Comparison of trap designs for use with aggregation pheromone and synthetic co-attractant in a user-friendly attract and kill system to control Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)

Abstract  Three field experiments were conducted in stone fruit orchards in the Goulburn Valley, northern Victoria, Australia to identify a user-friendly trap for use in attract and kill stations for control of Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). A funnel trap design was compared with two types of delta trap in one experiment and two types of Lucitrap in another experiment. All traps were baited with synthetic co-attractant and synthetic pheromone. The funnel trap was the most effective type of trap tested. The funnel traps caught significantly more beetles than either the delta traps with bio-attractant or delta traps wrapped with insecticide impregnated banana wrap. No difference was observed between catches in either delta trap design. Lucitraps without covers caught significantly more beetles than Lucitraps with covers but funnel traps caught significantly more beetles than either type of Lucitrap. Beetle numbers caught in the funnel traps were three to five times higher than in Lucitrap. The use of funnel traps in attract and kill stations to protect stone fruit crops by suppressing the Carpophilus spp. population gave superior control to 'grower normal practice of spraying insecticides' both in terms of Carpophilus spp. numbers and in terms of reduction in percentage of fruit damaged.     

信息化学物质在害虫监测中的应用

种群监测是害虫种群预测与防治决策制定中十分重要的环节,而利用信息化学物质进行昆虫成虫种群监测,与其他各虫态或寄主被害率等的抽样调查方法相比,具有简便、省工、费用低、具种特异性、在低虫口密度下灵敏、监测范围广等特点。信息化学物质的应用主要包括昆虫种类和分布区检测、害虫发生期监测和发生量或为害水平监测。前两个方面的应用没有争议,而害虫发生量监测比较复杂,具有正反两方面的事例,其可靠性存在争议。本文在总结国内外研究结果的基础上,对如何提高利用信息化学物质进行监测和预测的可靠性进行了探讨。影响信息化学物质监测和预测害虫危害程度的因素很多,包括信息化学物质的成分、组成、剂量、释放速率,诱捕器种类和林间设置方法,监测对象的生物学、种群动态和发生阶段,害虫的生活环境条件(包括生物学因素如寄主种类、组成、年龄和密度等以及非生物因素如气候因子等),危害损失的估计方法,以及预测模型的类型和建模方法等。研究分析表明,正确的信息化学物质组成和比例、适当的信息化学物质用量和诱芯载体对信息化学物质的持续稳定释放是监测可靠性的基础,诱捕器的种类、设置方式、密度也需要进行测试并规范化,另外还需根据所监测对象的特性及其所处的环境研究制定特定的种群密度水平或寄主被害率统计方法及预测模型,建立系统的监测规范和程序。只要建立了符合所监测害虫特性和所处环境条件的监测方案,基于信息化学物质的害虫监测是可靠的。     

Combining pheromone-baited and food-baited traps for insect pest control: Effects of additional control by parasitoids

Two age-structured population dynamic models are analyzed in which pheromone-baited trapping and food-baited trapping are used simultaneously to eradicate an insect pest. The pest species is assumed to be under partial control by a host-specific parasitoid species. The two models assume that density-dependent population regulation is accomplished either by host larval competition or by means of oviposition interference among the parasitoids. The two trap types interact in a positive synergistic manner and this combination appears to be very promising as a useful combination of pest control methods. Several features of the system are examined; the feature which appears to cause the greatest problem is the possibility of the parasitoids being attracted to the pheromone or the food traps. In either case, the degree of attraction does not have to be very great to undermine the control effort. It is seen that food trapping becomes indispensible if host pheromone is used by the parasitoids as a host-locating kairomone. If odor in the food traps is used by the parasitoids as kairomone, then the situation appears more optimistic, as the reduction in efficiency of the food traps appears much less than with the pheromone traps when pheromone acts as kairomone.     

Modelling the effects of population aggregation on the efficiency of insect pest control

A methodology is developed to assess the effects of spatial distribution on the efficiency of insect pest control. This methodology is especially applicable to pest control methods whose efficiency of action depends either positively or negatively on pest density It is applied here to the sterile insect technique and pheromone trapping for male annihilation, which both depend negatively on density. This methodology relies on quantifying clumps of various size and then relating this to efficiency of control and predicting the total pest production given the information on clump sizes and efficiency of control for each clump size. It is found that control is about four times as difficult for a population that is highly clumped (k of the negative binomial distribution=0.25) as for a regularly dispersed population.     

昆虫化学信息物质及其在害虫综合治理上的应用

本文阐述了昆虫化学信息物质的定义和分类,昆虫的化学通讯原理,以及利用化学信息物质在害虫综合治理上的应用。     

Response of the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus to volatiles emitted by intact plants and conspecifics

The response of the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus Fab. (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae) to the volatiles of undamaged plants and conspecifics was tested in a Y-tube-olfactometer-bioassay. Beetles that had hibernated preferred significantly the volatiles emitted by their most important host plant, oilseed-rape (Brassica napus L. ‘Lorar’) in the early bud-stage. However, the odour emitted by rye (Secale cereale L.), tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) were also attractive when tested against the corresponding growing-medium. Dock plants (Rumex obtusifolius L.) and touch-me-not (Impatiens parviflora L.) possessed no attractive properties. When tested against each other, oilseed-rape was preferred significantly by M. aeneus above all other plants, with the exception of tomato. The results indicate that M. aeneus is able to locate its host plant by olfactory stimuli in the early bud-stage, i.e. in that stage in which the infestation begins in the field and when the typical yellow colour and floral scent of oilseed-rape are absent. Female pollen beetles avoided significantly the volatiles emitted by female conspecifics and an ether extract of conspecifics of mixed sex, while volatiles from males had no significant effect on females. Furthermore, males showed no preferences when responding to conspecific odour in the olfactometer. These results suggest the existence of an epideictic pheromone for M. aeneus.     

Why pest management needs behavioral ecology and vice versa

Behavior manipulation is becoming an accepted tactic in pest management, however, there are many ways in which the approach can be improved. In this review, I explain how and why insect behavioral response to various stimuli can vary dramatically under different conditions and that it is this variable response that must be understood before behavior manipulation becomes widely accepted in pest management programs. I propose that entomologists use concepts from behavioral ecology to manipulate pest behavior in a predictable manner. The key is to study behaviors that maximize fitness in natural environments and then exploit these behaviors in agriculture. I provide examples from a range of behavior manipulation tactics, including use of attracticides, kairomone‐mediated biological control, use of marking pheromones, and push‐pull manipulation.     

Response of Tribolium castaneum larvae to synthetic aggregation pheromone

Responses of larval Tribolium castaneum Herbst. to the synthetic adult aggregation pheromone (4,8-dimethyldecanal) were studied. Larvae of T. castaneum were attracted both by contact and vapour of 4,8-dimethyldecanal at concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 g. g^-1 of medium.

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Reaktion von Tribolium castaneum Larven auf synthetisches Aggregationspheromon

Zusammenfassung Die Reaktionen der Larven von T. castaneum auf das kunstliche Aggregations pheromon (4,8-dimethyldecanal) in Versuchen in Petrischalen untersucht. Die Larven wurden angezogen, wenn sie mit Pheromon auf Filterpapier oder mit verdampftem Pheromon in Kontakt kamen. Diese Reaktion wurde bei Konzentrationen von 1, 5 und 10 g · g^-1 Medium festgestellt. Die höchste Konzentration rief die grosste Reaktion hervor. Fruhe Larvenstadien zeigten stärkere Reaktionen als spatere Stadien.

     

昆虫聚集信息素

昆虫聚集信息素是昆虫重要的信息化学物质之一,对昆虫的聚集行为有重要意义。近三十年来,国外鉴定了多种昆虫聚集信息素,主要成分为一些烃、醇、醛、酮、酯、酸、酸酐、胺以及腈类化合物,但其在有害生物可持续治理中的应用潜能尚未充分利用;昆虫聚集信息素的来源多样,除蛹外,多个虫态均有聚集信息素释放,有些学者甚至把一些寄主释放的挥发物作为聚集信息素的组分;同种昆虫,不同生理状态,其聚集信息素可以完全不同或同一信息化学物质的功能不同;但是,并非所有昆虫的聚集行为均为聚集信息素调节,利他素、性信息素以及报警信息素等其它信息化学物质均能导致一些昆虫的聚集。本文综述了5目17科55种昆虫的聚集信息素。     

A critical review of the discovery and application of a migratory pheromone in an invasive fish, the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus L.

The sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus , an ancient and parasitic agnathan fish native to the North Atlantic, invaded the Laurentian Great Lakes approximately a century ago triggering its fisheries to collapse. Presently, this species is held in check through a toxicant-based control programme directed by a bi-national treaty organization that seeks to develop a more broadly based integrated pest management (IPM) strategy. After a long and difficult search, the most active components of a migratory pheromone for the sea lamprey were identified and synthesized. This pheromone has remarkable potency and considerable potential to enhance various control strategies that fall within an IPM scheme. The pheromone is comprised of a mixture of at least three sulphated steroids: petromyzonamine disulphate (PADS), petromyzosterol disulphate (PSDS) and petromyzonol sulphate (PS). A steroidal sex pheromone appears to have similar promise. These discoveries, which are prompting development of the first pheromonally guided pest management programme for an invasive fish, have revealed significant scientific and policy challenges. Among the former are the needs to acquire long-term and significant support for the science, to synthesize sufficient quantities of cues, and to deploy and measure pheromonal components in natural waters. Among the latter are the needs to regulate this new type of 'pesticide', protect these technologies from exploitation and promote future research on this and other invasive fish species. Lessons from these experiences may be applicable to the study of other invasive fishes.     

Forecasting the flight activity of Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera,Tortricidae) in Southwestern Spain

This study aimed at elaborating a forecasting tool of the phenology of the serious pest Lobesia botrana in Southwestern Spanish vineyards, by analysing data on male catches in sex pheromone traps recorded over a 12‐year period. Our data confirmed the minor importance of the first generation which appears during flowering time, both in terms of male trap catches and damage of L. botrana to the inflorescences. Therefore, data related to the first flight were not further processed, although they were considered for the computation of degree‐days of the following generations. The outcome of the elaboration of temperature accumulations and data on male captures for the second and third flights was a statistically acceptable linear behaviour obtained by properly transforming the variables. The models established proved to be efficient and may represent a useful tool to improve the efficacy of integrated pest management strategies targeting L. botrana in the studied region.