Forms and cycling of phosphorus in prairie and boreal forest soils

The distribution of soil P among inorganic and organic forms was examined in prairie and boreal forest soil profiles from Saskatchewan, Canada. A sequential extraction procedure was employed to separate P into labile and stable inorganic (P_i) and organic (P_o) fractions. Profile depth, climate, vegetation, and cultivation all had a major influence on the distribution of P which is attributed to differing intensities of pedogenic processes such as weathering and leaching, and their relationship to P transformations in the soil environment.     

Potential role of soil properties in the spread of CWD in western Canada

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a horizontally transmissible prion disease of free ranging deer, elk and moose. Recent experimental transmission studies indicate caribou are also susceptible to the disease. CWD is present in southeast Alberta and southern Saskatchewan. This CWD-endemic region is expanding, threatening Manitoba and areas of northern Alberta and Saskatchewan, home to caribou. Soil can serve as a stable reservoir for infectious prion proteins; prions bound to soil particles remain infectious in the soils for many years. Soils of western Canada are very diverse and the ability of CWD prions to bind different soils and the impact of this interaction on infectivity is not known. In general, clay-rich soils may bind prions avidly and enhance their infectivity comparable to pure clay mineral montmorillonite. Organic components of soils are also diverse and not well characterized, yet can impact prion-soil interaction. Other important contributing factors include soil pH, composition of soil solution and amount of metals (metal oxides). In this review, properties of soils of the CWD-endemic region in western Canada with its surrounding terrestrial environment are described and used to predict bioavailability and, thus, potential spread of CWD. The major soils in the CWD-endemic region of Alberta and Saskatchewan are Chernozems, present in 60% of the total area; they are generally similar in texture, clay mineralogy and soil organic matter content, and can be characterized as clay loamy, montmorillonite (smectite) soils with 6–10% organic carbon. The greatest risk of CWD spread in western Canada relates to clay loamy, montmorillonite soils with humus horizon. Such soils are predominant in the southern region of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, but are less common in northern regions of the provinces where quartz-illite sandy soils with low amount of humus prevail.     

Changes in P forms and availability as influenced by management practices

Summary The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in soil phosphorus (P) forms and potential availability that occurred in a grassland soil when it was cultivated and cropped to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a crop-fallow rotation using three tillage systems: no-till, stubble mulch, and plow (bare fallow). The experiment was located in western Nebraska on a Duroc loam (fine silty, mixed, mesic Pachic Haplustolls). After 14 years, significant differences had developed in the form of soil P as determined by a sequential fractionation procedures between the original control (grass-sod) and the bare fallow treatments. Most of the differences were associated with increases in sand content caused by erosion, accompanied on the bare fallow plots by a mixing of sand from lower horizons throughout the surface 0–15 cm. Contribution R502 from the Saskatchewan Institute of Pedology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 0W0.     

土壤有机磷研究进展

土壤有机磷在农业生态系统的物质循环过程中具有重要作用．研究土壤有机磷,对深入了解土壤-植物系统中磷的营养循环特征具有重要意义．结合国内外已有成果和最新研究进展,从土壤有机磷含量及其影响因素、土壤有机磷的形态和测定方法、土壤有机磷的分组和施肥的影响、土壤有机磷的矿化等几个方面综述了国内外土壤有机磷的研究现状,并提出了目前在土壤有机磷研究中存在的一些问题以及今后研究的热点．     

Utilization of organic phosphorus in calcium chloride extracts of soil by barley plants and hydrolysis by acid and alkaline phosphatases

Organic phosphorus is often a major part of total phosphorus in soil solution. The role of this fraction as a P source for plants and the mechanism involved in its transfer from soil to plant is still unclear. We studied the utilization of organic phospharus in 0.01 M calcium chloride extracts by barley and its hydrolysis by isolated acid and alkaline phosphatases. Calcium chloride extracts were used as a nutrient solution in 24 hrs assays. Concentration of organic and inorganic P in equilibrium calcium chloride extracts was 7.8 and 1.8 µmol P L^-1, respectively, which was similar to the soil solution P concentration. When soil microbial biomass was destroyed by autoclaving, organic P concentration increased to 64.8 µmol P L^-1 whereas the inorganic P was hardly changed. Inoculation of the autoclaved soil with non-sterile soil and incubation for 5 days decreased the organic P concentration to 27.9 µmol P L^-1 but did not change inorganic P. In this study barley plants utilized organic P from all extracts. The greatest reduction of organic P concentration occurred in fresh extracts of the autoclaved soil. Inorganic P was depleted to traces in all extracts. Organic P was hydrolyzed by isolated acid and alkaline phosphatases. We conclude that organic P in soil solution is a heterogeneous pool of organic P compounds originating from microbial biomass. Its initial availability to plants was nigh but its susceptibility to phosphatase hydrolysis was quickly reduced but not completely lost.     

喀斯特石漠化地区不同土地利用类型土壤氮磷有效性及其环境影响因子

以西南典型喀斯特石漠化地区——贵州省花江峡谷地区4种不同土地利用类型(乔木林地、灌木林地、草地和撂荒地)土壤为对象,采用相关性分析和冗余分析方法探讨0～30 cm不同土层土壤有效氮、有效磷的分布规律以及土壤因子(土壤物理指标、有机碳组分、电化学属性、金属氧化物和酶活性)对有效氮和有效磷的影响。结果表明: 4种土地利用类型土壤全氮、全磷、有效氮和有效磷含量随土层深度的增加而显著降低,乔木林地和灌木林地各土层有效氮、有效磷含量显著高于草地和撂荒地;土壤有效氮、有效磷含量与有机碳组分、酶活性、表面电化学属性和非晶质氧化物指标呈显著正相关,而与土壤粉粒、游离金属氧化物指标呈显著负相关;冗余分析表明,影响4种土地利用类型土壤有效氮和有效磷的环境因素基本一致,其中土壤颗粒有机碳、总有机碳、土壤比表面积是影响土壤有效氮、有效磷变化的关键因子。土壤颗粒有机碳对土壤有效氮、磷含量变化的解释率较高,这可能是由于有机质对氮、磷的封存减小了土壤养分流失量。此外,乔木林地和灌木林地除了有较高的酶活性和电化学属性外,二者土壤有效氮和有效磷含量高于草地和撂荒地的另一原因可能是较高的土壤有机碳量对游离氧化铁、铝的形成产生抑制作用,铁、铝氧化物对氮和磷元素的吸附和固定量减少所致。     

长期施肥对设施菜田土壤酶活性及土壤理化性状的影响

利用沈阳农业大学蔬菜长期定位施肥试验田,研究了长期施肥对设施菜田土壤酶活性及土壤理化性状的影响.结果表明:长期施用有机肥或有机肥与氮肥配合施用可明显提高土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾养分含量,改善土壤物理性状,增强土壤转化酶、脲酶和中性磷酸酶的活性;而长期单施氮肥造成土壤pH值和土壤酶活性降低.土壤酶活性与土壤养分因子的相关分析表明,转化酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷含量呈显著正相关;脲酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关,与碱解氮和速效磷含量呈显著正相关;中性磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷和速效钾含量呈显著正相关;脱氢酶活性与土壤各养分因子均无明显相关性.     

沙地樟子松人工林土壤磷素转化的根际效应

对大青沟自然保护区内不同年龄樟子松人工林根际和非根际土壤中不同形态磷素含量和酸性磷酸单酯酶（AP）活性进行了比较.结果表明,樟子松根系活动显著地提高了根际土壤有机碳含量及有机质的C/P比,增强了土壤微生物活动和AP活性,促进了有机磷的可利用性与矿化;显著地降低了土壤pH值,促进了Ca-P的溶解;从而提高了土壤磷素的有效性,促进了有机磷和Ca-P向Fe-P、Al-P的转化.与AP活性的根际效应相反,随林龄增加,樟子松对各形态磷素的根际效应逐渐增强,根际和非根际土壤中各形态磷素的变化趋势基本一致,土壤全磷和有机磷含量逐渐下降,而活性磷含量升高.为了保持土壤有机磷库和磷素的持续供应,必须对地被物予以保护.     

不同林窗马尾松凋落叶与土壤养分变化研究

以现有42年生的马尾松（Pinus massoniana）人工纯林,经过采伐形成4种不同大小有效面积的林窗（100、400、900和1 600 m²）为研究对象,以未经采伐的42年生马尾松人工纯林为对照样地,采用凋落叶分解袋法,研究不同大小有效面积林窗对马尾松凋落叶、土壤C、N、P及化学计量比和养分损失率的影响。研究结果表明：（1）不同大小有效面积林窗下的马尾松凋落叶、土壤C、N、P含量及养分损失率除土壤P含量和马尾松凋落叶P养分损失率外,均存在显著差异。随着林窗有效面积G1~G4的增大,马尾松凋落叶C、N、P含量均呈降低趋势,三者均在G3林窗体现出较小值。马尾松凋落叶C、N、P养分损失率、土壤C、N、P养分含量多呈抛物线趋势,且均在G2或G3林窗体现出最大值。（2）不同大小有效面积林窗下的马尾松凋落叶、土壤C/N/P均存在显著差异。随着林窗有效面积G1~G4的增大,马尾松人工林土壤C/N/P基本呈抛物线变化趋势,土壤C/N在G3林窗出现最大值,土壤C/P、N/P均在G2林窗体现出最大值;土壤C/N、C/P、N/P变异系数分别为13.31%、16.51%、17.21%。马尾松凋落叶C/N、C/P均在G3体现出最小值。（3）马尾松凋落叶C、N含量与土壤C、C/N/P及环境因子的相关性较强,P含量与它们的相关性较弱;C/N与土壤P、C/N/P及环境因子的相关性较强,C/P、N/P与土壤C/P及环境因子的相关性较强;C、N养分损失率与土壤C、C/N、C/P及环境因子的相关性较强,P养分损失率与土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比和环境因子的相关性较弱。土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比与环境因子的相关性较强。     

不同施肥模式下稻田土壤微生物生物量磷对土壤有机碳和磷素变化的响应

通过15年的红壤稻田长期定位试验,研究了不同施肥模式下土壤微生物生物量磷(MB-P)对土壤有机碳和磷素变化的响应.结果表明红壤稻田有机碳源的长期投入和土壤有机碳的逐年升高使土壤微生物生物量碳(MB-C)维持在较高水平(＞800 mg·kg-1),是稻田土壤MB-P(＞16.0 mg·kg-1)提高的主要原因.长期不施磷肥条件下,土壤全磷含量与试验前相比显著降低(P＜0.05),而土壤有机磷含量平均提高了29.3%;土壤亏损的磷形态主要是无机磷(Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P和O-P),其中Al-P含量处于最低水平(平均0.5 mg·kg-1).另外,长期不施磷肥土壤的MB-P远高于Olsen法提取态磷(Olsen-P)(＜7.0 mg·kg-1),而稻田土壤MB-P与Al-P呈显著相关(P＜0.05),表明土壤微生物对稻田土壤Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P和O-P的利用是促进其向有效磷方向转化的关键途径.磷肥配合有机养分循环利用不仅提高了土壤磷库的积累,而且通过土壤微生物的活化有效地提高了土壤磷的有效性.     

Effects of N and P rates and proportional timing of N application on rainfed wheat in Zambia

A study was carried out to establish the optimum rates of N and P fertilizers, optimal ratio of basal to top dressed N and time for top dressing the balance of total N in rainfed wheat in the high rainfall zone of northern Zambia. Grain yield, number of spikes per unit area and number of kernels per spike increased with both N and P rates. Except for kernel weight, the other yield components were positively correlated with grain yield. Split application with a ratio favouring top dressing, and applied four weeks after seeding gave higher yields than ratios favouring basal dressing. Initial fertility levels and rainfall distribution influence on the effects of these factors are discussed. Part of M.Sc. Thesis by S.P. Mooleki submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W0, Canada Part of M.Sc. Thesis by S.P. Mooleki submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W0, Canada     

长期施肥下农田土壤-有机质-微生物的碳氮磷化学计量学特征

探讨外源养分的输入对土壤系统内碳、氮、磷化学计量特征的影响,对于深刻认识农田土壤有机碳(C)和养分循环及其相互作用过程具有重要意义。以26年的农田长期定位施肥试验为平台,分析长期不同施肥条件下土壤、有机态及微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量学特征,并根据内稳性模型y=c x~(1/H)计算其化学计量内稳性指数H。结果表明:与长期撂荒处理(CK_0)相比,种植作物条件下26年化肥配施有机肥处理(MNPK和1.5MNPK)显著降低微生物生物量氮含量,但显著提高了微生物生物量磷的含量。相对于撂荒处理,即使长期配施化肥磷处理(NP、PK、NPK),其土壤有机磷降低显著。对于C∶N比而言,化肥配施有机物料处理(秸秆或有机肥)的土壤C∶N比、有机质C∶N及微生物生物量C∶N比均显著低于化肥处理(N、NP、PK和NPK)。对于C∶P比而言,相对于撂荒处理,26年施用磷肥(化肥磷或有机磷)显著降低了土壤C∶P比和微生物生物量C∶P比,而CK和偏施化肥处理(N、NP和PK)显著降低了土壤有机质C∶P比。对于土壤N∶P比而言,撂荒处理土壤N∶P比显著高于其他处理,而撂荒处理土壤有机质N∶P比显著高于CK和化肥处理,表明不施肥或化肥条件下作物种植加剧了土壤有机质中氮素的消耗。微生物生物量C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比的内稳性指数H分别为0.24、0.75、0.64,不具有内稳性特征。微生物生物量C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比分别与土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比呈显著正相关关系,但与土壤有机质碳氮磷化学计量比之间无显著相关性。表明土壤碳、氮、磷元素的改变会直接导致微生物生物量碳、氮、磷化学计量比的改变,但微生物生物量碳氮磷化学计量比对土壤有机质碳氮磷化学计量比无显著影响,土壤有机质的碳氮磷计量比可能更多是受到作物和施肥等养分管理措施的影响。     

Sulfur cycling in grassland and parkland soils

A conceptual diagram of the S cycle in grassland soils is presented as a framework for discussing S cycling process studies. Changes in the mineralization of S and in the redistribution of³⁵S-labeled sulfate among soil organic matter fractions were investigated during incubation of cropped and uncropped soils.Little mineralization or net immobilization of sulfur occurred in closed system incubations where the soils were left undisturbed throughout the incubations. Significantly more S was mineralized in open system incubations where the soils were leached periodically. Net mineralization was significantly greater in cropped soils compared with uncropped soils. The distribution of³⁵S was significantly affected by the addition of various substrates (sulfate, cellulose or a combination of both) and by the presence of plants. Under conditions of high solution sulfate, the majority of³⁵S incorporated was observed in the HI-reducible S fraction. When the solution sulfate concentrations were lower, there was a reduction in the proportion of³⁵S incorporated into the HI-reducible S fraction. The results of these experiment will be discussed in relation to the hypotheses presented by McGill and Cole (1981) and the conceptual diagram of the S cycle in grassland soils.Contribution from a symposium on the role of sulfur in ecosystem processes held August 10, 1983, at the annual meeting of the A.I.B.S., Grand Forks, ND; Myron Mitchell, convenor.Publication No. R 353 of the Saskatchewan Institute of Pedology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N OWO     

东北玉米带农田土壤磷素分布特征

对东北玉米带农田土壤全磷及有机磷在0～100 cm剖面中的垂直分布及纬向分异的研究结果表明：海伦、哈尔滨、公主岭和大石桥点的土壤全磷含量随深度增加而下降,0～40 cm土层全磷含量显著高于40～100 cm土层（P<0.01）;德惠、昌图和沈阳点40～60 cm土层土壤全磷含量相对较低,但各土层之间差异不大;0～20 cm土层有机磷含量显著高于20 cm以下各土层(P<0.05).土壤全磷和有机磷含量随着纬度的升高而显著增加(P<0.05),气候条件和土壤类型的差异可能是导致土壤磷素纬向分布差异的主要原因.土壤全磷和有机磷含量与土壤有机碳呈极显著正相关 (P<0.01),说明东北玉米带农田有机质含量是影响土壤磷素含量和分布的主要因素之一.     

Influence of plant roots on C and P metabolism in soil

Summary A technique for studying the modification of soil by plant roots is described. Using it, soil zones differently affected by plant roots can be separated for subsequent analysis. With this method, the transfer of C from roots of¹⁴C-labelled maize plants into soil and the change in soil C and P fractions were investigated.The results show that the C released from roots to soil was 13% of the total assimilated C. The remaining root-derived C in soil was relatively small (15%). Maize roots induced a decrease in organic soil C and in both total and isotopically exchangeable soil P. On the other hand they increased the microbial biomass C, phosphatase activity, bicarbonate extractable organic P and phospholipid P and enhanced the incorporation of³²P into organic P fractions. Both root C and root influences were detectable outside the immediate root zone.These results demonstrate an intensive C turnover and P mobilization in the rhizosphere soil, including some organic P fractions, and suggest that the actual rhizosphere may be greater than is generally assumed.     

采伐剩余物的处理方式对杉木幼林土壤磷组分及其有效性的影响

森林采伐剩余物的不同处理方式改变了输入土壤的有机质数量和质量,从而影响森林土壤的养分含量和有效性.而磷(P)作为影响植物生长的关键因子,其含量及有效性对森林采伐剩余物不同处理方式的响应尚不明确.本研究对福建省三明市格氏栲自然保护区杉木成熟林采伐后产生的采伐剩余物进行保留、清除、火烧处理,4年后,对不同处理0～10及10～20 cm土层土壤中各组分P的变化及影响因子进行了研究.结果表明:0～10 cm土层保留处理极有效P、中等有效P、非有效P含量显著高于清除处理,而在10～20 cm土层保留处理中,中等有效P、非有效P含量显著高于火烧处理.各处理不同土层土壤有机碳与有机磷的比值(C∶Po)>200,并且保留处理在不同土层C∶Po均显著小于清除、火烧处理,表明保留处理可以缓解本地区P限制.冗余分析表明,土壤可溶性有机碳、游离型铁、无定形铁是影响土壤P组分的重要因素.土壤有机P和有效P主要来源于植物残体的降解,保留采伐剩余物可以增加土壤P含量,还可以提高土壤P的有效性,缓解地区P限制,为植被生长提供持续的P供应.     

Dynamics of C,N, P and S in grassland soils: a model

We have developed a model to simulate the dynamics of C, N, P, and S in cultivated and uncultivated grassland soils. The model uses a monthly time step and can simulate the dynamics of soil organic matter over long time periods (100 to 10,000 years). It was used to simulate the impact of cultivation (100 years) on soil organic matter dynamics, nutrient mineralization, and plant production and to simulate soil formation during a 10,000 year run. The model was validated by comparing the simulated impact of cultivation on soil organic matter C, N, P, and S dynamics with observed data from sites in the northern Great Plains. The model correctly predicted that N and P are the primary limiting nutrients for plant production and simulated the response of the system to inorganic N, P, and S fertilizer. Simulation results indicate that controlling the C:P and C:S ratios of soil organic matter fractions as functions of the labile P and S levels respectively, allows the model to correctly simulate the observed changes in C:P and C:S ratios in the soil and to simulate the impact of varying the labile P and S levels on soil P and S net mineralization rates.     

Soil carbon changes in cultivated and excavated land converted to grasses in east-central Saskatchewan

The conversion of annually cultivated or disturbed marginal land to forage grasses has the potential to accrete soil organic carbon (SOC) in the surface 0–15 cm depth. Soil organic carbon mass (Mg ha^–1) was measured in ten side-by-side cultivated versus forage grass seed-down restoration treatments on catenae at various sites in east-central Saskatchewan, Canada. Treatments were imposed for time periods ranging from five to twelve years. It was found that SOC mass was usually significantly higher in the grassland restorations versus the paired cultivated equivalents. Estimated SOC gain rates (0–15 cm) from grass seed-down in the region was estimated to be 0.6 to 0.8 Mg C ha^–1 yr^–1. Light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), the labile component of SOC, was more variable in the comparisons than SOC. Measured ¹³C natural abundance values in selected equivalent comparisons revealed a possible contribution from seeded warm season C₄ grasses and soil carbonate ¹³C to the C pools in upslope positions of the landscape. Overall, grassland restoration in this region appears to result in increased carbon storage in the surface soil.     

Short term effects of radiata pine and selected pasture species on soil organic phosphorus mineralisation

Silvopastoral systems comprise part of the continued expansion of conifer plantings on grassland in New Zealand. Greater understanding of the short term dynamics of soil organic P in such systems will further our knowledge about soil carbon and phosphorus relationships which will enable improved nutrient management in the field. A glasshouse experiment was carried out to examine the short-term effects (36 weeks) of combinations of radiata pine (Pinus radiata), lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grown in the same soil type with a range of carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) levels on plant P uptake and the specific mineralisation rate (SMR). The SMR is defined as net mineralisation rate (i.e. gross mineralisation less microbial and geochemical uptake) and calculated from organic P decline as a percentage of organic P in the original soil before planting. This included an investigation of the effect of tree ectomycorrhizal (EM) hyphae on soil organic P. Plant P uptake was positively correlated with water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and SMR, which in turn was closely related to soil C levels. The soils with high WSOC and C levels (which also contained high levels of labile inorganic and organic P) enabled high P uptake. Although P uptake was the greatest under radiata pine, the trees tended to deplete inorganic P to a lesser extent than the forages. When tree and forage species were combined, P uptake by forages was similar to when the forages were grown alone. The various soil and plant treatments significantly affected SMR. The two low C soils, showed the greatest organic P mineralisation while a high C soil, which contained significant levels of bicarbonate extracted inorganic P at planting and was under a long established undisturbed pasture, showed the least mineralisation. Trees grown alone showed the greatest SMR, EM hyphae and trees with lucerne were slightly lower than trees alone, while the forages showed the lowest SMR. The findings of this study showed that changes in organic P are strongly influenced by interactions between plant species (radiata pine, lucerne, ryegrass) and soil properties as determined by land use and management.     

Evaluation of the phosphorus status of P-deficient podzols in temperate pine stands: combining isotopic dilution and extraction methods

Phosphorus (P) is often a limiting factor of forest growth but our knowledge of the processes governing P availability in forest soils is rather limited. In the present work, we combined a isotopic dilution method with extraction methods to evaluate the P status in Pinus pinaster plantation forests on highly P-deficient soils. Total, organic, and inorganic P, dissolved and diffusive P, i.e. ionic P species that can be transferred from the solid phase to the soil solution due a gradient of concentration, were determined to a soil depth of 120 cm in a gradient of 18 forest sites (seven humid sites, five mesic sites, and six dry sites). Our objective was to assess the potential contribution of organic and inorganic P to plant available P. Based on results and our original assumptions, we observed that the contribution of organic P fractions (mineralization of soil organic P) to P availability related to the contribution of inorganic P fractions (diffusive P for durations up to 1 year) was predominant in litter, less important in top soil horizons, and negligible at depths below 30 cm. This was partly due to a decreasing proportion of organic P and an increasing proportion of diffusive P with soil depth. Owing to a very low amount of diffusive P in the top soils in dry sites, the relative contribution of organic P was actually higher in these sites than in humid and mesic sites, despite a lower overall organic P fraction. The combination of extraction and isotopic dilution methods in our study shed new light on P status in this forest range. In particular, these methods enable assessment of both the size of the pools and their dynamic fractions.