螟长距茧峰,玉米螟与春玉米间相互关系的初步研究

研究表明,螟长距茧蜂发生主高峰期比玉米螟成虫高峰期大约推迟６－９天,与春玉米抽雄期相一致。玉米抽雄开花时绝大部分玉米螟幼虫处在易被螟长距茧蜂寄生的Ⅲ、Ⅳ龄。玉米开花后雄穗的形态结构和营养成分发生改变,致使幼虫下垂转移寻找更适宜的食物。螟长距茧蜂被取食玉米雄穗的玉米螟幼虫所吸引,其寄生与玉米螟幼虫的发育和玉米生育期密切相关。     

螟长距茧蜂、玉米螟与春玉米间相互关系的初步研究

研究表明,螟长距茧蜂发生高峰期比玉米螟成虫高峰期大约推迟6-9天,与春玉米抽雄期相一致。玉米抽雄开花时绝大部分玉米螟幼虫处在易被螟长距茧蜂寄生的Ⅲ、Ⅳ龄。玉米开花后雄穗的形态结构和营养成分发生改变,致使幼虫下垂转移寻找更适宜的食物。螟长距茧蜂被取食玉米雄穗的玉米螟幼虫所吸引。其寄生与玉米螟幼虫的发育和玉米生育期密切相关。     

玉米花粉对螟长距茧蜂成虫寿命的影响

为了探明玉米花粉对玉米螟幼虫期主要天敌螟长距茧蜂的营养效应,作者在田间养虫室研究了玉米花粉对螟长距茧蜂成虫寿命的影响。结果表明：玉米花粉液能明显延长螟长距茧蜂的成虫寿命。雄成虫寿命与食物水分有密切关系。单一玉米花粉对成虫寿命影响很小,只有与水混合才能使花粉粒中的养分渗透到水中而发挥作用。雌成虫寿命随取食花柑液时间的增长而延长。花粉的浸水时间以24小时最佳。结果证明了玉米、玉米螟与螟长距茧蜂三个营养层间在食物营养方面的协同进化关系。     

吉林省延吉地区玉米螟寄生蜂的调查初报

1972-1974年调查,我省延吉地区玉米螟卵的寄生蜂有:玉米螟赤眼蜂 Trichogramma ostriniae和粘虫黑卵蜂 Telenomus cirphiuorus;幼虫寄生蜂有:大螟瘦姬蜂 Eriborus terebrans、高缝姬蜂 Campoplex sp.、棱柄姬蜂 Sinophorus sp.、姬花蜂 Hyiaeus sp.、玉米螟长距茧蜂 Macrocentrus grandii、茧蜂 Bracon sp.、金小蜂Eupteromalus sp.;共9种,其中玉米螟赤眼蜂占螟卵总寄生率的97.3%,大螟瘦姬蜂占幼虫总寄生率的85％以上,是当地重要寄生蜂。     

杀虫蛋白Vip3Aa11对亚洲玉米螟及其寄生性天敌腰带长体茧蜂的影响

【目的】本文的研究目的是明确杀虫蛋白Vip3Aa11对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis及其寄生性天敌腰带长体茧蜂Macrocentrus cingulum的影响。【方法】首先利用生物测定的方法用含100μg/g Vip3Aa11蛋白的人工饲料饲喂亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫,7 d后观察记录亚洲玉米螟的死亡情况和体重。然后用含100μg/g Vip3Aa11蛋白的人工饲料饲喂被腰带长体茧蜂寄生的亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫,以含6μg/g印楝素的人工饲料作为阳性对照,10 d后记录亚洲玉米螟幼虫的死亡和被寄生情况,并在茧蜂化蛹结茧及羽化后分别记录茧重以及单个寄主的出蜂量,以此评价Vip3Aa11蛋白对腰带长体茧蜂的间接影响。再者,用含100μg/g Vip3Aa11蛋白的20%蜂蜜水饲喂腰带长体茧蜂成虫,以含100μg/g印楝素的20%蜂蜜水作为阳性对照,观察记录腰带长体茧蜂成蜂的死亡情况;不同处理的腰带长体茧蜂寄生亚洲玉米螟10 d后记录亚洲玉米螟的死亡和被寄生情况,并在子代茧蜂化蛹结茧及羽化后记录茧重及单个寄主的出蜂量,以此评价Vip3Aa11蛋白对腰带长体茧蜂的直接影响。【结果】生物测定结果显示,100μg/g的Vip3Aa11蛋白处理7 d后亚洲玉米螟幼虫的平均死亡率为50.7%,平均体重抑制率为77.1%。间接影响试验结果显示,被腰带长体茧蜂寄生后的亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食含有Vip3Aa11蛋白的人工饲料后死亡率明显升高,腰带长体茧蜂茧重和单头出蜂量大幅度下降,而寄生率及羽化后的成虫寿命没有受到不利影响。直接影响试验结果显示,腰带长体茧蜂取食含有100μg/g Vip3Aa11蛋白的蜂蜜水对腰带长体茧蜂成虫寿命和寄生率、亚洲玉米螟幼虫死亡率以及腰带长体茧蜂子代的茧重、单头出蜂量和成虫寿命均没有产生不利影响。【结论】本研究利用生测体系从直接和间接两方面评价了Vip3Aa11蛋白对腰带长体茧蜂的影响,结果表明腰带长体茧蜂对高于Bt作物中表达的Vip3Aa11蛋白浓度不敏感,Vip3Aa11蛋白不会对腰带长体茧蜂产生直接的不利影响;造成的间接影响可能主要是由于寄主自身质量的下降而引起。     

螟虫长距茧蜂寄生行为的观察

螟虫长距茧蜂Macrocentrus linearis (Necs)是玉米螟幼虫的重要天敌．寄生率一般在30％-40％,最高可达70％以上,是抑制玉米螟种群数量的重要因素．1985年以来我们对该蜂的寄生行为作了系统观察,现将结果整理如下．     

螟虫长距茧蜂寄生的玉米螟幼虫空间分布型及抽样技术的研究

了解螟虫长距茧蜂Macrocentrus linearis(Nees)寄生的玉米螟幼虫在田间的分布型,不仅是调查取样和试验设计的理论基础,而且还为玉米螟的生物防治提供了重要的依据。要正确估计田间螟虫长距茧蜂的数量,必须有合适的抽样方法和必要的样本数量。有关这方面的资料尚未见到报道。为此,1982年进行了这项研究。 一、材料和方法 (一)分布型 螟虫长距茧锋第1—2代幼虫结茧高峰前3—5天,选择不同类型的玉米田,每块田取     

红脉穗螟寄生蜂寄主选择研究

[目的]优化红脉穗螟寄生蜂繁育技术,为该虫的生物防治提供参考。[方法]通过室内饲养研究了红脉穗螟幼虫寄生蜂褐带卷蛾茧蜂和蛹寄生蜂周氏啮小蜂(海南种)对4种昆虫的寄生效果,并对最佳接种比例进行筛选。[结果]褐带卷蛾茧蜂对大蜡螟幼虫寄生效果优于米蛾幼虫,且对黄粉虫和大麦虫幼虫不表现寄生特性,褐带卷蛾茧蜂和大蜡螟幼虫的最佳接种比例为1∶1和2∶1,其中在2∶1接种比例处理中的寄生率和单寄主产蜂量分别为76.67%和34.60头;4种昆虫蛹均可用于繁育周氏啮小蜂,从寄主的繁育成本和寄生效果分析,以黄粉虫蛹效果较最佳,接种蜂虫比以2∶1为宜,此时的单寄主产蜂量为148.60头。[结论]寄主和接种比例不同会影响寄生蜂的寄生效果,本研究中褐带卷蛾茧蜂适宜寄主为大蜡螟,最优蜂虫比为1∶1和2∶1,周氏啮小蜂(海南种)适宜寄主为黄粉虫,最优接种蜂虫比为2∶1。     

中国玉米螟长体茧蜂学名的订正

在我国玉米螟幼虫体中，常可育出一种有聚寄生习性的长体茧蜂（＝长距茧蜂）Macro－centrus，由于分布广，寄生率高，近年来对它的生物学研究报道甚多。此蜂学名在我国以祝汝佐（1935），用的M．gifuensis（实已误订）最早，此后在一些玉米螟文章中也有沿用，中名用玉米螟赤茧蜂等。在《天敌昆虫图册》（1978）出版以后，又几乎全部文章（有近20篇）都根据该书而误用螟虫长体茧蜂（蝗虫长距虽蜂）M．lin－earis（Nees）。该峰的玉米螟寄主记录在国外是没有的，甚至由此引起国外生物防治同行的误解，以为我们有新的发现而准备引进。在国外…     

螟虫长距茧蜂搜索寄主利它素的应用研究

试验表明,螟虫长距茧蜂Macrocentrus linearis(Ness)雌蜂在利它素抽提物处理区域内的搜索时间明显较未处理的对照区长,雌蜂在处理区的搜索时间与利它素的浓度有一定的相关性,但并不完全随着利它素浓度的增高而增加.应用利它素能明显地缩短雌蜂找到寄土的时间,然而当使用的利它素浓度过高时,则显示相反效果.寄主密度高低对利它素的应用效果产生明显影响.室外笼罩试验证实,在玉米植株上全面喷洒利它素能明显地提高所释放的螟虫长距茧蜂对亚州玉米螟Ostrinta furnacalis(Guenee)幼虫的寄生率,利它素处理区的玉米螟幼虫寄生率比对照区高13～18%.     

Influence of global warming on forest coleopteran communities with special reference to ambrosia and bark beetles

Forest insect pests are one of the major disturbance factors in forest ecosystems and their outbreaks are expected to be more severe under the influence of global warming. Coleopterans are dominant among forest insects and their ecological functions include general detritivores, dead wood feeders, fungivores, herbivores, live wood feeders and predators. Ambrosia and bark beetles contribute to ecological succession of forests and, therefore, ecological functions of forests can be changed in response to their outbreaks. Mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreaks are the most dramatic example of changes in the ecological functions of forest due to the outbreak of a forest insect pest altered by global warming. Composition of coleopteran species varies with latitude. However, composition of functional groups is consistent with latitude which indicates that resources available to beetles are consistent. In coleopteran communities, ambrosia and bark beetles can become dominant due to increases of dead or stressed trees due to the warming climate. This can also induce changes in the ecological functions of coleopterans, i.e. selective force to displace trees that have lower ecological fitness due to temperature increase. Therefore, recent increases in the density ambrosia and bark beetles offer a chance to study ecological processes in forests under the influence of global warming.     

Effect of habitat quality and phenotypic variation on abundance- and trait-based early warning signals of population collapses

Loss of resilience in population numbers in response to environmental perturbations may be predicted with statistical metrics called early warning signals (EWS) that are derived from abundance time series. These signals, however, have been shown to have limited success, leading to the development of trait-based EWS that are based on information collected from phenotypic traits such as body size. Experimental work assessing the efficacy of EWS under varying ecological and environmental factors are rare. In addition, disentangling how such warning signals are affected under varying ecological and environmental factors is key to their application in biological conservation. Here, we experimentally test how different rates of environmental forcing (i.e. warming) and varying ecological factors (i.e. habitat quality and phenotypic diversity) affected population stability and predictive power of early warning signals of population collapse. We analyzed population density and body size time series data from three phenotypically different populations of a protozoan ciliate Askenasia volvox in two levels of habitat quality subjected to three different treatments of warming (i.e. no warming, fast warming and slow warming). We then evaluated how well abundance- and trait-based EWS predicted population collapses under different levels of phenotypic diversity, habitat quality and warming treatments. Our results suggest that habitat quality and warming treatments had more profound effects than phenotypic diversity had on both population stability and on the performance of abundance-based signals of population collapse. In addition, trait-based EWS generally performed well, were reliable and more robust in forecasting population collapse than abundance-based EWS, regardless of variation in environmental and ecological factors. Our study points towards the development of a predictive framework that includes information from phenotypic traits such as body size as an indicator of loss of resilience of ecological systems in response to environmental perturbations.     

Size‐balanced community reorganization in response to nutrients and warming

It is widely accepted that global warming will adversely affect ecological communities. As ecosystems are simultaneously exposed to other anthropogenic influences, it is important to address the effects of climate change in the context of many stressors. Nutrient enrichment might offset some of the energy demands that warming can exert on organisms by stimulating growth at the base of the food web. It is important to know whether indirect effects of warming will be as ecologically significant as direct physiological effects. Declining body size is increasingly viewed as a universal response to warming, with the potential to alter trophic interactions. To address these issues, we used an outdoor array of marine mesocosms to examine the impacts of warming, nutrient enrichment and altered top‐predator body size on a community comprised of the predator (shore crab Carcinus maenas), various grazing detritivores (amphipods) and algal resources. Warming increased mortality rates of crabs, but had no effect on their moulting rates. Nutrient enrichment and warming had near diametrically opposed effects on the assemblage, confirming that the ecological effects of these two stressors can cancel each other out. This suggests that nutrient‐enriched systems might act as an energy refuge to populations of species under metabolic constraints due to warming. While there was a strong difference in assemblages between mesocosms containing crabs compared to mesocosms without crabs, decreasing crab size had no detectable effect on the amphipod or algal assemblages. This suggests that in allometrically balanced communities, the expected long‐term effect of warming (declining body size) is not of similar ecological consequence to the direct physiological effects of warming, at least not over the six week duration of the experiment described here. More research is needed to determine the long‐term effects of declining body size on the bioenergetic balance of natural communities.     

Size‐based ecological interactions drive food web responses to climate warming

Predicting climate change impacts on animal communities requires knowledge of how physiological effects are mediated by ecological interactions. Food‐dependent growth and within‐species size variation depend on temperature and affect community dynamics through feedbacks between individual performance and population size structure. Still, we know little about how warming affects these feedbacks. Using a dynamic stage‐structured biomass model with food‐, size‐ and temperature‐dependent life history processes, we analyse how temperature affects coexistence, stability and size structure in a tri‐trophic food chain, and find that warming effects on community stability depend on ecological interactions. Predator biomass densities generally decline with warming – gradually or through collapses – depending on which consumer life stage predators feed on. Collapses occur when warming induces alternative stable states via Allee effects. This suggests that predator persistence in warmer climates may be lower than previously acknowledged and that effects of warming on food web stability largely depend on species interactions.     

气候变暖对昆虫影响研究进展

"全球气候变化"已成为国内外最受关注的环境问题。气候变化中以温度升高为特征的气候变暖对变温动物昆虫自身及其所在的生物群落产生直接或间接影响。从研究内容与研究方法2个方面综述了气候变暖对昆虫影响研究的国内外进展。气候变暖导致昆虫发生期提前,地理分布向更高纬度和海拔地区扩散,低温适生种种群密度下降,高温适生种种群密度增加。气候变暖改变寄主植物—害虫—天敌的物候同步性和昆虫原有种间互作关系,影响植食性昆虫的寄主植物范围和取食为害程度。长期的气候变暖带来的强烈的选择性压力引起某些昆虫种群的基因组发生变异。以日均温升高、日最高气温升高和昼夜温差变化等为主要特征气候变暖对昆虫发育、繁殖及存活等生态学指标产生重要影响。研究方法上主要是利用野外直接观察法、回归预测模型、有效积温模型、CLIMEX和GIS等生态风险评估软件、生物化石比较技术、人工气候下生态试验、检测标记基因频率变化等方法来研究气候变暖对昆虫的影响。最后简要评述了已有研究的不足并指出未来的研究方向:(1)气候变暖情景下开展昆虫种间互作研究并拓展研究对象;(2)高温下昆虫适应性研究;(3)建立完善人工模拟气候下的实验方法;(4)构建昆虫有效生态机理模型。     

雪被去除对川西高山森林冬季土壤温度及碳、氮、磷动态的影响

气候变暖导致的雪被动态格局变化可能深刻影响高山森林生态过程.为了解气候变暖背景下雪被的减少对川西高山森林土壤生态过程的影响,2009年10月19日-2010年5月18日,采用遮雪方法,研究了雪被去除对该区冷杉原始林土壤温度和碳、氮、磷的影响.结果表明:雪被去除加大了土温日变化幅度和冻融循环频次,使土壤冻结和融化时间提前.雪被去除使土壤可溶性碳和可溶性氮、有效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮冬季含量高峰提前到雪被覆盖期;雪被覆盖期至融化期的可溶性碳和氮及硝态氮含量增加,但有效磷和铵态氮含量降低,改变了其组分比例.气候变暖引起的川西高山森林雪被减少将改变土壤外部环境条件,进而影响土壤碳、氮和磷过程.     

基于物种多样性与生物量关系的草地群落稳定性对全球变暖的响应研究进展

全球变暖背景下物种多样性和生物量的空间变化格局及其对温度升高的响应是生态学研究的热点内容,是探究群落稳定性响应全球变暖的关键.物种分布是多个生态过程相互作用的产物,温度升高通过改变群落关键种的作用影响物种多样性,从而改变群落稳定性.关于草地群落稳定性对全球变暖的响应过程,国内外学者的相关研究存在很大差异.该文作者结合自...     

Daytime warming lowers community temporal stability by reducing the abundance of dominant,stable species

Daytime warming and nighttime warming have the potential to influence plant community structure and ecosystem functions. However, their impacts on ecological stability remain largely unexplored. We conducted an eight‐year field experiment to compare the effects of daytime and nighttime warming on the temporal stability of a temperate steppe in northern China. Our results showed that the cover and stability of dominant species, stability of subordinate species, and compensatory dynamics among species strongly influenced community‐level stability. However, daytime, but not nighttime, warming significantly reduced community temporal stability mainly through the reduction in the abundance of dominant, stable species. These findings demonstrate the differential effects of daytime and nighttime warming on community stability and emphasize the importance of understanding the changes of dominant species for accurately predicting community dynamics under climate warming.     

陆地生态系统过程对气候变暖的响应与适应

陆地生态系统包含一系列时空连续、尺度多元且互相联系的生态学过程。由于大部分生态学过程都受到温度调控, 因此气候变暖会对全球陆地生态系统产生深远的影响。近年来, 全球变化生态学的基本科学问题之一是陆地生态系统的关键过程如何响应与适应全球气候变暖。围绕该问题, 该文梳理了近年来的研究进展, 重点关注植物生理生态过程、物候期、群落动态、生产力及其分配、凋落物与土壤有机质分解、养分循环等过程对温度升高的响应与适应机理。通过定量分析近20年来发表于主流期刊的相关论文, 展望了该领域的前沿方向, 包括物种性状对生态系统过程的预测能力, 生物地球化学循环的耦合过程, 极端高温与低温事件的响应与适应机理, 不对称气候变暖的影响机理和基于过程的生态系统模拟预测等。基于这些研究进展, 该文建议进一步研究陆地生态系统如何适应气候变暖, 更多关注我国的特色生态系统类型, 并整合实验、观测或模型等研究手段开展跨尺度的合作研究。     

喜旱莲子草和接骨草竞争对模拟增温的响应

研究外来入侵植物与本地植物种竞争对气候变暖的响应, 对于预测未来气候变化背景下入侵植物的入侵趋势、理解其入侵机制以及筛选生态替代种具有重要的意义。以入侵我国的外来植物喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)和本地植物种接骨草(Sambucus chinensis)为材料, 通过两种植物单栽、纯栽和混栽, 采用红外辐射加热器模拟增温, 研究了两种植物竞争对模拟增温的响应。结果表明: (1)在模拟增温期间(2013年5-12月), 增温组空气平均温度比不增温组提高了0.47 ℃, 相对湿度降低了1.87%; (2)混栽的喜旱莲子草除根冠比与单栽无显著差异外, 其余各生物量和根系形态指标均显著低于单栽喜旱莲子草; 无竞争、种间竞争和种内竞争三种竞争间, 接骨草除根冠比、细根与总根生物量比、比根长和比根表面积无显著差异外, 其余指标均呈现无竞争>种间竞争>种内竞争的趋势; (3)无竞争、种间竞争和种内竞争三种条件下, 喜旱莲子草各指标在增温和不增温处理间差异均不显著, 而接骨草总生物量和根生物量在无竞争和种间竞争条件下增温处理均显著低于不增温处理, 在种内竞争条件下则相反; (4)增温使接骨草的相对拥挤系数降低, 接骨草对温度升高反应敏感, 而喜旱莲子草则表现出一定的适应性。由此推测, 在中度遮阴陆生生境中, 接骨草有望成为喜旱莲子草生物替代控制的材料。