暖温带落叶阔叶林辐射能量环境初步研究

本文对暖温带落叶阔叶林辐射能量环境进行了初步探讨,文中对林、灌、草各层次的总、反、净、光台有效及吸收、透射等辐时因子的变化分别进行了系统分析。主要结论如下：（１）在生长季（５─１０日）期间,抵达林冠的太阳总辐射为３０９５．４５ＭＪ·ｍ￣（－２）,抵达灌草层的为３８８．３４ＭＪ·ｍ￣（－２）。峰值出现在５月,谷值在８月。（２）生氏季内,抵达群落的太阳总辐射主要集中于５、６两月,占整个生长季的４０．９９％。（３）生长季内,林冠上方净辐射总值为１６５８．７４ＭＪ·ｍ￣（－２）。（４）林冠反射主要受入射光的光谱特性及群落发育状况共同影响,反射率的变化主要与群落发育状况相关;灌草层的反射及后射率主要受群落发育状况的影响。（５）整个生长季,林冠所接收的光台有效辐时为１３０８．３ＭＪ·ｍ￣（－２）,灌草层为１９４．２１ＭＪ·ｍ￣（－２）。（６）净辐射日进程受气候因素影响十分强烈。（７）群落内光能资源的时空分布存在很大差异。     

地表覆草和覆膜对西北旱地土壤有机碳氮和生物活性的影响

研究地表覆盖对土壤有机碳氮和生物活性的影响,对改进旱地作物栽培,提升土壤肥力和提高作物产量具有重要意义。采取5a田间定位试验的土壤进行室内培养试验,研究不同地表覆盖土壤轻质有机碳、轻质有机氮及微生物活性的变化。结果发现,经过61d培养之后,覆草、覆膜和常规土壤矿质态氮含量分别减少4.0,2.5,3.9 mg/kg,有机碳矿化累积量分别为125,100,101 mg/kg。覆草土壤微生物量碳含量及土壤代谢熵在培养过程中均高于覆膜。培养前后,覆草土壤的轻质有机碳氮均明显高于覆膜,覆膜和常规没有差异。培养结束后,覆草土壤轻质有机碳氮含量分别减少36%和47%,覆膜土壤分别减少26%和45%,常规土壤分别减少31%和44%。覆草土壤轻质有机碳氮含量的减少值明显高于覆膜和常规。覆草能增加土壤有机碳氮的易矿化组分,提高土壤有机质的生物有效性,覆膜则会降低土壤有机质的生物有效性。     

耕作和覆盖对黄土高原果园土壤水分和温度的影响

研究了几种不同耕作方式（免耕、旋耕和翻耕）和覆盖措施（覆草、生草和覆膜）对黄土高原果园土壤水分和温度的影响.结果表明：5月不同耕作方式下0～1 m土层土壤水分差异极显著,表现为免耕（14.28%）>旋耕（14.13%）>翻耕（13.57%）,9月差异不明显;不同覆盖措施中,覆草处理的土壤水分最高,且与生草、覆膜、裸地处理间差异极显著;不同耕作方式和覆盖组合处理中以免耕覆草保水效果最好.不同覆盖处理白天土壤平均温度表现为覆膜>裸地>生草>覆草,土壤温度变幅表现为裸地>覆膜>生草>覆草.各覆盖处理的蓄水量与其土壤温度并不都呈负相关,而是由不同覆盖物的保水效果和保温性质共同决定.综上所述,黄土高原果园的保护性耕作体系应以免耕覆草为主.     

森林冠层辐射的数值模拟

一、引言太阳辐射是树木和各种作物生长过程中所需能量的直接或间接源泉。一定强度的太阳辐射达到林冠层表面时,由于叶、枝等器官的吸收、反射和透射作用,使得冠层内的辐射分布有其独具的特征。本文综合考虑天空散射和叶片的内部散射作用,从辐射通量的角度在计算机上模拟了各向同性叶角分布的冠层中辐射通量的分布特征,讨论了单叶反射系数和透射系     

栲树冠层光合生理特性的空间异质性

森林冠层在能量传输、光合有效辐射和微气象等方面的差异可导致冠层光合生产力空间分布的变化.叶片光合生理特性在空间上的差异对精确估算森林冠层的初级生产力十分重要.本文以亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种---栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)为对象,研究叶片光合生理特性在冠层空间上的变化.结果表明:1)在垂直方向上,冠层北向叶的饱和光合速率(Amax)、光饱和点(LSP)和CO2羧化效率(CCE)均表现为上部>中部>底部,且依次平均降低19.4%、18.1%和37.1%;光补偿点(LCP)、光下暗呼吸(Rd)以及冠层南向叶的饱和光合速率、光饱和点和CO2羧化效率均表现为上部>底部>中部,上部比中部和底部高出12.3%~71.4%;表观量子效率(AQY)表现为底部>上部>中部,底部分别是顶部和中部叶的1.2和1.3倍;2)在水平方向上,冠层上部和底部南向叶的饱和光合速率、光饱和点和CO2羧化效率比北向叶高0.9%~31.5%;冠层中部北向叶的饱和光合速率等6个参数比南向叶高9.6%~63.2%.因此,在冠层水平上模拟和估算植物生产力时,必须考虑冠层光合生理特性的空间差异.     

旱地小麦不同栽培模式对土壤水分和水分生产效率的影响

在陕西渭北黄土高原沟壑区,通过田间试验研究冬小麦不同栽培模式对旱地土壤水分和水分生产效率的影响。试验设栽培模式、施氮和密度等3种因子,栽培模式设露地栽培(常规)、秸秆覆盖(覆草)、地膜覆盖(平膜)、垄上覆膜沟中覆草垄沟种植(垄沟)4种方式;施氮设不施氮、施120kg／hm^2N和240kg／hm^2N三个水平;密度设播量180kg／hm^2和225kg／hm^2 2个水平。试验结果表明,不同栽培模式下土壤水分在不同生育期的变化趋势基本一致;平覆膜与垄沟种植均有良好的保墒和集水作用,平覆膜水分的生产效率比常规模式增加41．3％～52．4％;垄沟种植比常规模式增加38．8％～64．6％。覆草具有一定的保墒作用,在小麦生长前期及40cm以上的土层中效果明显,其水分生产效率高于常规种植的24．1％。氮肥对土壤贮水量具有极显著影响,但不同密度对土壤贮水量基本上无影响。     

栓皮栎人工林冠层温度变化特征及其与微气象因子的关系

基于2011年栓皮栎主要生长季(5-8月)的冠层温度数据及同步观测得到的冠层微气象资料,分析了典型晴天和阴天条件下华北低丘山地栓皮栎人工林冠层温度(Tc)的变化特征及其与微气象因子的关系.结果表明:晴天日9:00-16:00,栓皮栎人工林林冠边界层处于不稳定状态,Tc比空气温度(Ta)平均高3.55℃;阴天日Tc的变化较晴天条件下平缓;Tc与Ta、净辐射(Rn)、相对湿度、风速等冠层微气象要素的复相关达极显著水平,其复相关系数为0.825;影响Tc的主要气象因子是Ta和Rn,二者对Tc的影响程度与天气状况有关.     

落叶阔叶林冠层光合有效辐射分量的遥感模拟与分析

冠层绿色叶片(光合组分)的光合有效辐射分量(绿色FPAR)真实地反映了植被与外界进行物质和能量交换的能力,获取冠层光合组分吸收的太阳光合有效辐射,对生态系统生产力的遥感估算精度的提高具有重要的意义。研究以落叶阔叶林为例,基于SAIL模型模拟森林冠层光合组分和非光合组分吸收的光合有效辐射,研究冠层FPAR变化规律以及与植被指数的相关关系。结果表明,冠层结构的改变会影响冠层对PAR的吸收能力,冠层绿色FPAR的大小与植被面积指数及光合组分面积比相关;在高覆盖度植被区,冠层绿色FPAR占冠层总FPAR的80%以上,非光合组分的贡献较小,但在低植被覆盖区,当光合组分和非光合组分面积相同时,绿色FPAR不及冠层总FPAR的50%;相比于NDVI,北方落叶阔叶林冠层EVI与绿色FPAR存在更为显著的线性相关关系(R~20.99)。     

人工同龄纯林冠层辐射场模拟模型I.理论计算

充分考虑坡地人工林冠层结构特征和叶面积空间分布的异质性,分别相邻树冠遮荫和目的树冠遮荫对树冠内辐射场的影响,建立的人工林冠层辐射场模型,可模拟树冠内任意点,在一年内任一时刻内的辐射及其直接和散射分量,以及以1h为步长的日总辐射等,为人工林可持续经营和冠层光合生产力模拟奠定基础。     

苹果密植园与间伐园树冠层内叶片光合潜力比较

通过对成龄苹果密植园和间伐园树冠不同层次和部位叶片光合潜力及辐射通量密度、叶片N含量和比叶重等指标的比较分析,研究了苹果园改造前后辐射能和氮素利用效率差异及其与产量品质的关系.结果表明：间伐显著改善了冠层内的辐射环境,间伐园冠层内的辐射分布明显比密植园均匀,相对辐射通量密度小于30%的无效光区接近0,而密植园冠层内的最低相对辐射通量密度为17%,在相对高度03以下均为无效光区;间伐园内冠层叶片的光合效率显著提高,间伐园树冠中、下部叶片的光合速率比密植园分别提高了78%和102%;叶片的最大羧化速率和最大电子传递速率也有较大幅度的提升.苹果园冠层叶片的光合效率与叶片N含量存在显著的相关关系,而叶片N含量又与辐射通量密度存在显著的相关关系,因此,可根据冠层叶片相对N含量的垂直分布间接和定量地判断叶片的光合效率或相对辐射通量密度的空间分布.     

西双版纳望天树林林窗小气候特征研究

 对西双版纳望天树林林窗小气候要素的季节变化、水平差异进行了观测研究,并对比分析了两个大小不同林窗内温度垂直分布状况、相对湿度差别。结果表明：大林窗内温度、湿度、光照的日变化均比林内大;大林窗中央光照强度为林内的10倍以上,太阳总辐射量、净辐射量为林内的5倍以上,大林窗中央的蒸发耗热量大于林内,且均占各自净辐射的较大比例(70％～80％),干季大林窗内温度、湿度日变化比雨季剧烈,大林窗内具有两个加热层(幼苗冠层、地表),小林窗仅有一个加热层(幼树冠层),且前者的加热强度大于后者,相对湿度日变化则是大林窗内较剧烈。     

Near‐ground solar radiation along the grassland–forest continuum: Tall‐tree canopy architecture imposes only muted trends and heterogeneity

Solar radiation directly and indirectly drives a variety of ecosystem processes. Our aim was to evaluate how tree canopy architecture affects near‐ground, incoming solar radiation along gradients of increasing tree cover, referred to as the grassland–forest continuum. We evaluated a common type of canopy architecture: tall trees that generally have their lowest level of foliage high above, rather than close to the ground as is often the case for shorter trees. We used hemispherical photographs to estimate near‐ground solar radiation using the metric of Direct Site Factor (DSF) on four sites in north Queensland, Australia that formed a grassland–forest continuum with tree canopy cover ranging from 0% to 71%. Three of the four sites had tall Eucalyptus trees with foliage several metres above the ground. We found that: (i) mean DSF exceeded >70% of the potential maximum for all sites, including the site with highest canopy cover; (ii) DSF variance was not highly sensitive to canopy coverage; and (iii) mean DSF for canopy locations beneath trees was not significantly lower than for adjacent intercanopy locations. Simulations that hypothetically placed Australian sites with tall tree canopies at other latitude–longitude locations demonstrated that differences in DSF were mostly due to canopy architecture, not specific site location effects. Our findings suggest that tall trees that have their lowest foliage many metres above the ground and have lower foliar density only weakly affect patterns of near‐ground solar radiation along the grassland–forest continuum. This markedly contrasts with the strong effect that shorter trees with foliage near the ground have on near‐ground solar radiation patterns along the continuum. This consequence of differential tree canopy architecture will fundamentally affect other ecosystem properties and may explain differential emphases that have been placed on canopy–intercanopy heterogeneity in diverse global ecosystem types that lie within the grassland–forest continuum.     

Distinct patterns of changes in surface energy budget associated with forestation in the semiarid region

Land use and land cover changes greatly influence surface energy balance and consequently climate, and are likely to be associated with the persistent predictions of warming and drying throughout the Mediterranean and other regions. We specifically address the question of how the high radiation load and suppressed latent heat flux, intrinsic to dry regions, interact with land use changes and climate in these environments. We use for this purpose a detailed 6‐year (2003–2008) study of the redistribution of the radiation load in an open‐canopy pine forest. The results show that compared with the background shrubland, there was a 23.8 W m^?2 increase in shortwave radiation load on the forest (to a mean annual net solar radiation of 211 W m^?2) associated with a decrease in albedo of 0.1. Surface (skin) temperature in the forest was lower than in the shrubland (by ～5 °C on average) due to an efficient ‘convector effect’ and the production of a large sensible heat flux (up to 926 W m^?2 in summer), which effectively shifted heat from the canopy to the overlying boundary layer. The cooler forest skin temperature resulted in suppression of upwelling longwave radiation (by 25 W m^?2, annual average), further increasing the forest radiation load (mean annual net radiation of 116 and 67 W m^?2 for forest and shrubland, respectively). This suppression also resulted in a local ‘canopy greenhouse effect’, where upwelling longwave radiation from the ground to the canopy was larger than from the canopy to the atmosphere (by up to 150 W m^?2 in summer) and was associated with ～3 °C warming below the canopy. The ability of the dry productive forest to deal with the high radiation load indicates the potential for afforestation in dry areas.     

西双版纳热带雨林干季林冠层雾露形成的小气候特征研究

对西双版纳热带雨林干季林冠层雾露形成的小气候特征进行了观测研究。结果表明,雾露首先形成于最上林冠层,林下露水的形成迟于林上3～4h,林下雾是由上层雾变浓、下沉而来。夜间,雾形成前,气温高于叶表温;雾形成后,气温则低于叶表温,且气温及叶表温均有回升。雾露的形成不仅凝结了水汽进入森林,同时也对森林起到了一定的保温作用,这对热带雨林的生存和发展具有致关重要的作用。     

Impact of invasion of Acer platanoides on canopy structure and understory seedling growth in a hardwood forest in North America

Invasion by exotic plant species is known to affect native communities and ecosystems, but the mechanisms of the impacts are much less understood. In a field study, we examined the effects of a tree invader, Acer platanoides (Norway maple, NM), on canopy structure and seedling growth in the understory of a North American deciduous forest. The experimental site contains a monospecific patch of A. platanoides and a mixed patch of A. platanoides with its native congener, A. rubrum (red maple, RM). In the study, we examined canopy characteristics of three types of trees in the forests, i.e., RM trees in the mixed forest, NM trees in the mixed forest, and NM trees in its monospecific patch. Height growth and biomass production of RM and NM seedlings under intact canopies and newly created gaps of the three types of trees were followed for two growing seasons. We found that removal of half of the canopy from focal trees increased canopy openness and light transmission to the forest floor, but to a greater extent under NM trees than under RM trees. Seedlings of these two Acer species varied greatly in biomass production under canopies of the same type of trees and in their responses to canopy opening. For example, seedlings of the exotic NM grown under the native RM trees in the mixed forests increased biomass production by 102.4% compared to NM seedlings grown under conspecific trees. The native RM seedlings grown under NM trees, however, reduced biomass production by 23.5% compared to those grown under conspecific trees. It was also observed that RM was much more responsive in biomass production to canopy opening than NM. For instance, total seedling biomass increased by 632.2% in RM, but by only 134.6% in NM in response to the newly created gaps. In addition, we found that NM seedlings allocated a greater portion of biomass below-ground as canopy openness increased, whereas the same trend was not observed in RM seedlings. Our results thus demonstrated that invasion of NM significantly altered canopy structure and community dynamics in the hardwood forest. Because the exotic NM seedlings are able to grow well under the native RM trees, but not vice versa, NM will likely expand its distribution in the forests and make it an ever increasingly serious tree invader in its non-native habitats, including North America.     

不同覆盖方式下旱作玉米田土壤呼吸对温度变化的响应

为探明不同农田管理措施下增温对土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性的影响,基于9年田间定位试验,对秸秆覆盖(SM)、地膜覆盖(FM)和无覆盖对照(CK)3种管理方式下的土壤样品进行了为期60 d的室内恒温培养,培养温度分别为15、25和35 ℃,对土壤呼吸速率进行动态监测。结果表明: 在整个培养期间,土壤呼吸速率呈单峰型变化,土壤呼吸累积释放量则呈“S”型增长趋势,其中培养前30 d土壤呼吸累积释放量约占整个培养期的75%～85%。与CK相比,SM土壤呼吸累积释放量显著增加了19.4%,而FM差异不显著。与15 ℃相比,25和35 ℃条件下土壤平均呼吸速率分别增加了17.0%和36.8%,土壤呼吸累积释放量分别增加了13.1%和33.6%。覆盖方式与温度二者无交互作用。土壤呼吸变异的97.7%～99.9%可以由温度变化解释,且土壤呼吸与有机碳和全氮含量均呈显著正相关。与无覆盖对照和地膜覆盖相比,秸秆覆盖可通过增加土壤中有机质的输入促进土壤呼吸,但同时会降低土壤呼吸温度敏感性,表明在未来气候变暖背景下,黄土高原旱作农业区进行秸秆覆盖较地膜覆盖能更有效地减少土壤CO₂排放。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林水热通量

利用西双版纳热带季节雨林2003和2004年常规气象、生物量以及水热通量观测资料,对该林地两年内各能量分量的数值大小和变化规律、能量分配以及水量平衡特征等进行了分析研究。结果表明,2003和2004年净辐射总量分别为3516.4MJ/(m.2a)和3516.6MJ/(m.2a)。在能量分配过程中潜热通量占优势,2003年和2004年的总量分别是相应年份净辐射总量的46%和44%,显热通量则分别只有12%和11%。2003年和2004年林冠传导率均值分别为10.3mm/s和10.0mm/s,其中干热季期间的林冠传导率明显低于雾凉季和雨季。林冠传导率与叶面积指数和空气饱和水汽压差值之间分别呈极显著的正、负线性相关关系;它基本上不受土壤含水量的影响,只是当长期无雨或雨量很小导致土壤含水量低于0.15m3/m3时,林冠传导率才与土壤含水量间存在极显著的相关关系。西双版纳热带雨林2003和2004年的蒸散量分别是663mm和634mm,受浓雾和林冠传导率的综合影响,该森林生态系统干季蒸散量低于雨季,这是西双版纳热带季节雨林能够在水热极限条件下生存并良好发育的重要原因。     

Structural and functional changes of myosin during development: comparison with adult fast, slow and cardiac myosin.

ATPase (Ca²⁺ and K⁺ activated) activity of myosin prepared from muscles of 3–4 week rabbit embryos (EM) is slighly lower than that of adult fast muscle myosin (FM), but in contrast to the less active adult slow muscle myosin (SM) is stable on exposure to pH 9.2. Studies of the time course, by means of Na dodecyl-SO₄ polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, of changes in the pattern of polypeptides released by tryptic digestion show that in this regard EM is closest to SM. The light chain complement of EM appears identical with that of FM rather than of SM or cardiac myosin (CM) by the criteria of coelectrophoresis and removal by 5,5′-dithio-2-dinitrobenzoate treatment of LC₂ except that the relative amount of LC₃ is less in EM than in FM. The staining pattern of light meromyosin (EMM) paracrystals prepared from EM is distinct from either the FM, SM or CM LMM staining pattern. These studies suggest that different genes are involved in the coding for embryonic and adult heavy chains.     

落叶阔叶林内的光合作用和气孔传导率特征(英文)

本文根据Wang和BMdocchi(1989)最近提出的冠层辐射模型,进一步给出了一个模拟冠层光合作用速率和气孔传导率的模式.模式将冠层中每一层的叶面积分为向光叶、半影叶、和全遮荫叶三种,并分别计算其光合作用速率和气孔传导率。计算得到的光合速率廓线表明,在落叶阔叶林内,冠层下部的叶片常处于光照不足状态;半影效应使得透过林冠达于底部的辐射量增大,这对于林下植物的光合作用是有利的。 模式计算值与实测值之间的微弱差别应归因于纯辐射模型无法考虑湍流输送机制造成的CO_2传输和冠层底部耐荫性叶对于低光照的适应能力。     

Interannual and seasonal variations of energy and water vapor fluxes above a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, SW China

The values and variation characteristics of energy components, their relationship with net radiation and the characteristics of water balance in the forest were analyzed, based on the observation data of energy fluxes, meteorological parameters and biomass in a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna from January 2003 to December 2004. The results show that annual net radiation was 3516.4 MJ/(m² · a) and 3516.6 MJ/(m² · a) in 2003 and 2004, respectively, of which 46% and 44% were used in latent heat flux, and 12% and 11% were lost as sensible heat flux. Annual mean canopy surface conductance was 10.3 mm/s and 10.0 mm/s in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Moreover, canopy surface conductance was lower in dry-hot seasons than in fog-cool and rainy seasons. Canopy surface conductance correlated significantly and positively with leaf area index, but negatively with water vapor pressure deficit. In general, canopy surface conductance was not affected directly by soil water content, but highly depended on soil moisture status when soil water content was below 0.15 m³/m³. Annual total evapotranspiration of this forest ecosystem in dry seasons was lower than that in rainy seasons, which was considered as one of the most important reasons that tropical seasonal rain forest could survive and flourish in Xishuangbanna at limit of water and heat.