。昆虫细胞色素P450s和GSTs等代谢解毒酶活性及相关基因的表达可以被植物次生物质影响,这不仅使昆虫对寄主植物的防御产生了适应性,还影响了昆虫对杀虫剂的解毒代谢,因而改变昆虫的耐药性或抗药性。掌握昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应机制及其在昆虫抗药性中的作用,对于明确昆虫的抗药性机制具有重要的参考意义。本文综述了植物次生物质对昆虫的影响、昆虫对寄主植物次生物质的代谢机制、昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应性对昆虫耐药性及抗药性的影响等方面的研究进展。     

植物挥发物对蛾类昆虫性信息素的影响

在植物与昆虫的协同进化过程中,植物挥发物与昆虫性信息素的相互关系一直以来被认为是物种间的重要通信系统。这种相互关系表现为植物挥发物对昆虫生理和行为的影响上,影响昆虫性信息素的合成和昆虫对性信息素的行为反应。本文针对植物挥发物对蛾类昆虫性信息素的影响进行了综述。评述了寄主植物挥发物对蛾类昆虫性信息素或前体的合成及性信息素的产生与释放的影响,总结了寄主植物和非寄主植物挥发物对蛾类昆虫的求偶行为的调控作用及对蛾类昆虫性信息素的增效或抑制作用阐述了植物挥发物影响蛾类昆虫对性信息素行为反应的机理,并且讨论了目前存在的问题。     

昆虫与寄主植物营养关系的DNA分子追踪

农田生态系统中昆虫与寄主植物的食物营养关系错综复杂,利用田间直接观察法、肠道内含物形态学分析、同位素标记等方法都难于全面解析,常造成营养关系的缺失。近年来,DNA分子追踪技术迅速发展,利用一段较短的DNA序列能有效鉴别植食性昆虫取食寄主植物的种类,为这一领域研究提供了新方法。本文全面介绍了3种DNA分子追踪技术——诊断PCR技术、克隆测序技术和下一代测序技术(next generation sequencing,NGS)。其中诊断PCR技术包括单一PCR技术和多重PCR技术,适用于目标昆虫与已知寄主植物之间的营养关系分析;克隆测序技术能够在寄主植物种类未知的前提下,解析目标昆虫完整的寄主植物种类信息;下一代测序技术实现了短时间内对混合样品的测序,加之昆虫与植物DNA条形码序列数据库大量扩增,有效地提高寄主植物的鉴别能力。诊断PCR技术和克隆测序技术已在追踪地下害虫的取食行为、植食性昆虫取食范围及其在寄主植物间的转移与选择习性等方面被广泛应用,且进展明显。综合考虑各种技术的优缺点,本文提出将DNA分子追踪技术与同位素标记等其他方法相结合的研究策略,以便系统解析农田生态系统中昆虫与寄主植物之间的营养关系。     

昆虫口腔分泌物效应子及其在害虫防治中基于RNAi技术的应用展望

昆虫口腔分泌物(oral secretion, OS),又称返吐液,是昆虫唾液腺分泌的唾液和肠道分泌物的混合液。昆虫取食寄主植物过程中,OS随之分泌至植物中,并影响植物的防御反应。RNA干扰(RNAinterference, RNAi)是研究昆虫基因功能有价值的反向遗传学工具,也是目前最有可能应用于害虫防治的新技术。本文主要综述了昆虫OS对寄主植物防御的影响、昆虫OS效应子的鉴定和OS效应子基于RNAi技术在害虫防治中可行性及应用前景。昆虫OS对寄主植物防御的影响主要表现为干扰植物的茉莉酸信号通路、筛管阻塞、Ca²⁺通路等防御反应,进而促进昆虫摄取食物。目前,昆虫OS效应子主要鉴定手段是通过昆虫唾液腺转录组分析和OS蛋白组分析;而已鉴定的OS效应子主要来源于刺吸式口器昆虫,在咀嚼式口器昆虫中的报道甚少;功能研究发现昆虫OS效应子在寄主植物中的表达会影响昆虫存活率、繁殖力和取食能力及昆虫和植物的其他重要生理指标,并通过鉴定OS效应子与植物防御机制的相互作用关系,进而证明OS效应子在昆虫与寄主植物关系中的重要性。基于RNAi技术,通过注射、饲喂和植物介导RNAi等方法在多种昆虫中产生了OS效应子基因下调和生长发育受影响的现象,由此说明OS效应子基因已具备作为RNAi靶标的条件。虽然目前研究尚处于实验室阶段,但已证明其应用于害虫防治方面具有一定的可行性。昆虫口腔分泌物是研究昆虫与寄主植物相互作用机制的新方向。最后,对OS未来潜在的研究方向进行了展望,以期对我国害虫防治的研究提供理论指导。     

中国细蛾科昆虫寄主植物区系特征

依据文献资料,统计了中国细蛾科昆虫寄主植物的种类,分析了寄主植物科和属的分布区类型,为探讨细蛾科昆虫区系组成及地理分布与寄主植物区系组成和地理分布之间的关系提供基础资料。结果表明:中国细蛾科昆虫的寄主植物共有435种,隶属49科157属;寄主植物科的分布区类型可以分为7个类型5个变型,属的分布区类型可以分为14个类型5个变型;在寄主植物的科级水平,热带和温带性质的科共占97.14%,其中热带性质的科占71.43%,在属级水平,热带和温带性质的属共占86.96%,其中热带性质的属占58.70%;寄主植物的生活型中,木本植物有329种、草本植物有76种、藤本植物有18种,分别占寄主植物总种数的75.63%、17.47%和4.14%。说明中国细蛾科昆虫寄主植物的区系组成以热带和温带成分为主,寄主植物的生活型以木本为主。     

叶甲科昆虫的定殖机制

在复杂的生态环境中,叶甲科昆虫利用寄主植物的挥发物作为嗅觉信号,并协同视觉信号共同作用以提高其远距离搜寻和定位寄主的效率。叶甲科昆虫也释放信息素来调节同种或者异种个体的行为反应;找到寄主植物后,叶子的形态学特性和化学组分的浓度等接触性因素就会影响叶甲科昆虫对寄主植物的最终选择。叶甲对上述这些信号物质的反应也受叶甲本身状态的影响,如生殖、滞育、饥饿、交配以及取食等。叶甲科昆虫对寄主植物的搜寻、辨识和接受、取食以及繁殖的过程受一种或多种因素协同影响。从嗅觉、视觉和触觉等方面对叶甲科昆虫的定殖机制做一综述。     

虫瘿多样性及其与寄主植物和环境间关系

虫瘿是自然界极常见的生物现象,凝聚着昆虫与植物间显著、复杂而密切的协同关系。本文主要阐述了致瘿昆虫的主要类群及其在植物上的致瘿部位、虫瘿外部形态、虫瘿发育过程、虫瘿内部结构、虫瘿寄主植物多样性以及虫瘿空间分布规律等,探讨了致瘿昆虫和寄主植物间相互关系,以及影响虫瘿空间分布的环境因素等。最后对目前虫瘿生物学存在的问题及以后的研究方向进行了讨论,以期为有害虫瘿的控制和有益虫瘿的开发与利用,以及致瘿昆虫与寄主植物间协同演化关系、致瘿昆虫的致瘿机理等研究奠定一定的理论基础。     

寄主植物与刺吸式昆虫互作防御的研究进展

寄主植物与昆虫在长期协同进化中形成了复杂的防御和反防御机制。本文系统综述了寄主植物与刺吸式昆虫互作防御的过程与机制。刺吸式昆虫利用特化的口针,吸食寄主植物组织汁液时,植物通过细胞膜表面或细胞内受体感知昆虫取食信号,并经过丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)信号通路、植物激素信号通路、钙离子信号通路、转录因子调控、Rop/Rac GTPase信号通路、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)通路等信号转导通路激活植物免疫。为了阻止害虫进一步取食,寄主植物形成了增强的物理屏障,并诱导产生次生代谢物、抗营养酶类、抗消化酶类和胼胝质沉积及释放挥发物等多种防御机制。在与寄主植物“博弈”的过程中,刺吸式昆虫往往会利用其取食时分泌的唾液成分,靶向植物靶标蛋白,通过破坏宿主植物的物理屏障,或抑制宿主植物的抗性信号转导,或抑制宿主次生代谢物的毒害作用,或通过跨界RNA和水平基因转移等方式抑制植物的防御反应,从而达到继续取食为害的目的。此外,基于植物与病原菌互作模式,结合寄主植物与刺吸式昆虫互作研究进展,总结了寄主植物...     

The influence of host and non‐host companion plants on the behaviour of pest insects in field crops

Companion plants grown as ‘trap crops’ or ‘intercrops’ can be used to reduce insect infestations in field crops. The ways in which such reductions are achieved are being described currently using either a chemical approach, based on the ‘push‐pull strategy’, or a biological approach, based on the ‘appropriate/inappropriate landing theory’. The chemical approach suggests that insect numbers are reduced by chemicals from the intercrop ‘repelling’ insects from the main crop, and by chemicals from the trap‐crop ‘attracting’ insects away from the main crop. This approach is based on the assumptions that (1) plants release detectable amounts of volatile chemicals, and (2) insects ‘respond’ while still some distance away from the emitting plant. We discuss whether the above assumptions can be justified using the ‘appropriate/inappropriate landing theory’. Our tenet is that specialist insects respond only to the volatile chemicals released by their host plants and that these are released in such small quantities that, even with a heightened response to such chemicals, specialist insects can only detect them when a few metres from the emitting plant. We can find no robust evidence in the literature that plant chemicals ‘attract’ insects from more than 5 m and believe that ‘trap crops’ function simply as ‘interception barriers’. We can also find no evidence that insects are ‘repelled’ from landing on non‐host plants. Instead, we believe that ‘intercrops’ disrupt host‐plant finding by providing insects with a choice of host (appropriate) and non‐host (inappropriate) plant leaves on which to land, as our research has shown that, for intercropping to be effective, insects must land on the non‐host plants. Work is needed to determine whether non‐host plants are repellent (chemical approach) or ‘non‐stimulating’ (biological approach) to insects.     

致瘿昆虫对寄主植物生理和代谢的影响

虫瘿是致瘿昆虫刺激植物后诱导形成的畸形结构,是研究植物与昆虫协同进化的理想材料,同时致瘿昆虫通常还是重要的农林害虫.因此,研究致瘿昆虫对寄主植物的影响,一方面可进一步揭示致瘿昆虫与植物的关系,有助于揭示成瘿植物生长的一般过程;另一方面,了解成瘿植物对致瘿昆虫的响应有助于筛选植物抗性指标、抗性基因、敏感基因等,为抗性育种...     

Phytophagous insect fauna tracks host plant responses to exotic grass invasion

The high dependence of herbivorous insects on their host plants implies that plant invaders can affect these insects directly, by not providing a suitable habitat, or indirectly, by altering host plant availability. In this study, we sampled Asteraceae flower heads in cerrado remnants with varying levels of exotic grass invasion to evaluate whether invasive grasses have a direct effect on herbivore richness independent of the current disturbance level and host plant richness. By classifying herbivores according to the degree of host plant specialization, we also investigated whether invasive grasses reduce the uniqueness of the herbivorous assemblages. Herbivorous insect richness showed a unimodal relationship with invasive grass cover that was significantly explained only by way of the variation in host plant richness. The same result was found for polyphagous and oligophagous insects, but monophages showed a significant negative response to the intensity of the grass invasion that was independent of host plant richness. Our findings lend support to the hypothesis that the aggregate effect of invasive plants on herbivores tends to mirror the effects of invasive plants on host plants. In addition, exotic plants affect specialist insects differently from generalist insects; thus exotic plants affect not only the size but also the structural profile of herbivorous insect assemblages.     

Effects of nonhost and host plants on insect herbivory covarying with plant size in the cruciferous plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Turritis glabra</Emphasis>

Correlation between plant size and reproductive output may be modified by herbivory in accordance with host plant density and the presence of nonhost plants. To elucidate the effects of nonhost plant density and host plant density on the intensity of herbivory and reproductive output of the host plant in relation to plant size under natural conditions, we investigated the abundance of three lepidopteran insects, Plutella maculipennis, Anthocharis scolymus, and Pieris rapae the intensity of herbivory, and fruit set of their host plant, Turritis glabra (Cruciferae). To elucidate the effects of nonhost and host plant density, we selected four categories of plots under natural conditions: low density of nonhost and high density of host plants; low density of both nonhost and host plants; high density of both nonhost and host plants; and high density of nonhost and low density of host plants. The plant size indicated by stem diameter was a good predictor of the abundance of all herbivorous species. The effects of density of nonhost and host plants on the abundance of insects varied among species and stages of insects. As the abundance of insects affected the intensity of herbivory, herbivory was more apparent on larger host plants in plots with low density of both nonhost and host plants. Consequently, the correlation between plant size and the number of fruits disappeared in low plots with density of both nonhost and host plants. In this T. glabra– herbivorous insect system, the density of nonhost plants and host plants plays an important role in modifying the relationship between plants and herbivores under natural conditions. Received: July 19, 1999 / Accepted: June 15, 2000     

Plant secondary substances and insects behaviour

Allelochemicals are storing in different location in plant tissues as inactive form. Number of identified compounds may now exceed 100,000. Environmental factors have an effect on allelochemicals concentration in plants. Many allelochemicals classified as toxins or deterrents for herbivorous insects. Allelochemicals play a major role in feeding or ovipositing stimulants for some specialist insects. Consumption and assimilation of herbivorous insects had affected by the type of allelochemicals in host plants. Allelochemicals have an acute or chronic toxicity on herbivorous insects. Most specialist herbivorous insects rely heavily of ingested plant allelochemicals. Plant allelochemicals may influence an insect's susceptibility to pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and nematode. Specialists herbivorous insect can be using the allelochemicals in their host plants as protection against natural enemies. Some herbivorous insects are synthesising the aggregation, attracting, alarm or mating pheromone from the allelochemicals in their host plants.     

Leaf shape and the host-finding behaviour of two ovipositing monophagous butterfly species

Abstract. 1. Ovipositing Eurema brigitta (Wallace) and Eurema herla (W. S. Macleay) butterflies were followed in the field to determine the nature and extent of the pre-alighting discrimination shown by these insects towards their only host plant, Cassia mimosoides (L).
2. Both species tended to search in areas where plants with long, thin leaves (primarily grasses) were less common, on average, than in randomly placed quadrats. Both species were also more likely to alight on non-host plants with leaves of a similar size and shape to those of the host plant than on non-hosts with leaf shapes dissimilar to that of the host.
3. The search behaviour of these monophagous insects was not so specialized that the butterflies never alighted on non-hosts; in fact the majority of alightings were on non-host plants and the pre-alighting discrimination shown by these insects is clearly not the prime behavioural determinant of their monophagy.     

Experience-induced preference for oviposition repellents derived from a non-host plant by a specialist herbivore

Foraging adults of phytophagous insects are attracted by host‐plant volatiles and supposedly repelled by volatiles from non‐host plants. In behavioural control of pest insects, chemicals derived from non‐host plants applied to crops are expected to repel searching adults and thereby reduce egg laying. How experience by searching adults of non‐host volatiles affects their subsequent searching and oviposition behaviour has been rarely tested. In laboratory experiments, we examined the effect of experience of a non‐host‐plant extract on the oviposition behaviour of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, a specialist herbivore of cruciferous plants. Naive ovipositing DBM females were repelled by an extract of dried leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium, a non‐host plant of DBM, but experienced females were not repelled. Instead they were attracted by host plants treated with the non‐host‐plant extract and laid a higher proportion of eggs on treated than on untreated host plants. Such behavioural changes induced by experience could lead to host‐plant range expansion in phytophagous insects and play an important role in determining outcome for pest management of some behavioural manipulation methods.     

You stay,but I Hop: Host shifting near and far co‐dominated the evolution of Enchenopa treehoppers

The importance and prevalence of phylogenetic tracking between hosts and dependent organisms caused by co‐evolution and shifting between closely related host species have been debated for decades. Most studies of phylogenetic tracking among phytophagous insects and their host plants have been limited to insects feeding on a narrow range of host species. However, narrow host ranges can confound phylogenetic tracking (phylogenetic tracking hypothesis) with host shifting between hosts of intermediate relationship (intermediate hypothesis). Here, we investigated the evolutionary history of the Enchenopa binotata complex of treehoppers. Each species in this complex has high host fidelity, but the entire complex uses hosts across eight plant orders. The phylogenies of E. binotata were reconstructed to evaluate whether (1) tracking host phylogeny; or (2) shifting between intermediately related host plants better explains the evolutionary history of E. binotata. Our results suggest that E. binotata primarily shifted between both distant and intermediate host plants regardless of host phylogeny and less frequently tracked the phylogeny of their hosts. These findings indicate that phytophagous insects with high host fidelity, such as E. binotata, are capable of adaptation not only to closely related host plants but also to novel hosts, likely with diverse phenology and defense mechanisms.     

Non-native plants rarely provide suitable habitat for native gall-inducing species

For insect herbivores, a critical niche requirement—possibly the critical niche requirement—is the presence of suitable host plants. Current research suggests that non-native plants are not as suitable as native plants for native herbivores, resulting in decreases in insect abundance and richness on non-native plants. Like herbivores, gall-forming insects engage in complex, species-specific interactions with host plants. Galls are plant tissue tumors (including bulbous or spindle-shaped protrusions on leaves, stems and other plant organs) that are induced by insects through physical or chemical damage (prompting plants to grow a protective tissue shell around the insect eggs and larvae). As such, we hypothesized that gall-inducing insect species richness would be higher on native than non-native plants. We also predicted higher gall-inducing insect species richness on woody than herbaceous plants. We used an extensive literature review in which we compiled gall host plant species by genus, and we assigned native or non-native (or mixed) status to each genus. We found that native plants host far more gall-inducing insect species than non-native plants; woody plants host more gall-inducing species than herbaceous plants; and native woody plants host the most gall-inducing species of all. Gall-inducing species generally are a very cryptic group, even for experts, and hence do not elicit the conservation efforts of more charismatic insects such as plant pollinators. Our results suggest that non-native plants, particularly non-native woody species, diminish suitable habitat for gall-inducing species in parallel with similar results found for other herbivores, such as Lepidopterans. Hence, the landscape-level replacement of native with non-native species, particularly woody ones, degrades taxonomically diverse gall-inducing species (and their inquilines and parasitoids), removing multiple layers of diversity from forest ecosystems.