教学相长乐在其中

我 1 949年做助教 ,开始从事教学工作。其实我的教学经历应该从 1 941年秋季算起 ,那一年我是高二的学生。学校为了给初中功课差的同学补习 ,找了几个高中学生担任补习教师 ,当时分配我帮助他们补习数学。于是我回忆自己学习时困惑所在以及解决的过程 ,对他们进行讲解 ,结果相当成功。这一来我不但增强了信心 ,而且感到了乐趣。也许这就为我一生从事教学工作打下了基础。回想一生中教学工作的对象 ,除去大学的本科生和研究生外 ,实际上可以说从小学以上的水平无不包括。解放初期 ,扫除文盲 ,派出所组织了扫盲班 ,要我去当教员 ,对象是成年人…     

Direct Reciprocity in Spatial Populations Enhances R-Reciprocity As Well As ST-Reciprocity

As is well-known, spatial reciprocity plays an important role in facilitating the emergence of cooperative traits, and the effect of direct reciprocity is also obvious for explaining the cooperation dynamics. However, how the combination of these two scenarios influences cooperation is still unclear. In the present work, we study the evolution of cooperation in 2×2 games via considering both spatial structured populations and direct reciprocity driven by the strategy with 1-memory length. Our results show that cooperation can be significantly facilitated on the whole parameter plane. For prisoner''s dilemma game, cooperation dominates the system even at strong dilemma, where maximal social payoff is still realized. In this sense, R-reciprocity forms and it is robust to the extremely strong dilemma. Interestingly, when turning to chicken game, we find that ST-reciprocity is also guaranteed, through which social average payoff and cooperation is greatly enhanced. This reciprocity mechanism is supported by mean-field analysis and different interaction topologies. Thus, our study indicates that direct reciprocity in structured populations can be regarded as a more powerful factor for the sustainability of cooperation.     

The Action Of Sulphur As A Fungicide And As An Acaricide

The conclusion arrived at by chemical methods, that the volatile agent produced when sulphur is applied to a heated surface is gaseous sulphur, has been subjected to biological tests in which the fungi Ery-siphe graminis and Sphaerotheca Humulind the gall mite Eriophyes ribis were employed.
The fungi were found not to be sufficiently sensitive to yield satisfactory and concordant results and strong support is given to the view that actual contact of the sulphur particle with the fungus is necessary before fungicidal action can occur.
It was shown that the agent present in air passed over heated sulphur and responsible for the death of the gall mite was not removed by filtration through a heated glass-wool plug, this observation being contrary to the view that the toxic agent is produced initially in solid form.
Filtration through a cooled glass-wool plug only removed part of the volatile agent and it was shown that the gall mite is affected by the traces of sulphur volatilised at ordinary temperatures.
The results of the experiments with the gall mite were in complete accord with those obtained in the previous chemical work.
At relatively large concentrations sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide are without permanent effect upon the gall mite and these gases are therefore not responsible for the acaricidal action of sulphur.     

Cystic Fibrosis, A Disease of Animals As Well As Man

Cystic fibrosis, a genetically inherited disease of the exocrine glands in man, has no known counterpart in animals. The symptoms in man produced by mucous obstructing the lungs, pancreas and liver have been described. The signs, symptoms and course of an analogous disease in animals have been predicted. If an analogous disease in animals can be discovered, it is anticipated that it will make possible significant advances in the study of the normal and pathological physiology of the abnormal exocrine glands and will lead to a means of controlling the human disease.