小微湿地研究综述:定义、类型及生态系统服务

小微湿地作为一个\"新兴\"的概念,受到学者和政策制定者的日益关注。虽然小微湿地面积较小,但是却发挥着独特的生态功能。针对小微湿地的深入研究,有助于进一步拓展湿地科学的研究尺度,促进学科体系发展。介绍了小微湿地研究兴起的背景,总结了小微湿地的面积范围和分类体系,归纳了小微湿地的累加作用和景观特征,着重分析了小微湿地在维持关键物种种群、提供生物迁移踏脚石、调节雨洪、改善水质,以及营造城乡优美景观等方面提供的生态系统服务。提出未来需要进一步加强小微湿地生态过程和相关机理研究,将小微湿地建设与现行湿地保护体系和城乡生态环境建设有机结合,促进小微湿地建设的有序和可持续发展。     

湿地生态单元定义及其在湿地恢复中的应用

生态单元的概念在生态系统的环境保护和生物保护中被广泛应用。通过阐述湿地生态单元的定义、内涵和外延,分析了湿地生态单元的特征,介绍了湿地生态系统的内部生态单元、湿地\"外援\"生态单元和人工重建湿地生态单元等在湿地恢复中的应用案例,并对湿地生态单元未来需要关注的研究方向进行了总结,以期为湿地保护与精细化管理提供理论基础和科学依据。     

湿地研究综述

湿地研究是近年来国际上众多学科学者们关注的热点,在国内这方面的研究则刚刚起步。为为系统地讨论了湿地概念、湿地分类、湿地模型、湿地评价以及湿地与周边环境的关系,在对已有成果进行综合分析的基础上,针对目前湿地研究中亟待解决的一些问题进行了探讨。并对湿地研究的发展方向进行了评述。     

中国国家级湿地公园运行现状、区域分布格局与类型划分

对湿地公园的概念进行了探讨,对中国国家级湿地公园建设运行现状及其成因进行了总结,对湿地公园类型划分进行了研究,对两类中国国家级湿地公园地理分布格局进行了构建分析。结果表明:湿地公园概念需从学术层面统一界定;中国国家级湿地公园获批门槛低、建设进程慢、区域发展差异大、建设类型多样化不足、专题研究匮乏;其原因主要在于起步晚,受经济发展水平、湿地资源状况、生态环境保护意识和能力等因素影响;国家应加强对湿地公园建设的宏观调控和指导,要注重质量建设和区域协调发展;类型划分是展示湿地公园类型多样性的重要环节,要优先建设不同类型的湿地公园。     

广西湿地植被分类系统

较为系统地分析了广西主要的湿地植被类型及其分类系统.依据中国湿地植被的分类原则和分类系统,结合广西湿地植被的生境特征和群落学特征,将广西湿地植被划分为5个植被型组、12个植被型、7个植被亚型、144个群系.     

基于功能分类的城市湿地公园景观格局--以西溪湿地公园为例

以西溪国家湿地公园为研究案例,从景观功能分类入手,揭示城市湿地公园景观格局与功能特征。结果表明:(1)西溪湿地公园是以生态保护为主,兼顾合理利用为基本功能特征,其生态保护功能区面积占整个公园的53.7%,旅游休闲区面积占46.3%;(2)西溪湿地公园生态保护功能斑块在整个公园中所占面积为42.08%,且面积大、形状复杂、多样性较低;旅游休闲斑块面积占25.41%,并且表现为斑块面积小、形状规则、多样性高等特点;(3)西溪湿地公园生态保护廊道面积是旅游休闲廊道面积的一半左右,其网络结构比旅游休闲廊道复杂,有利于生态保护功能的发挥;(4)生态保护廊道缓冲区内主要由生态保护斑块组成,旅游休闲廊道的缓冲区内生态功能斑块和旅游休闲斑块所占面积相差不大。基于功能分类的景观格局研究方法有利于识别景观功能的空间特征,能够有效揭示景观生态保护与利用的空间关系。     

丹江口库区湿地植被的数量分类和排序

采用双向指示种分析法(TW INSPAN)和除趋势对应分析法(DCA)对丹江口库区的湿地植被进行了数量分类和排序。TW INSPAN把30个样地划分为14个群丛,论述了各群丛的群落学特征。样地的DCA排序结果反映了植物群落类型与环境因子之间的关系,表明土壤类型和生境的水分条件变化是决定丹江口库区湿地植被分布的主导因子。目前的丹江口水库滩涂植被主要由以狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、长刺酸模(Rum ex maritimus)、通泉草(Mazus gracilis)和稗(Echinochloa crusgalli)等为优势种的偏旱生群落类型构成。     

一些花序的新定义和一个新的花序分类系统——植物学教材质疑(六)

花序是生花的分枝结构或系统,通常是被子植物科的重要特征,与传粉密切相关。花序教学的困难可能来自各教材在花序定义和分类上存在的问题。本文重新定义了一些花序类型,如有限和无限花序、伞房花序、轮伞花序,也澄清了伞形花序、柔荑花序、头状花序和隐头花序等花序分类上的一些混乱。笔者提议将花簇生和因花序退化而形成的单花列为花序类型。最后,本文提出了一个新的花序分类系统,增加了一些分类单元。     

敦煌阳关自然保护区湿地植物群落数量分类和排序

研究敦煌阳关自然保护区内湿地植物群落的数量分类, 给保护区湿地生态恢复和植物多样性保护提供具有实践价值的参考依据。采用野外调查结合TWINSPAN 数量分类法和DCA 排序方法对阳关保护区湿地植物群落进行多元分析, 结果表明: TWINSPAN 分类将阳关保护区湿地的 29 种植物种划分为8 个主要植物群落, 且各群落内的植物种之间具有相似的生境; DCA 排序图第1 轴明显反映了土壤含水量梯度, 而植被群落类型在DCA 第2 轴上变化所指示的环境特征不如第1 轴明显; TWINSPAN 分类与DCA 排序结果基本吻合, 同时DCA 排序结果进一步验证了TWINSPAN 分类结果的合理性, 能够有效地解释阳关保护区湿地植物种分布的稀疏性。     

Wetlands and mosquitoes: a review

This review brings together information on mosquitoes, the diseases they transmit and the wetlands that provide habitats for the immature stages (eggs and larvae). Wetland values are mentioned, though the main literature on this does not generally overlap the mosquito issue. Mosquito management is overviewed to include: the use of larvicides, source reduction in intertidal wetlands and management in freshwater systems. There is not a great deal of information on mosquitoes and freshwater systems, except for constructed wetlands and they are considered separately. We then consider restoration mainly in the context of wetlands that have been the subject of habitat modification for mosquito control. Land use and climate change, as they affect mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit, are also reviewed, as this will affect wetlands via management activities. Finally the review addresses the critical issue of balancing health, both human and environmental, in an adaptive framework. It concludes that there is a need to ensure that both mosquito and wetland management communicate and integrate to sustain wetland and human health.     

Growth and Contaminant Removal Effect of Several Plants in Constructed Wetlands

The aim of the present study is to probe the relation between plant growth and its decontamination effect in constructed wetlands. Four species were studied in the small-scale mono-cultured constructed wetlands, which were fed with domestic wastewater. Plant growth indexes were correlated with contaminant removal performance of the constructed wetlands. Wetlands planted with Cyperus flabelliformis Rottb. showed the highest growth indexes such as shoot growth, biomass, root activity, root biomass increment, and the highest contaminant removal rates, whereas wetlands planted with Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash had the lowest growth indexes and the lowest removal rates. Above-ground biomass and total biomass were significantly correlated with ammonia nitrogen removal, and below-ground biomass with soluble reactive phosphorus removal. Photosynthetic rate had higher correlation with nitrogen removal in these species. Root activity and root biomass increment was more correlated with 5 d biochemical oxygen demand removal. Chemical oxygen demand removal had lower correlations with plant growth indexes. All four species had higher removal rates in summer and autumn. The results suggest that the effect of plant growth on contaminant removal in constructed wetlands were different specifically in plants and contaminants.     

克隆植物生长型的研究进展

克隆植物生长型的研究进展陈尚李自珍王刚（国家海洋局第一海洋研究所,青岛２６６００３）（兰州大学,７３００００）ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｓｉｎＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓｏｆＧｒｏｗｔｈＦｏｒｍｏｆｔｈｅＣｌｏｎａｌＰｌａｎｔ．ＣｈｅｎＳｈａｎｇ（ＦｉｒｓｔＩｎｓｔｉｔ...     

Vegetation,Invertebrate, and Wildlife Community Rankings and Habitat Analysis of Mitigation Wetlands in West Virginia

Numerous efforts have been made in West Virginia to construct and restore compensatory wetlands as mitigation for natural wetlands destroyed through highway development, timbering, mining, and other human activities. Because such little effort has been made to evaluate these wetlands, there is a need to evaluate the success of these systems. The objective of this study was to determine if mitigation wetlands in West Virginia were adequately supporting ecological communities relative to naturally occurring reference wetlands and to attribute specific characteristics in wetland habitat with trends in wildlife abundance across wetlands. Specifically, avian and anuran communities, as well as habitat quality for eight wetland-dependent wildlife species were evaluated. To supplement this evaluation, vegetation and invertebrate communities also were assessed. Wetland ranks were assigned based on several parameters including richness, abundance, diversity, density, and biomass, depending on which taxa was being analyzed. Mitigation wetlands consistently scored better ranks than reference wetlands across all communities analyzed. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed no correlations between environmental variables and community data. However, trends relating wetland habitat characteristics to community structure were observed. These data stress the need to maintain specific habitat characteristics in mitigated wetlands that are compatible with wildlife colonization and proliferation.     

Seed Banks in Arid Wetlands with Contrasting Flooding,Salinity and Turbidity Regimes

Aquatic plant communities in arid zone wetlands underpin diverse fauna populations and ecosystem functions yet are relatively poorly known. Erratic flooding, drying, salinity and turbidity regimes contribute to habitat complexity, creating high spatial and temporal variability that supports high biodiversity. We compared seed bank density, species richness and community composition of aquatic plants (submergent, floating-leaved and emergent) among nine Australian arid zone wetlands. Germinable seed banks from wetlands within the Paroo and Bulloo River catchments were examined at nested scales (site, wetland, wetland type) using natural flooding and salinity regimes as factors with nondormant seed density and species richness as response variables. Salinity explained most of the variance in seed density (95%) and species richness (68%), with flooding accounting for 5% of variance in seed density and 32% in species richness. Salinity-flooding interactions were significant but explained only a trivial portion of the variance (<1%). Mean seed densities in wetlands ranged from 40 to 18,760 m⁻² and were highest in wetlands with intermediate levels of salinity and flooding. Variability of densities was high (CVs 0.61–2.66), particularly in saline temporary and fresh permanent wetlands. Below salinities of c. 30 g l⁻¹ TDS, seed density was negatively correlated to turbidity and connectivity. Total species richness of wetlands (6–27) was negatively correlated to salinity, pH and riverine connectivity. A total of 40 species germinated, comprising submergent (15 species), floating-leaved or amphibious (17 species), emergent (6 species) and terrestrial (6 species) groups. Charophytes were particularly important with 10 species (five Chara spp., four Nitella spp. and Lamprothamnium macropogon), accounting for 68% of total abundance. Saline temporary wetlands were dominated by Ruppia tuberosa, Lamprothamnium macropogon and Lepilaena preissii. Variable flooding and drying regimes profoundly altered water quality including salinity and turbidity, producing distinctive aquatic plant communities as reflected by their seed banks. This reinforces the importance of hydrology in shaping aquatic biological communities in arid systems.     

Vegetation Communities of 20-year-old Created Depressional Wetlands

Many studies have chronicled the early development of vegetation in wetlands created as mitigation for wetland impacts; however, very few studies have followed the floristics of wetlands that are more than 10 years post-creation. This article reports the results of vegetation composition and structural analysis within eleven 20-yr-old created non-tidal, emergent wetlands. Vegetation and inundation were sampled in 173 plots within 11 wetlands during the 1992 and 1994 growing seasons. A drought occurred in 1993, thus analyses characterized vegetative response and included weighted average (weighted by the tolerance of the species to excess soil moisture), species richness, species composition, and life history strategy. Weighted average and species richness increased in 7 and 10 of the 11 sites, respectively. There was little change among most species including Typha latifolia and Scirpus cyperinus, the two species with highest importance values (IV). However, among the top 10 species ranked by IV, two aquatic species decreased and a facultative species increased. Only one of the 10 most important species, Eleocharis obtusa, was an annual and only one, Salix nigra, was a woody perennial and the IV of both species declined during the study. After 20 years, a transition from annual to perennial graminoid life histories is suggested; however, succession from emergent to shrub–scrub or forested wetland is not indicated.     

辽宁省冰砬山森林立地分类的研究

森林立地的研究是人工林集约经营的基础,正确地选择宜林地,科学造林,真正做到适地适树,必须进行森林立地分类。森林立地分类应是以现代森林生态学和生态系统理论为依据,研究植被(立木、下木、地被物)和地形、植被与土壤以及地形和土壤的关系。在揭     

三江平原湿地生态的特点及其合理开发利用

三江平原位于我国的东北角。北邻黑龙江南抵兴凯湖,东起乌苏里江,西到小兴安岭和张广才岭。按流域在,面积计算,土地总面积为1.088     

海南岛生态破坏分级初探

海南岛是我国仅次于台湾的第二大岛,占我国5×10~4km~2热带面积的7.0%左右,具有得天独厚的光、热等资源。解放三十多年来,海南岛的建设取得了不少成绩,但在开发过程中,也造成一定程度的失误,生态平衡出现某种程度的破坏。随着海南岛的建省,办大特区,大     

深圳湾湿地两栖爬行动物及其保护

深圳湾湿地共有两栖动物８种,隶属于１目４科,有爬行动物２３种,隶属于３目（亚目）２０科．分析了深圳湾湿地两栖爬行动物的区系特点、种群数量变化和现状,在此基础上提出了保护两栖爬行动物的建议和对策．