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1.
Temporal selectivity for complex signals by single neurons in the torus semicircularis of Pleurodema thaul (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mario Penna Wen-Yu Lin Albert S. Feng 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,180(4):313-328
Responses of auditory neurons in the torus semicircularis (TS) of Pleurodema thaul, a leptodactylid from Chile, to synthetic stimuli having diverse temporal patterns and to digitized advertisement calls of
P. thaul and three sympatric species, were recorded to investigate their temporal response selectivities. The advertisement call of
this species consists of a long sequence of sound pulses (a pulse-amplitude-modulated, or PAM, signal) having a dominant frequency
of about 2000 Hz. Each of the sound pulses contains intra-pulse sinusoidal-amplitude-modulations (SAMs). Synthetic stimuli
consisted of six series in which the following acoustic parameters were systematically modified, one at a time: PAM rate,
pulse duration, number of pulses, and intra-pulse SAM rate. The carrier frequency of these stimuli was set at the characteristic
frequency (CF) of the isolated units (n = 47). Response patterns of TS units to synthetic call variants reveal different degrees of selectivities for each of the
temporal variables, with populations of neurons responding maximally to specific values found in the advertisement call of
this species. These selectivities are mainly shaped by neuronal responsiveness to the overall sound energy of the stimulus
and by the inability of neurons to discharge to short inter-pulse gaps.
Accepted: 30 October 1996 相似文献
2.
S. Credner H. Burda F. Ludescher 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,180(3):245-255
In captive adult Zambian mole-rats 14 different sounds (13 true vocalizations) have been recorded during different behavioural
contexts. The sound analysis revealed that all sounds occurred in a low and middle frequency range with main energy below
10 kHz. The majority of calls contained components of 1.6–2 kHz, 0.63–0.8 kHz, and/or 5–6.3 kHz. The vocalization range thus
matched well the hearing range as established in other studies. The frequency content of courtship calls in two species of
Zambian Cryptomys was compared with that in naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber) and blind mole-rats (Spalax ehrenbergi) as described in the literature. The frequency range of maximum sound energy is negatively correlated with the body weight
and coincides with the frequencies of best hearing in the respective species. In general, the vocalization range in subterranean
mammals is shifted towards low frequencies which are best propagated in underground burrows.
Accepted: 16 September 1996 相似文献
3.
J. D. Crawford 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1993,172(2):139-152
This paper describes the auditory neurophysiology of the mesencephalon of P. isidori, a soundproducing mormyrid fish. Mormyrids have a specialized pressure-sensitive auditory periphery, and anatomical studies indicate that acoustic information is relayed to the mesencephalic nucleus MD. Fish were stimulated with tone bursts and clicks, and responses of MD neurons were recorded extracellularly. Auditory neurons had best frequencies (BF) and best sensitivities (BS) that fell within the range of frequencies and levels of the natural communication sounds of these fish. BSs were in the range of 0 to — 35 dB (re. 1.0 dyne/cm2). Many of the neurons were tuned (Q10 dB: 2–6), and had BFs in the range of 100–300 Hz where the animal's sounds have their peak energy. A range of different physiological cell types were encountered, including phasic, sustained, and complex neurons. Some of the sustained neurons showed strong phase-locking to tones. Many neurons exhibited non-monotonic rate-level functions. Frequencies flanking the BF often caused a reduction in spontaneous activity suggesting inhibition. Many neurons showed excellent representation of click-trains, and some showed a temporal representation of inter-click-intervals with errors less than 1 ms.Abbreviations BF
best frequency
- BS
best sensitivity
- ELa
anterior exterolateral toral nucleus
- ELp
posterior exterolateral toral nucleus
- EOCD
electric organ command discharge
- FFT
fast Fourier transform
- HRP
horseradish peroxidase
- ICI
inter-clickinterval
- MD
mediodorsal toral nucleus (=auditory nucleus)
- OR
onset response rate
- PSTH
peri-stimulus-time-histogram
- R
synchronization coefficient
- RA
response area
- SS
steady state response rate 相似文献
4.
Alexander V. Galazyuk Albert S. Feng 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,180(4):301-311
Responses of 117 single- or multi-units in the auditory cortex (AC) of bats (Myotis lucifugus) to tone bursts of different stimulus durations (1– 400 ms) were studied over a wide range of stimulus intensities to determine
how stimulus duration is represented in the AC. 36% of AC neurons responded more strongly to short stimulus durations showing
short-pass duration response functions, 31% responded equally to all pulse durations (i.e., all-pass), 18% responded preferentially
to stimuli having longer durations (i.e., long-pass), and 15% responded to a narrow range of stimulus durations (i.e., band-pass).
Neurons showing long-pass and short-pass duration response functions were narrowly distributed within two horizontal slabs
of the cortex, over the rostrocaudal extent of the AC. The effects of stimulus level on duration selectivity were evaluated
for 17 AC neurons. For 65% of these units, an increase in stimulus intensity resulted in a progressive decrease in the best
duration. In light of the unusual intensity-dependent duration responses of AC neurons, we hypothesized that the response
selectivities of AC neurons is different from that in the brainstem. This hypothesis was validated by results of study of
the duration response characteristics of single neurons in the inferior colliculus.
Accepted: 8 November 1996 相似文献
5.
Morten Buhl Jørgensen Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,180(5):503-511
We studied the directionality of spike timing in the responses of single auditory nerve fibers of the grass frog, Rana temporaria, to tone burst stimulation. Both the latency of the first spike after stimulus onset and the preferred firing phase during
the stimulus were studied. In addition, the directionality of the phase of eardrum vibrations was measured. The response latency
showed systematic and statistically significant changes with sound direction at both low and high frequencies. The latency
changes were correlated with response strength (spike rate) changes and were probably the result of directional changes in
effective stimulus intensity. Systematic changes in the preferred firing phase were seen in all fibers that showed phaselocking
(i.e., at frequencies below 500–700 Hz). The mean phase lead for stimulation from the contralateral side was approximately
140° at 200 Hz and decreased to approximately 100° at 700 Hz. These phaseshifts correspond to differences in spike timing
of approximately 2 ms and 0.4 ms respectively. The phaseshifts were nearly independent of stimulus intensity. The phase directionality
of eardrum vibrations was smaller than that of the nerve fibers. Hence, the strong directional phaseshifts shown by the nerve
fibers probably reflect the directional characteristics of extratympanic pathways.
Accepted: 23 November 1996 相似文献
6.
The inferior colliculus of the mustached bat has the frequency-vs-latency coordinates 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
T. Hattori N. Suga 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,180(3):271-284
In the mustached bat, the central auditory system contains FM–FM (delay-tuned) neurons which are specialized for processing
target-distance information carried by echo delays. Mechanisms for creating the FM–FM neurons involve delay lines, coincidence
detection and amplification. A neural basis for delay lines can be a map representing response latencies. The aim of the present
study is to explore whether the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus has a latency axis incorporated into iso-best frequency
slabs. Responses of single or multiple neurons were recorded from the inferior colliculus of unanesthetized mustached bats
with tungsten-wire electrodes, and their response latencies were measured with tone bursts at their best frequencies and best
amplitudes or 65 dB SPL. In the dorsoventral electrode penetrations across the inferior colliculus, response latency systematically
shortens from ˜12 to ˜4␣ms. Tonotopic representation in the inferior colliculus is somewhat complex. Iso-best frequency slabs
are tilted and/or curved, but they orient more or less ventrodorsally. Nevertheless, the latency axis is evident in each iso-best
frequency slab, regardless of best frequency. The inferior colliculus has the frequency-vs-latency coordinates.
Accepted: 2 October 1996 相似文献
7.
K.-H. Esser B. Lud 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,180(5):513-522
In the lesser spear-nosed bat, Phyllostomus discolor, maternal directive calls are characterized by an individual type of sinusoidal frequency modulation (= SFM) pattern. Beside
modulation frequency, modulation depth, carrier frequency, and number of modulation cycles per call contribute to the mother's
vocal signature. Since juvenile P. discolor learn to adapt their isolation calls to the corresponding call characteristics of the own mother or even to playback of a
computer-stored directive call, if hand-reared in the absence of conspecifics, the bats' auditory system ought to be able
to resolve interindividual differences in communication call structure. However, quantitative psychoacoustic data on the discrimination
of SFM signals in this species are not available. Thus, in the present study, lesser spear-nosed bats were trained in a two-alternative
forced-choice procedure to discriminate between two alternatingly presented SFM sound signals differing in modulation frequency.
Other characteristics of acoustic stimuli were identical and designed to mimick the fundamental of species-specific calls.
By gradually reducing the difference in modulation frequency between both stimuli within the behavioural relevant range until
the animals' performance dropped below the 75%-correct level, a considerable auditory spectro-temporal resolution has been
revealed. Particularly in comparison to the overall interindividual variation of this call parameter (minimal modulation frequency = 49 Hz,
maximum = 100 Hz), the determined average difference limen for modulation frequency of 2.42 ± 0.29 Hz seems substantial and
sufficient for labelling individuals.
Accepted: 30 November 1996 相似文献
8.
Karen P. Maruska Timothy C. Tricas 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2009,195(11):1071-1088
The fish auditory system encodes important acoustic stimuli used in social communication, but few studies have examined response
properties of central auditory neurons to natural signals. We determined the features and responses of single hindbrain and
midbrain auditory neurons to tone bursts and playbacks of conspecific sounds in the soniferous damselfish, Abudefduf abdominalis. Most auditory neurons were either silent or had slow irregular resting discharge rates <20 spikes s−1. Average best frequency for neurons to tone stimuli was ~130 Hz but ranged from 80 to 400 Hz with strong phase-locking. This
low-frequency sensitivity matches the frequency band of natural sounds. Auditory neurons were also modulated by playbacks
of conspecific sounds with thresholds similar to 100 Hz tones, but these thresholds were lower than that of tones at other
test frequencies. Thresholds of neurons to natural sounds were lower in the midbrain than the hindbrain. This is the first
study to compare response properties of auditory neurons to both simple tones and complex stimuli in the brain of a recently
derived soniferous perciform that lacks accessory auditory structures. These data demonstrate that the auditory fish brain
is most sensitive to the frequency and temporal components of natural pulsed sounds that provide important signals for conspecific
communication. 相似文献
9.
The auditory system must represent sounds with a wide range of statistical properties. One important property is the spectrotemporal contrast in the acoustic environment: the variation in sound pressure in each frequency band, relative to the mean pressure. We show that neurons in ferret auditory cortex rescale their gain to partially compensate for the spectrotemporal contrast of recent stimulation. When contrast is low, neurons increase their gain, becoming more sensitive to small changes in the stimulus, although the effectiveness of contrast gain control is reduced at low mean levels. Gain is primarily determined by contrast near each neuron's preferred frequency, but there is also a contribution from contrast in more distant frequency bands. Neural responses are modulated by contrast over timescales of ~100?ms. By using contrast gain control to expand or compress the representation of its inputs, the auditory system may be seeking an efficient coding of natural sounds. 相似文献
10.
Morten Buhl Jørgensen Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,180(5):493-502
We studied the directionality of spike rate responses of auditory nerve fibers of the grassfrog, Rana temporaria, to pure tone stimuli. All auditory fibers showed spike rate directionality. The strongest directionality was seen at low
frequencies (200 – 400 Hz), where the spike rate could change by up to nearly 200␣spikes s−1. with sound direction. At higher frequencies the directional spike rate changes were mostly below 100 spikes s−1. In equivalent dB SPL terms (calculated using the fibers' rate-intensity curves) the maximum directionalities were up to
15 dB at low frequencies and below 10 dB at higher frequencies. Two types of directional patterns were observed. At frequencies
below 500 Hz relatively strong responses were evoked by stimuli from the ipsilateral (+90o) and contralateral (−90o) directions while the weakest responses were evoked by stimuli from frontal (0o or +30o) or posterior (−135o) directions. At frequencies above 800 Hz the strongest responses were evoked by stimuli from the ipsilateral direction while
gradually weaker responses were seen as the sound direction shifted towards the contralateral side. At frequencies between
500 and 800 Hz both directional patterns were seen. The directionality was highly intensity dependent. No special adaptations
for localization of conspecific calls were found.
Accepted: 23 November 1996 相似文献
11.
Blinda E. McClelland Walter Wilczynski A. Stanley Rand 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,180(5):451-462
We examined auditory tuning and the morphology of the anatomical structures underlying acoustic communication in female Hyla microcephala and H. ebraccata and compared our findings to data from a previous study (Wilczynski et al. 1993) in which we showed species differences in
the traits that in males relate to differences in the species-typical calls. Female species differences in the best excitatory
frequency (BEF) of the basilar papilla (BP) were similar to the differences seen in males, and females had a significantly
lower BEF in H. ebraccata, but not H. microcephala. In both species, females had lower BP thresholds. Snout-vent length, head width, and tympanic membrane diameters were sexually
dimorphic in both species and larger in females, whereas laryngeal components were sexually dimorphic and larger in males.
Middle and inner ear volumes were not sexually dimorphic. Despite the significant species differences in laryngeal morphology
seen in males, female larynges are not significantly different. Furthermore, the interaction of species and sex differences
resulted in significantly different degrees of sex dimorphism in the species, particularly for the larynx, which is more sexually
dimorphic in H. microcephala, and measures of body size, which are more dimorphic in H. ebraccata.
Accepted: 6 December 1996 相似文献
12.
Stuart I. Cromarty Charles D. Derby 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,180(5):481-491
The aim of our paper was to investigate whether single olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus functionally express more than one type of receptor, examine the consequences of this on coding of mixtures, and compare
principles of odorant mixture coding by spiny lobsters with that by the channel catfish, which has been studied extensively
using the same experimental and analytical procedures (Caprio et al. 1989; Kang and Caprio 1991). We examined responses of
individual taurine-sensitive ORNs to binary mixtures of excitatory compounds, either competitive agonists (taurine, β-alanine,
hypotaurine) or non-competitive agonists (taurine, l-glutamate, ammonium chloride, adenosine-5′-monophosphate). Responses to mixtures were compared to two indices: mixture discrimination
index (MDI) and independent component index (ICI). Binary mixtures of competitive agonists had MDI values close to 1.0, as
expected for competitors. Mixtures of non-competitive agonists had ICI values averaging 0.83, indicating the effects of the
components are not independent. We conclude that individual olfactory cells of spiny lobsters can express more than one type
of receptor mediating excitation, one of which typically has a much higher density or affinity, and that spiny lobster and
catfish olfactory cells encode mixtures of two excitatory agonists using similar rules.
Accepted: 20 December 1996 相似文献
13.
Atle Wibe Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson Torbjörn Norin Hanna Mustaparta 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,180(6):585-595
Naturally produced plant volatiles, eliciting responses of single olfactory receptor neurons in the pine weevil, have been
identified by gas chromatography linked with mass spectrometry. The receptor neurons (n = 72) were classified in 30 types, according to the compound which elicited the strongest response in each neuron, 20 of
which compounds were identified. Most potent for 14 types of neurons (n = 50) were monoterpenes, including bicyclic (e.g. α-pinene, camphor and myrtenal) for 8 types (n = 32), monocyclic (limonene, carvone, α-terpinene) for 3 types (n = 12) and acyclic (e.g. β-myrcene and linalool) for 3 types (n = 6). Other compounds eliciting strongest responses of a neuron were five sesquiterpenes, including α-copaene and a farnesene-isomer,
and an anethole type which has no biosynthetic relationship with terpenes. Within one type, receptor neurons with quite selective
responses to the most potent compound as well as neurons with additional responses to several, structurally similar compounds
were found, indicating that the neurons may have the same functional types of membrane receptors, but different sensitivities.
Response spectra of neurons within the bicyclic-, mono-cyclic and acyclic types showed more overlapping than across the neuron
types. Minimal overlapping response spectra was found between monoterpene and sesquiterpene neurons. The results suggest that
this structure-activity relationship is significant for encoding plant odour information in the pipe weevil.
Accepted: 6 January 1997 相似文献
14.
P. J. Fonseca A. V. Popov 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,180(4):417-427
1. Laser vibrometry and acoustic measurements were used to study the biophysics of directional hearing in males and females
of a cicada, in which most of the male tympanum is covered by thick, water filled tissue “pads”. 2. In females, the tympanal
vibrations are very dependent on the direction of sound incidence in the entire frequency range 1–20 kHz, and especially at
the main frequencies of the calling song (3–7 kHz). At frequencies up to 10 kHz, the directionality disappears if the contralateral
tympanum, metathoracic spiracle, and folded membrane are blocked with Vaseline. This suggests some pressure-difference receiver
properties in the ear. 3. In males, the tympanal vibrations depend on the direction of sound incidence only within narrow
frequency bands (around 1.8 kHz and at 6–7 kHz). At frequencies above 10–12 kHz, the directionality appears to be determined
by diffraction, and the ear seems to work as a pressure receiver. The peak in directionality at 6–7 kHz disappears when the
contralateral timbal, but not the tympanum, is covered. Covering the thin ventral abdominal wall causes the peak around 1.8 kHz
to disappear. 4. Most observed tympanal directionalities, except around 1.8 kHz in males, are well predicted from measured
transmissions of sound through the body and measured values of sound amplitude and phase at the ears at various directions
of sound incidence.
Accepted: 18 October 1996 相似文献
15.
Background
Surveys of ontogenetic development of hearing and sound production in fish are scarce, and the ontogenetic development of acoustic communication has been investigated in only two fish species so far. Studies on the labyrinth fish Trichopsis vittata and the toadfish Halobatrachus didactylus show that the ability to detect conspecific sounds develops during growth. In otophysine fish, which are characterized by Weberian ossicles and improved hearing sensitivities, the ontogenetic development of sound communication has never been investigated. We analysed the ontogeny of the auditory sensitivity and vocalizations in the mochokid catfish Synodontis schoutedeni. Mochokid catfishes of the genus Synodontis are commonly called squeakers because they produce broadband stridulation sounds during abduction and adduction of pectoral fin spines. Fish from six different size groups - from 22 mm standard length to 126 mm - were studied. Hearing thresholds were measured between 50 Hz and 6 kHz using the auditory evoked potentials recording technique; stridulation sounds were recorded and their sound pressure levels determined. Finally, absolute sound power spectra were compared to auditory sensitivity curves within each size group. 相似文献16.
Johannes Schul 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,180(5):573-583
Information transmission in the auditory pathway of Tettigonia viridissima was investigated using song models and artificial stimuli. Receptor cells respond tonically to song models and copy the syllable
pattern within a wide intensity range. The omega-neuron responds tonically to soma-ipsilateral stimuli. Contralateral stimuli
elicit IPSPs both within dendritic (ipsilateral) and axonal (contralateral) branches, thereby emphasizing directionality.
Both AN1 and AN2 respond with tonic, non-adapting responses, precisely copying the syllable pattern of the song. While AN1
is excited by sonic frequencies and inhibited by ultrasonic frequencies, AN2 responds predominantly to ultrasound. The TN1
only responds to the ultrasonic components of the song, with phasic responses, which adapt quickly. In the adapted state,
it responds selectively to the time pattern of the conspecific song, but not to the song patterns of two syntopic Tettigonia species. TN2, which has not been described up until now, is tuned to ultrasonic frequencies. Its responses to song models
vanish after a few syllables, because of quick adaptation. The morphology is unusual with the axon running contralateral to
the input site. The behavioural relevance of auditory interneurons is discussed and compared with the auditory system of crickets.
Accepted: 3 November 1996 相似文献
17.
Auditory temporal computation: interval selectivity based on post-inhibitory rebound 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The measurement of time is fundamental to the perception of complex, temporally structured acoustic signals such as speech and music, yet the mechanisms of temporal sensitivity in the auditory system remain largely unknown. Recently, temporal feature detectors have been discovered in several vertebrate auditory systems. For example, midbrain neurons in the fish Pollimyrus are activated by specific rhythms contained in the simple sounds they use for communication. This poses the significant challenge of uncovering the neuro-computational mechanisms that underlie temporal feature detection. Here we describe a model network that responds selectively to temporal features of communication sounds, yielding temporal selectivity in output neurons that matches the selectivity functions found in the auditory system of Pollimyrus. The output of the network depends upon the timing of excitatory and inhibitory input and post-inhibitory rebound excitation. Interval tuning is achieved in a behaviorally relevant range (10 to 40 ms) using a biologically constrained model, providing a simple mechanism that is suitable for the neural extraction of the relatively long duration temporal cues (i.e. tens to hundreds of ms) that are important in animal communication and human speech. 相似文献
18.
S. R. Soffe 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,180(6):711-715
Young Xenopus tadpoles were used to test whether the pattern of discharge in specific sensory neurons can determine the motor response
of a whole animal. Young Xenopus tadpoles show two main rhythmic behaviours: swimming and struggling. Touch-sensitive skin sensory neurons in the spinal cord
of immobilised tadpoles were penetrated singly or in pairs using microelectrodes to allow precise control of their firing
patterns. A single impulse in one Rohon-Beard neuron (= light touch) could sometimes trigger “fictive” swimming. Two to six
impulses at 30–50 Hz (= a light stroke) reliably triggered fictive swimming. Neither stimulus evoked fictive struggling. Twenty-five
or more impulses at 30–50 Hz (= pressure) could evoke a pattern of rhythmic bursts, distinct from swimming and suitable to
drive slower, stronger movements. This pattern showed some or all the characteristics of “fictive” struggling. These results
demonstrate clearly that sensory neurons can determine the pattern of motor output simply by their pattern of discharge. This
provides a simple form of behavioural selection according to stimulus.
Accepted: 28 November 1996 相似文献
19.
A. K. Tryba H. B. Hartman 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,180(3):215-221
Receptors monitoring muscle force innervate the opener muscle apodeme in the walking legs of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Biocytin backfills reveal 9–15 bipolar neurons with somata as large as 60 μm positioned at the distal end of the apodeme.
Sensory endings insert into the apodeme and are in series with the opener muscle. The axons of these neurons form the opener
apodeme sensory nerve that merges with the most distal branch of the opener motor nerve. Recordings reveal that the receptors
are not spontaneously active nor do they respond to passive muscle stretch. Isometric muscle contraction evoked by stimulating
the opener excitor motor neuron is the adequate stimulus for receptor firing. Most significant is the finding that during
contraction, over a wide range of forces, the firing rate of individual receptors closely parallels the rate of change of
isometric force. The peak instantaneous frequency typically occurs at the force derivative maximum, but not at maximum force
development. Thus, receptors of the opener apodeme sensory nerve more closely monitor changes in isometric force rather than
the total force achieved.
Accepted: 20 September 1996 相似文献
20.
Alexandra S. Grutter 《Oecologia》1997,111(1):137-143
The ecological significance of cleaner fish on coral reefs was investigated. I removed all cleaner fish, Labroides dimidiatus, from eight small reefs, measured the subsequent effect on the abundance and species composition of all reef fish after 3
and 6 months, and compared it with eight control reefs with cleaner fish. The removal of cleaner fish had no detectable effect
on the total abundance of fish on reefs and the total number of fish species at both times. Multivariate analysis by non-metric
multidimensional scaling and ANOSIM pairwise tests based on 191 fish species revealed no effect of cleaners on the community
structure of fish. Similar results were obtained using principal components analysis on subsets of the data using the 33 most
common fish species and the 15 most abundant species (≥5 individuals per reef ) with both log10 (x + 1) transformed data and with fish numbers standardized for abundance. This study demonstrates that the removal of cleaner
fish for 6 months did not result in fish suffering increased mortality nor in fish leaving reefs to seek cleaning elsewhere.
Received: 28 October 1996 / Accepted: 7 February 1997 相似文献