菜豆重金属响应基因PvSR2在烟草中的表达及镉抗性分析

重金属特异诱导基因PvSR2(Phaseolus vulgaris stress-related)是从法国菜豆中克隆出来的, 为了研究该蛋白能否提高植物的抗重金属能力, 将PvSR2基因插入到植物转化中间载体pCAMBIA2301中CaMV 35S启动子的下游, 用根癌农杆菌介导的叶盘法将其导入烟草中, 在含有100 mg/L Kan的MS培养基上筛选, 获得了转基因植株. PCR和Southern杂交结果表明PvSR2已整合在烟草基因组中, GUS和Northern分析表明PvSR2在转基因烟草中获得表达. 重金属抗性实验表明: 与野生型烟草相比, PvSR2转基因烟草具有较高的抗重金属镉(Cd)的能力. 组织Cd含量分析显示: 在低浓度Cd (0.5~0.75 mmol/L)处理时, Cd在PvSR2转基因烟草与野生型烟草根中的累积量没有明显的差别, 而在高浓度Cd(0.1 mmol/L)胁迫下, 转基因烟草根中Cd的累积量低于野生型烟草, 说明PvSR2的表达能够提高植物的抗重金属能力, 同时表明PvSR2可能与重金属在植物中的运输和积累有一定关系.     

利用FLP/frt重组系统产生无选择标记的转基因烟草植株

在植物转基因植株产生过程中,对转化细胞进行抗性筛选是通用程序,转化细胞的抗性一般是抗生素抗性或除草剂抗性,将赋予转化细胞抗性的选择标记基因删除是提高转基因植物生物安全性的重要措施。来自于啤酒酵母的FLP/frt位点特异性重组系统可有效删除同向定点重组位点frt之间的基因。通过多步骤重组,建立了可在植物中广泛应用的FLP/frt位点特异性重组系统。该系统包括含有frt位点的植物表达载体pCAMBIA1300-betA-frt-als-frt和含有由热诱导启动子hsp启动的FLP重组酶基因的植物表达载体pCAMBIA1300-hsp-FLP-hpt。利用二次转化的方式将二者先后转入烟草植株,热激处理后,热诱导型启动子hsp调控的重组酶FLP基因的表达催化位于选择标记基因als两侧同向frt位点间的重组反应,有效地删除了选择标记基因als。41%的经热激处理的二次转化植株发生了选择标记基因的删除,表明该系统在获得无选择标记基因的转基因植株中有很好的应用价值。     

棉花半乳糖苷酶基因启动子的分离及其在转基因烟草中的表达

β-半乳糖苷酶(β-galactosidase, EC 3.2.1.23)由植物中广泛分布的一类糖基水解酶组成, 被认为与细胞壁多糖的代谢相关. 棉花(Gossypium hirsutum) β-半乳糖苷酶基因已被成功分离, 被命名为GhGal1. RNA杂交实验显示该基因在棉花纤维发育的伸长期优势表达. 为了分析GhGal1基因的时空表达调控, 本研究构建了GhGal1启动子区域(1770 bp)与β-葡糖醛酸糖苷酶(glucuronidase, GUS)基因融合的双元载体, 通过农杆菌转化烟草植株. 对转基因植株分析的结果表明: 此转基因果实中的GUS活性比阴性和阳性对照的活性高. GUS组织定位分析表明: β-半乳糖苷酶基因能在根组织的分生区、子叶、维管束组织、果实和表皮毛中表达. 此外, 调控区域的序列分析揭示该序列含有一些果实/种子特异表达以及与表皮毛表达相关的保守元件. 这些结果显示了GhGal1启动子在转基因烟草植株中的时空表达特征, 并提供了GhGal1基因参与棉花纤维发育的一些重要线索.     

哺乳动物Bax基因在长春花细胞中的诱导表达及其对长春花生物碱合成的促进作用

Bax是哺乳动物细胞凋亡基因Bcl-2家族中的一员. 以往的研究报道表明, Bax基因可以诱发拟南芥等模式植物的超敏反应 (hypersensitive reactions, HR). 为了考查Bax基因对药用植物细胞次生代谢产物合成的影响, 我们构建了长春花雌二醇诱导型Bax基因工程细胞系. 实验结果表明, 转基因长春花细胞中Bax基因的表达水平对β-雌二醇浓度呈现明显的依赖性, 说明雌二醇诱导型启动子可以有效控制转基因长春花细胞中Bax基因的表达. 在30 μmol/L β-雌二醇处理下, 转基因长春花细胞中的长春花碱和总生物碱含量分别比野生型细胞高5. 0和5. 5倍, 表明哺乳动物Bax基因对长春花细胞中生物碱的合成具有促进作用. Northern blotting和Western blotting检测结果表明, Bax基因可以提高转基因长春花细胞中萜类吲哚碱生物合成途径关键酶基因Tdc和Str的转录水平, 并且促进细胞中防御相关蛋白PR1的积累, 说明Bax基因可以诱发长春花细胞的防御反应, 激活细胞中萜类吲哚碱生物合成途径, 从而提高长春花生物碱的合成代谢流量. 研究结果表明, 哺乳动物Bax基因可以从细胞水平上促进植物次生产物的合成, 为植物细胞次生代谢产物合成的分子调控提供了一种新的策略.     

羽衣甘蓝胁迫应答基因BoRS1转化烟草的初步研究

将克隆于羽衣甘蓝的胁迫应答基因BoRS<、I>1连入中间载体p35S 2 30 0 ::gus ::noster相应位点,成功地构建了含BoRS1基因的植物双元表达载体p35S 2 30 0 ::BoRS1::noster,并通过农杆菌介导法对烟草进行了遗传转化。PCR检测结果表明目的基因BoRS1已成功地导入并整合到烟草基因组中。RT PCR分析显示,在不同的转基因烟草植株中BoRS1表达量存在差异。转BoRS1烟草的耐干性和甘露醇胁迫研究表明,BoRS1基因的表达对提高植物抗干旱胁迫能力有一定的作用。     

抗草甘膦抗虫植物表达载体的构建及其转基因烟草的分析

构建了含草甘膦抗性突变基因（aroAM12）和人工合成重组Bt抗虫基因（Bts1m）的植物表达载体pCM12_s1m。aroAM12基因的表达由CaMV35S启动子控制,Bts1m基因的表达由2E_CaMV35S启动子和Ω因子控制。通过农杆菌介导,将aroAM12和Bts1m基因转化到烟草中,转基因烟草通过在含草甘膦的MS培养基上筛选而获得。Southern blot分析表明所有经过草甘膦筛选出的转化植株都整合有aroAM12基因,约70%的转化植株同时整合有aroAM12和Bts1m基因。Northern blot、Immunodot blot分析进一步证明整合的两个基因在转录、翻译水平上均进行了表达,不同植株之间表达存在着差异。草甘膦抗性和虫试实验证明,获得的转基因烟草对草甘膦和烟青虫具有很强的抗性。     

NAC1上游调控区表达特征及其与侧根激素诱导的关系

从拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana）中克隆到与侧根原基发生相关的转录因子基因NAC1上游调控区序列,构建由该序列驱动β-葡聚糖苷酶基因(GUS)的植物表达载体并转化烟草(Nicotiana Tabaccum),经筛选获得了在根组织高GUS活性而地上部痕量表达的转基因烟草植株。对转基因植株进行GUS活性和染色分析,结果表明NAC1上游调控区驱动的GUS基因表达具有根部组织特异性,在侧根顶端分生组织区、侧根原基基部和幼嫩侧根基部表达。用IBA,GA₃,GA₄₊₇处理转基因植株根部,NAC1上游调控区驱动的GUS表达均增强,表明生长素、赤霉素可显著诱导NAC1上游调控区的表达,并参与侧根发生的调控。     

农杆菌介导的苏云金杆菌抗虫基因cryIA(b)和cryIA(c)在水稻中的遗传转化及蛋白表达

通过农杆菌介导法用含有抗潮霉素和GUS基因的双元载体将杀虫结晶蛋白基因cryIA(b)和cryIA(c)导入到籼、粳稻幼穗愈伤组织中,然后经过在含有不同浓度潮霉素的培养基上进行数次筛选,获得一批Bt转基因株。经PCR、Southern杂交及Western印迹分析证实此二基因已整合进水稻中,饲虫试验结果表明,转基因株具有100%杀虫率。     

高效Bt抗虫基因表达结构的构建及其在转基因烟草中表达行为的研究

构建了高效植物表达载体pBinMoBc,其携带有超强表达复合启动子OM及Ω因子控制下的CryIA?基因,作为对照,本实验构建了含有CaMV35S启动子控制下的CryIA?基因的植物表达载体pBinoBc。分别使用两个植物表达载体转化烟草,ELISA检测表明,在pBinMoBc转基因烟草中CryIA?基因的平均表达水平是pBinoBc的2.44倍,最高可达可溶蛋白的0.255%。抗虫检测结果表明,pBinMoBc转基因烟草与pBinoBc转基因烟草相比,具有更强的抗棉铃虫效果。上述结果表明,OM启动子比CaMV 35S启动子更具有实际应用价值,此结果在植物抗虫基因工程研究中具有重要意义。     

利用Ac/Ds转座子系统在水稻中获得无选择标记转基因植株的方法

获得无选择标记转基因植株是进行重复转基因及消除转基因植株中标记基因潜在危害性的关键。实验采用了Ac/Ds转座子系统在水稻(Oryza sativa L.)中进行无hpt选择标记的转基因。将含有目的基因bar的Ds元件和hpt标记基因置于同一个T-DNA中,通过农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens) EHA105介导将Ac-T-DNA及Ds-T-DNA分别转入到不同的水稻植株,再将单拷贝的Ac-T-DNA植株与单拷贝的Ds-T-DNA植株杂交得到同时含有Ac和Ds元件的F₁植株,F_{1自交产生F2后代,F2植株中转座后的Ds元件与T-DNA独立分离,在总共100株F2水稻植株中筛选得到2株只含有Ds元件插入而无hpt标记基因的转基因水稻植株。结果表明,利用Ac/Ds转座子系统在水稻中获得无选择标记的转基因植株是可行的。}     

Suitability of aromatic plants for phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated areas: a review

Abstract

This review briefly elucidates the research undertaken and benefits of using aromatic plants for remediation of heavy metal polluted sites. A sustainable approach to mitigate heavy metal contamination of environment is need of the hour. Phytoremediation has emerged to be one of the most preferable choices for combating the metal pollution problem. Aromatic plants can be used for remediation of contaminated sites as they are non-food crops thus minimizing the risk of food chain contamination. Most promising aromatic plants for phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated sites have been identified from families – Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Geraniaceae. They act as potential phytostabilisers, hyper accumulators, bio-monitors, and facultative metallophytes. Being high value economic crops, monetary benefits can be obtained by growing them in tainted areas instead of food crops. It has been observed that heavy metal stress enhances the essential oil percentage of certain aromatic crops. Research conducted on some major aromatic plants in this context has been highlighted in the present review which suggests that aromatic plants hold a great potential for phytoremediation. It has been reported that essential oil from aromatic crops is not contaminated by heavy metals significantly. Thus, aromatic plants are emerging as an ideal candidate for phytoremediation.

Highlights

? Aromatic plants hold a great potential for phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated sites.

? Being high value economic crops, monetary benefits can be obtained by growing them in contaminated areas instead of food crops.

? Research done on some major aromatic plants in this context has been highlighted in the present review.     

Phytoremediation of Metal-Polluted Ecosystems: Hype for Commercialization

Air, water, and soil are polluted by a variety of metals due to anthropogenic activities, which alter the normal biogeochemical cycling. Biodiversity has been employed widely by both developed and developing nations for environmental decontamination of metals. These technologies have gained considerable momentum in the recent times with a hype for commercialization. The United States Environmental Protection Agency's remediation program included phytoremediation of metals and radionuclides as a thrust area to an extent of 30% during the year 2000. Plants, that hyperaccumulate metals, are the ideal model organisms and attracted attention of scientists all over the world for their application in phytoremediation technology. Metal hyperaccumulators have the ability to overcome major physiological bottlenecks. The potential of hyperaccumulators for phytoremediation application relies upon their growth rates (i.e., biomass production) and metal accumulation rate (g metal per kg of plant tissue). The two primary reasons, that are limiting global application of this technology, are the slow growth rates exhibited by most naturally occurring metal hyperaccumulators and the limited solubility of metals in soils (i.e., the high affinity of metal ions for soil particles). Phytoremediation applications, relevance of transgenic plants for metal decontamination, chelate enhanced phytoremediation, chemical transformation, molecular physiology and genetic basis of metal hyperaccumulation by plants, commercialization hype for the phytoremediation technology are reviewed.     

环境重金属污染的植物修复及基因工程在其中的应用

随着工业技术的发展,重金属在土壤和水体中的含量越来越高,重金属污染已日益成为威胁人类健康和人类生活质量的严重的社会问题和环境问题。植物修复可部分解决这一问题且正引起人们的普遍关注。但现在发现许多用于修复的超量积累植物生长缓慢、植株矮小、地上部生物量小,成了实际应用中的最大限制。利用基因工程手段改变植物对重金属吸收、转运、积累和忍耐的机制,从而提高植物对重金属的富集能力,将成为今后植物修复领域研究的一个重要方向。     

Merging methods in molecular and ecological genetics to study the adaptation of plants to anthropogenic metal-polluted sites: implications for phytoremediation

Metallophyte species that occur naturally on metal-enriched soils represent major biological resources for the improvement of phytoremediation, a benign and cost-effective technology that uses plants to clean up anthropogenic metal-polluted soils. Within the last decade, molecular genetic studies carried out on several model organisms (including Arabidopsis halleri) have considerably enhanced our understanding of metal tolerance and hyperaccumulation in plants, but the identification of the genes of interest for phytoremediation purposes remains a challenge. To meet this challenge, we propose to combine '-omics' with molecular ecology methods. Using A. halleri, we confronted molecular genetic results with: (i) within-species polymorphism and large-scale population differentiation for zinc tolerance; (ii) the demographical context (e.g. migration pattern) of the species for zinc tolerance evolution; (iii) the Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis of the genetic architecture for zinc tolerance; and (iv) the fine-scale dissection of identified QTL regions, to discuss more precisely the nature of the genes potentially involved in the adaptation to zinc-polluted soils.     

Understanding molecular mechanisms for improving phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils

Heavy metal pollution of soil is a significant environmental problem with a negative potential impact on human health and agriculture. Rhizosphere, as an important interface of soil and plants, plays a significant role in phytoremediation of contaminated soil by heavy metals, in which, microbial populations are known to affect heavy metal mobility and availability to the plant through release of chelating agents, acidification, phosphate solubilization and redox changes, and therefore, have potential to enhance phytoremediation processes. Phytoremediation strategies with appropriate heavy metal-adapted rhizobacteria or mycorrhizas have received more and more attention. In addition, some plants possess a range of potential mechanisms that may be involved in the detoxification of heavy metals, and they manage to survive under metal stresses. High tolerance to heavy metal toxicity could rely either on reduced uptake or increased plant internal sequestration, which is manifested by an interaction between a genotype and its environment.A coordinated network of molecular processes provides plants with multiple metal-detoxifying mechanisms and repair capabilities. The growing application of molecular genetic technologies has led to an increased understanding of mechanisms of heavy metal tolerance/accumulation in plants and, subsequently, many transgenic plants with increased heavy metal resistance, as well as increased uptake of heavy metals, have been developed for the purpose of phytoremediation. This article reviews advantages, possible mechanisms, current status and future direction of phytoremediation for heavy-metal–contaminated soils.     

丛枝菌根在植物修复重金属污染土壤中的作用

丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM）是自然界中分布最广的一类菌根,AM真菌能与陆地上绝大多数的高等植物共生,常见于包括重金属污染土壤在内的各种生境中。在重金属污染条件下,AM真菌可以减轻重金属对植物的毒害,影响植物对重金属的吸收和转运,在重金属污染土壤的植物修复中显示出极大的应用潜力。重点介绍了AM真菌对植物重金属耐性的影响及其在植物提取和植物稳定中的应用等方面的进展,讨论了未来研究所面临的任务和挑战。     

重金属污染的植物修复及相关分子机制

随着近代工业的发展,土壤重金属污染问题日益严重。重金属即使在极低浓度下仍然可以对人畜造成健康上的威胁,因此迫切需要有效的修复方法对土壤进行修复。生物修复,特别是植物修复目前已经成为重金属污染修复的重要手段之一,了解相关植物的重金属解毒和积累分子机制是提高修复效率、解决重金属污染问题的基础。文中以土壤修复方式为起点,结合植物吸收积累重金属以及解毒的相关分子机制研究,探讨了植物修复的发展现状以及趋势。     

Investigating heavy-metal hyperaccumulation using Thlaspi caerulescens as a model system

Background

Metal-hyperaccumulating plant species are plants that are endemic to metalliferous soils and are able to tolerate and accumulate metals in their above-ground tissues to very high concentrations. One such hyperaccumulator, Thlaspi caerulescens, has been widely studied for its remarkable properties to tolerate toxic levels of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and sometimes nickel (Ni) in the soil, and accumulate these metals to very high levels in the shoot. The increased awareness regarding metal-hyperaccumulating plants by the plant biology community has helped spur interest in the possible use of plants to remove heavy metals from contaminated soils, a process known as phytoremediation. Hence, there has been a focus on understanding the mechanisms that metal-hyperaccumulator plant species such as Thlaspi caerulescens employ to absorb, detoxify and store metals in order to use this information to develop plants better suited for the phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soils.

Scope

In this review, an overview of the findings from recent research aimed at better understanding the physiological mechanisms of Thlaspi caerulescens heavy-metal hyperaccumulation as well as the underlying molecular and genetic determinants for this trait will be discussed. Progress has been made in understanding some of the fundamental Zn and Cd transport physiology in T. caerulescens. Furthermore, some interesting metal-related genes have been identified and characterized in this plant species, and regulation of the expression of some of these genes may be important for hyperaccumulation.

Conclusions

Thlaspi caerulescens is a fascinating and useful model system not only for studying metal hyperaccumulation, but also for better understanding micronutrient homeostasis and nutrition. Considerable future research is still needed to elucidate the molecular, genetic and physiological bases for the extreme metal tolerance and hyperaccumulation exhibited by plant species such as T. caerulescens.Key words: Zn, Cd, Ni, Thlaspi caerulescens, hyperacumulator, phytoremediation, heavy metal     

Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals: Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms

Heavy metals (HM) are a unique class of toxicants since they cannot be broken down to non-toxic forms. Concentration of these heavy metals has increased drastically, posing problems to health and environment, since the onset of the industrial revolution. Once the heavy metals contaminate the ecosystem, they remain a potential threat for many years. Some technologies have long been in use to remove, destroy and sequester these hazardous elements. Even though effective techniques for cleaning the contaminated soils and waters are usually expensive, labour intensive, and often disturbing. Phytoremediation, a fast-emerging new technology for removal of toxic heavy metals, is cost-effective, non-intrusive and aesthetically pleasing. It exploits the ability of selected plants to remediate pollutants from contaminated sites. Plants have inter-linked physiological and molecular mechanisms of tolerance to heavy metals. High tolerance to HM toxicity is based on a reduced metal uptake or increased internal sequestration, which is manifested by interaction between a genotype and its environment. The growing interest in molecular genetics has increased our understanding of mechanisms of HM tolerance in plants and many transgenic plants have displayed increased HM tolerance. Improvement of plants by genetic engineering, i.e., by modifying characteristics like metal uptake, transport and accumulation and plant’s tolerance to metals, opens up new possibilities of phytoremediation. This paper presents an overview of the molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in the phytoremediation process, and discusses strategies for engineering plants genetically for this purpose.     

植物重金属超富集机理研究进展

植物超富集重金属机理主要涉及植物对金属离子高的吸收、运输能力,区域化作用及螯合作用等方面,其中跨膜运载蛋白的表达、调控对重金属超富集这一特性起了关键作用。金属阳离子运载蛋白家族主要包括CDF家族、NRAMP家族和ZIP家族等,在超富集植物中已克隆出多个家族的金属运载蛋白基因,这些基因的过量表达对重金属在细胞中的运输、分布和富集及提高植物的抗性方面发挥了重要作用。综述了近年来研究重金属超富集植物吸收、转运和贮存Zn、Ni、Cd等重金属的生理和分子机制所取得的主要进展。