Evidence for the involvement of (Cu-ATP)2− in the inhibition of human erythrocyte (Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase by copper

The effects of copper on the activity of erythrocyte $\text{(}\text{Ca}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ have been tested on membranes stripped of endogenous calmodulin or recombined with purified calmodulin. The interactions of copper with Ca²⁺, calmodulin and (Mg-ATP)^2? were determined by kinetic studies. The most striking result is the potent competitive inhibition exerted by (Cu-ATP)^2? against (Mg-ATP)^2?$\text{K}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>i</mtext>}}\text{= 2.8 μ}\text{M}$), while free copper gives no characteristic inhibition. Our results also demonstrate that copper does not compete with calcium either on the enzyme or on calmodulin. The fixation of calmodulin on the enzyme is not altered in the presence of copper as shown by the fact that the dissociation constant remains unaffected. It may be speculated that (Cu-ATP)^2? is the active form of copper, which could plausibly be at the origin of some of the pathological features of erythrocytes observed in conditions associated with excess copper.     

淡水小球藻清除Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+污染能力的研究

用接种密度(n/mL-1)为498 ×104的淡水小球藻对含Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+的水体分别处理,观察了藻细胞对上述3种离子的清除能力,并用金鱼存活检测了结果.结果表明(1)淡水小球藻对不同密度的Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+都有清除能力,Cu2+的密度在0.094～0.484 mol/L时,清除率为61%～84.5%;Cd2+的密度在0.053～0.32mol/L时,清除率为45.90%～78.20%;Zn2+的密度在0.077～0.466 mol/L时,清除率为61.80%～84.80%.(2)淡水小球藻Cu2+、Cd2+和Zn2+良好工作浓度分别为0.094～0.484 mol/L、0.053～0.32 mol/L和0.077～0.466mol/L.其中,Zn2+的清除能达到国家污染物排放的二级标准.     

重金属Cd2+、Pb2+ 和Zn2+ 对泥鳅 DNA损伤的研究

采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(SCGE),研究重金属Cd2 、Pb2 、Zn2 在不同暴露时间(1—35d)、单一重金属离子不同暴露浓度(0.05mg/L、0.5mg/L、5.0mg/L)或混合重金属离子(Cd2 Pb2 、Cd2 Zn2 、Pb2 Zn2 、Cd2 Pb2 Zn2 )相同浓度(0.5mg/L)条件下对泥鳅肝胰脏细胞核DNA的损伤作用。以带彗尾核DNA百分率和彗尾长度(TL)与核直径(D)比值为指标,探讨DNA损伤级别与处理浓度间的相关性。结果显示,随着处理时间的延长,带彗尾核DNA百分率和TL/D值均呈上升趋势,5.0mg/L Zn2 组28d时带彗尾核DNA百分率最高(84.85%),35d的TL/D值亦为所有组中最高(2.50);对DNA损伤作用,初期以1级损伤为主,7d后以3级损伤为主,且损伤率超过80%;Cd2 、Pb2 和Zn2 之间的联合毒性表现复杂,但总体表现为Cd2 存在时能增强Pb2 或Zn2 对DNA的损伤作用。总之,重金属Cd2 、Pb2 和Zn2 对泥鳅肝胰脏细胞核DNA损伤具有明显的浓度和时间效应,利用SCGE技术可对水环境污染导致的生物基因毒性作用进行监测。     

How does regulatory Ca2+ regulate the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger?

Spatial and temporal regulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations is a fundamental requirement for life. The mammalian cardiac Na+-Ca2+ exchanger serves as the main mechanism for Ca2+ efflux after heart contraction. Exchange activity is highly regulated by intracellular Ca2+, which binds two regulatory domains (CBD1 and CBD2) and triggers the full activity of the exchanger. We solved the X-ray crystallographic structure of CBD2 in the presence and absence of Ca2+. Together with mutational analysis of the Ca2+ binding sites, this study reveals the crucial role of one of the two bound Ca2+ ions and helps propose hypotheses on the mechanism of regulation of the exchanger.     

发状念珠蓝细菌细胞对Cu2+、Cr2+和Pb2+胁迫的响应

[目的] 对发状念珠蓝细菌细胞进行重金属离子Cu2+(CuSO4)、Cr2+(CrCl2)和Pb2+(PbCl2)胁迫,探讨发状念珠蓝细菌细胞对重金属离子胁迫的响应.[方法] 25℃,80 μmol/(m·s)光照下,BG11培养液培养发状念珠蓝细菌,利用不同浓度(0、0.1、1.0、10、100 mg/L) Cu2+、Cr2+和pb2+胁迫发状念珠蓝细菌细胞,测定其质膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量以及海藻糖含量,分析发状念珠蓝细菌细胞对重金属离子胁迫的响应.[结果] 在Cu2、Cr2和pb2胁迫下,发状念珠蓝细菌细胞的外渗率和丙二醛(malondialdehyde)含量随着重金属离子浓度的升高而升高,相对渗透率和膜脂过氧化水平的变化趋势一致.超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase)活性随重金属离子浓度的升高先升后降,脯氨酸含量随着重金属离子处理浓度的升高,呈先降后升的趋势,可溶性糖含量随浓度的增大而减少.[结论] 低浓度的重金属离子可以诱导发状念珠蓝细菌细胞产生结构和生理的应激响应,高浓度会导致发状念珠蓝细菌细胞膜结构和功能的严重损害.     

胃粘膜Na~+-K~+-Mg~(2+)-ATPase在适应性细胞保护机制中的作用

本文观察了胃粘膜(Na~+-K~+-Mg~(2+))-ATPase在适应性细胞保护机制中的作用,并分析了其与内源性PG的关系。结果表明,哇巴因(一种(Na~+-K~+-Mg~(2+))-ATPase的抑制剂)可部分抑制胃蛋白酶150U(溶于0.1mol/L盐酸中)和20％乙醇的适应性细胞保护作用,并呈现明显的量效关系。用上述两种弱刺激灌胃后15min,胃粘膜(Na~+-K~+-Mg~(2+))-ATPase活力明显升高,也呈现明显的量效关系。预先给予消炎痛以抑制内源性PG的合成,则可阻断弱刺激所诱发的胃粘膜(Na~+-K~+-Mg~(2+))-ATPase活力的升高;若在此基础上再给予外源性PGE_2,又可解除消炎痛的阻断作用。这些结果说明,弱刺激通过内源性PG,进而促进胃粘膜(Na~+-K~+-Mg~(2+))-ATPase活力升高,使粘膜抵抗损伤的能力增强,可能是其保护作用的重要机制之一。     

高血压大鼠心肌2型小电导-Ca2+-激活-K+通道蛋白(SK2)表达的变化*

目的:观察高血压大鼠心肌细胞2型小电导-Ca²⁺-激活-K⁺(SK2)通道蛋白表达情况。方法:12只健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(5只)和实验组(7只),实验组采用N’-硝基-L-精氨酸(L-NNA 15 mg/(kg·d))腹腔注射制备高血压模型,对照组以等体积生理盐水腹腔注射,每天称量大鼠体重,每周测量血压及心电图变化,4周后处死大鼠取心脏;采用Western blot的方法检测心肌SK2通道蛋白表达水平。结果:给药4周后,与对照组相比,实验组大鼠血压明显升高(P＜0.05),心电图QRS时长和R-R间期延长,实验组大鼠心房组织和心室组织SK2通道的表达均明显升高(1.12±0.18 vs 0.52±0.99,1.64±0.26 vs 0.99±0.22, P＜0.05)。结论:高血压模型大鼠心房和心室SK2通道表达增加,其可能是导致高血压模型大鼠出现心律失常的机制之一,为高血压疾病的治疗和预后提供新的思路和策略。     

酵母脯氨酸合成酶基因(Pro2)的分离及Leu~+ Pro~+表型共转导

酵母7209-1 A(a)DNA,用pHC79为载体,以BamHⅠ、PstⅠ和Hind Ⅲ酶切,经体外重组和包装后,转导至大肠杆菌HB101和SC294中。在我们的实验条件下(对酵母DNA适度酶解,F/V值为15,连接时DNA总浓度为200—250微克/微升以及BHB 2688/BHB2690比值为5),重组建库效率达到10~6CFU/微克载体DNA,重组子双抗值降低到10％或5％以下。 大肠杆菌HB101和SC 294的10~6个重组体克隆中,观察到酵母基因对leuB 6及proA2(在HB101中),leu6,metB1,argG,his1(在SC294中)等营养缺陷型的互补(校正)效应。由于互补频率(10~(-3)—10~(-4))比上述基因突变自发回复率高2—3个数量级,因此可以说,酵母的上述基因在大肠杆菌中获得了功能表达。对pYeleu5和pYeleu7单克隆DNA的再次包装转导和再次互补测试表明,我们已使酵母leu~+的互补效率提高10~4倍。本文还报道了在HB101中的酵母基因文库Leu~+ Pro~+的表型共转导现象,频率为30％以上。     

植物细胞Ca2+的微调系统——Ca2+_ATPase

本文对植物体细胞Ca２＋-ATPase的类型、亚细胞定位、生化特性、分子量差异、基因克隆、酶活性调节剂以及生理功能等方面的研究进展进行综述和讨论。     

骨骼肌内质网Ca2+泵转运Ca2+的结构基础

Ca2 泵(Ca2 -ATPase)是调节细胞内Ca2 浓度的重要蛋白质之一.Ca2 泵在转运Ca2 的过程中经历一系列构象变化.其中,E1状态为外向的Ca2 高亲和状态,E2状态则为内向的Ca2 低亲和状态.目前,骨骼肌内质网Ca2 泵转运Ca2 过程中的几个中间状态,包括E1-2Ca2 ,E1-ATP,E1-P-ADP,E2-Pi和E2状态的三维晶体结构已经解析.介绍这几种状态的晶体结构,并分析Ca2 泵在执行功能过程中结构与功能的关系.     

pH-dependent regulation of the α-subunit of H+-K+-ATPase (HKα2)

The H(+)-K(+)-ATPase α-subunit (HKα(2)) participates importantly in systemic acid-base homeostasis and defends against metabolic acidosis. We have previously shown that HKα(2) plasma membrane expression is regulated by PKA (Codina J, Liu J, Bleyer AJ, Penn RB, DuBose TD Jr. J Am Soc Nephrol 17: 1833-1840, 2006) and in a separate study demonstrated that genetic ablation of the proton-sensing G(s)-coupled receptor GPR4 results in spontaneous metabolic acidosis (Sun X, Yang LV, Tiegs BC, Arend LJ, McGraw DW, Penn RB, Petrovic S. J Am Soc Nephrol 21: 1745-1755, 2010). In the present study, we investigated the ability of chronic acidosis and GPR4 to regulate HKα(2) expression in HEK-293 cells. Chronic acidosis was modeled in vitro by using multiple methods: reducing media pH by adjusting bicarbonate concentration, adding HCl, or by increasing the ambient concentration of CO(2). PKA activity and HKα(2) protein were monitored by immunoblot analysis, and HKα(2) mRNA, by real-time PCR. Chronic acidosis did not alter the expression of HKα(2) mRNA; however, PKA activity and HKα(2) protein abundance increased when media pH decreased from 7.4 to 6.8. Furthermore, this increase was independent of the method used to create chronic acidosis. Heterologous expression of GPR4 was sufficient to increase both basal and acid-stimulated PKA activity and similarly increase basal and acid-stimulated HKα(2) expression. Collectively, these results suggest that chronic acidosis and GPR4 increase HKα(2) protein by increasing PKA activity without altering HKα(2) mRNA abundance, implicating a regulatory role of pH-activated GPR4 in homeostatic regulation of HKα(2) and acid-base balance.     

小球藻对水溶液中Zn2+、Cd2+的吸附

对小球藻生物吸附Zn^2 ,Cd^2 的影响因素进行了研究,发现小球藻对Zn^2 ,Cd^2 的生物吸附主要经历了快速的物理吸附和缓慢的化学吸附两个步骤;pH值是影响Zn^2 ,Cd^2 生物吸附的一个重要因素,pH值为6-7时,小球藻对Zn^2 ,Cd^2 的去除率较高,在实验条件下去除率可达87%以上;研究还表明,小球藻干粉比新鲜藻能富集更多的Zn^2 ,Cd^2 。用Freundlich方程模拟吸附等温线,拟合良好。     

Relation between electron exchange and nuclear vibrations in the H 2 + +H 2 + → H 3 + +p exothermic ion-molecular reaction

The effective cross section for the H ₂ ⁺ +H ₂ ⁺ → H ₃ ⁺ +p reaction in the energy range 5.7–11.5 eV is measured by the split beam method. The maximum of the cross section at an energy of ～8 eV is related to the production of the H ₄ ⁺⁺ compound system. The reaction threshold W _thr≈5 eV provides evidence in favor of the classical model of the H ₂ ⁺ ion with the charge fixed on one of the nuclei throughout the collision event.     

Hg2+、Pd2+、Cd2+和Cu2+对沼泽红假单胞菌生长及净化氮、磷能力的影响

研究了在培养基中分别添加不同浓度的重金属离子Hg2+、Pd2+、Cd2+和Cu2+作为人工配制的污水对光合细菌沼泽红假单胞菌生长与净化PO4-P和NH4-N能力的影响.实验结果表明当培养基中Hg2+的浓度达到2×10-6mol@L-1,该菌生长趋势开始减慢;当增至4×10-6mol@L-1时,生长完全被抑制.Cu2+的浓度达到1×10-6mol@L-1,该菌生长趋势也开始减慢;当增至8×10-6mol@L-1时生长完全被抑制.Cd2+的浓度达4×10-5mol@L-1时,其延缓期大大延长;增至16×10-5mol@L-4时生长完全被抑制.培养基中Pd2+的浓度达到8×10-4mol@L-1时,对该菌生长并未产生影响.当培养基中重金属离子浓度未达到完全抑制其生长时,对其净化PO4-P和NH4-N能力的影响不显著.     

Hg2+、Cd2+和Cu2+对菹草光合系统及保护酶系统的毒害作用

研究了Hg2 、Cd2 、Cu2 对高等水生沉水植物菹草光合系统及保护酶系统的毒害作用。结果表明 :3种离子均使菹草叶片叶绿体自发荧光强度、叶绿素含量、光合速率降低。Hg2 、Cd2 、Cu2 对菹草保护酶系统存在不同的影响 ,短时间低浓度条件下 ,诱导超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD )、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性上升 ,随着污染时间的延长、污染浓度的增加 ,酶活性下降 ,其中SOD活性上升持续时间最长 ,下降最慢。 3种离子均使菹草可溶性蛋白含量减少。Hg2 、Cu2 毒性较强 ,Cd2 毒性较弱。Hg2 、Cu2 对菹草的致死浓度为 0 .5～ 1mg/L ,Cd2 为 1～ 2 .5mg/L     

?-Adrenergic Stimulation Increases RyR2 Activity via Intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ Regulation

Here we investigate how ß-adrenergic stimulation of the heart alters regulation of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) by intracellular Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ and the role of these changes in SR Ca²⁺ release. RyRs were isolated from rat hearts, perfused in a Langendorff apparatus for 5 min and subject to 1 min perfusion with 1 µM isoproterenol or without (control) and snap frozen in liquid N₂ to capture their phosphorylation state. Western Blots show that RyR2 phosphorylation was increased by isoproterenol, confirming that RyR2 were subject to normal ß-adrenergic signaling. Under basal conditions, S2808 and S2814 had phosphorylation levels of 69% and 15%, respectively. These levels were increased to 83% and 60%, respectively, after 60 s of ß-adrenergic stimulation consistent with other reports that ß-adrenergic stimulation of the heart can phosphorylate RyRs at specific residues including S2808 and S2814 causing an increase in RyR activity. At cytoplasmic [Ca²⁺] <1 µM, ß-adrenergic stimulation increased luminal Ca²⁺ activation of single RyR channels, decreased luminal Mg²⁺ inhibition and decreased inhibition of RyRs by mM cytoplasmic Mg²⁺. At cytoplasmic [Ca²⁺] >1 µM, ß-adrenergic stimulation only decreased cytoplasmic Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ inhibition of RyRs. The K_a and maximum levels of cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ activation site were not affected by ß-adrenergic stimulation.Our RyR2 gating model was fitted to the single channel data. It predicted that in diastole, ß-adrenergic stimulation is mediated by 1) increasing the activating potency of Ca²⁺ binding to the luminal Ca²⁺ site and decreasing its affinity for luminal Mg²⁺ and 2) decreasing affinity of the low-affinity Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ cytoplasmic inhibition site. However in systole, ß-adrenergic stimulation is mediated mainly by the latter.     

Cu2+和Zn2+对普通小麦幼苗生长的影响

Zn^2＋在植物体中参与生长素的合成和某些酶系统的活动;Cu^2＋在催化氧化还原反应中起作用,是植物体内多种氧化酶的组成部分,与光合作用密切相关,在脂肪代谢、蛋白质分解中有一定的作用。当植物体内Cu^2＋和Zn^2＋含量超过一定浓度时对细胞有较大的毒害,危害植物的生长和发育,并可经食物链富集危害人的健康。本文研究了相同浓度的Cu^2＋和Zn^2＋对普通小麦幼苗生理生化特征的影响,以期为防止金属离子污染和培育抗性品种提供参考数据。