细胞培养的支原体污染

<正>运用细胞培养进行病毒繁殖时,支原体污染是经常遇到的而且是非常严重的问题之一。这些污染对培养细胞产生各种各样的恶果:改变各种代谢活动致使不能进行培养细胞的正常生化研究;细胞生长速度减缓,迫使二倍体细胞系过早衰老,染色体发生畸变,并引起细胞形态的永久改变。事实表明:支原体污染虽会降低细胞培养中病毒的合成,但有时也能促进病毒的繁殖,这可能是支原体对干扰素产生的抑制。     

细胞培养中支原体污染的检测和去除

细胞培养中支原体污染是一个长期困扰实验室工作人员的难题。近年来,检测方法不断完善,核酸杂交,多聚酶链反应等新的方法已建立起来,对于支原体污染的去除主要是应用抗生素,可选用一些新的更为有效的药物。     

细胞培养中支原体污染的检测和去除

细胞培养过程中的支原体污染相当普遍。如何快速,简便地检测支原体,并且采取有效措施去除支原体一直是细胞工作者们亟待解决的难题。支原体检测方法有培养法,ＤＮＡ荧光染色法,单克隆抗体免疫荧光法。生化法,ＤＮＡ探针杂交法,ＰＣＲ法,支原体去除方法有药物法。免疫法,稀释法,加热法。本文就近年来有关支原体的检测及去除作一综述。     

用PCR检测细胞培养中支原体污染

细胞培养中支原体污染已经成为严重的问题.为了扩增6种支原体(精氨酸支原体,口腔支原体,人型支原体,猪鼻支原体,发酵支原体及莱氏支原体)核糖体RNA操纵子的16s和23s DNA间区,设计了三个通用PCR引物(F1,F2及R1).当以6种支原体DNA为模板时,引物F1和R1产生340到468bp的片段,引物F2和R1产生145到211bp的片段,当用Hela细胞或E.coli DNA作为模板,用引物F1和R1时,在电泳中未观察到特定区带.此法最小能检出8.5fg精氨酸支原体DNA,相当于13个精氨酸支原体.这说明,当这些支原体污染细胞培养时,能用PCR法检测出来.     

细胞培养中支原体污染的检测

本文介绍以应用指示细胞培养物的DNA荧光染色为主,辅之以微生物培养(支原体营养肉汤和琼脂培养)的方法作为细胞培养中的支原体污染的检测系统。用该系统检测了45个细胞系,支原体等微生物污染达66.6％,其中确证支原体污染率为31％。     

细胞培养中支原体污染的PCR检测

根据支原体16s rDNA序列,选择RemyTeyssou设计的三条寡核苷酸链,组成两套引物:P_(1-2a)能检测出细胞培养中常见的各种支原体,P_(1-2b)能检出无胆甾原体。反应可检出体系中10CFV的菌体。此法先用于对实验室人为污染支原体Vero细胞的检测,后与DNA 染色法和培养法比较,检测了49份生物样品,其中24份传代细胞,PCR检测的阳性率为58％,DNA染色法为42％,培养法为33％;三者的灵敏性比较,PCR可检出10~(-3)稀释度的阳性样品,高于其他两种方法。此PCR方法快速、灵敏、特异,适用于细胞培养中支原体污染的检测。     

细胞培养过程中支原体污染的检测和去除研究

细胞培养过程中的支原体污染相当普遍。如何快速、简便地检测支原体,并且采取有效措施去除支原体一直是细胞培养中急待解决的难题。本文就近年来有关支原体检测及去除方面的工作加以综述。     

PAD4:一种治疗类风湿性关节炎的新靶酶

肽酰基精氨酸脱亚氨酶4(PAD4)催化肽酰精氨酸残基转变为肽酰瓜氨酸残基,其活性失调与类风湿性关节炎(RA)的发生与发展有关.目前PAD4被认为是开发新RA治疗药物的一种新靶酶.认识PAD4的结构与可能的作用机制,对于开发新RA治疗药物是重要的.     

细胞培养物中污染支原体的去除

经小鼠体内、体外加用不同的抗菌素处理及克隆的方法处理细胞污染的支原体,三株细胞经两次、一株细胞经三次处理后,经培养法、ＤＮＡ染色法及ＰＣＲ法检查支原体污染均为阴性,并证明对其抗体分泌没有任何影响,不失为一个理想的去除支原体的方法,从而使有重要应用价值的支原体污染细胞的应用成为可能。     

Development of a Rapid Detection Procedure for Ctyptosporidium, Using In Vitro Cell Culture Combined with PCR

A detection, viability, and infectivity assay was developed for Cryptosporidiurn parvum. Oocysts or excysted sporozoites were inoculated onto monolayers of CaCo-2 cells grown on chamber slides. C. parvum infection was monitored by three methods: a) application of a fluorescein-labeled anti-sporozoite antibody; b) PCR of a heat-shock protein gene fragment; and c) detection of mRNA from the heat-shock protein gene by RT-PCR.     

人类及小鼠某些细胞系培养中苯基杆菌的污染

【目的】对细胞培养体系中出现的杆状污染物进行分离和鉴定,并探讨如何清除该污染物。【方法】采用固体培养基平板划线法分离细菌株,通过荧光染色和透射电镜对其进行形态学观察;结合16S rRNA基因序列分析,进行菌株鉴定;用生长状态良好的细胞上清复苏冻存的已经污染的细胞,检测细胞复苏的存活率。【结果】该污染物经形态学和16S rRNA基因序列鉴定为苯基杆菌。形态学观察表明它有一个二态生命周期:即游动期和附着期。大多数情况下该菌可以与宿主细胞共生,常规抗生素均不能彻底清除该细菌。采用生长状态良好的细胞上清复苏冻存细胞可以明显提高了细胞的存活率。【结论】本实验报导了苯基杆菌的二态生命周期,同时我们发现用细胞上清复苏冻存细胞可以显著提高细胞的存活率。     

Hoechst 33258 Staining for Detecting Mycoplasma Contamination in Cell Cultures: a Method for Reducing Fluorescence Photobleaching

DNA fluorochrome staining with Hoechst 33258 bisbenzimide is commonly used for detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures. Photobleaching of Hoechst 33258 is pronounced under the conditions of intense illumination, high magnification and resolution required for detection of mycoplasmas. To reduce photobleaching we investigated the effects of some antioxidant molecules, p-phenylenediamine (PPD), n-propyl gallate (NPG) and 1,4-diazabicyclo(2,2,2)octane (DABCO), which are known to reduce the fading rate of fluorescein. Mycoplasma-contaminated cell monolayers were stained with Hoechst 33258 and mounted in glycerol containing different amounts of antioxidant additives. The cells were examined in an epifluorescence microscope, and the emitted light intensity was recorded. Results showed that PPD and, to a lower degree, NPG, retarded the photobleaching of Hoechst 33258-stained cells, whereas DABCO was not effective. However, fluorescence half-life was increased about three-fold by NPG and almost 20-fold by PPD. The rate of fluorescence fading of Hoechst 33258 can therefore be retarded by PPD, with obvious advantages for reading and photographic recording of results.     

芍药组织培养中污染现象的克服

针对芍药在组织培养过程中外植体污染难于控制的问题进行了研究。试验分别于不同的季节取材后对外植体进行不同的表面消毒处理。结果表明：以芍药带芽茎段、顶芽、侧芽为外植体,采用0.1%~0.2% HgCl2消毒8 min,结合母株黄化处理、4℃消毒液+搅拌的表面消毒处理,可降低外植体初期培养污染率;在培养基中添加抗菌素,可明显控制内生菌的污染。     

Application of the Bradford Assay for Cell Lysis Quantification: Residual Protein Content in Cell Culture Supernatants

Frequently measured mammalian cell culture process indicators include viability and total cell concentration (TCC). Cell lysis, an additional important process characteristic that substantially contributes to the overall product purity profiles, is often not addressed in detail. In the present study, an inexpensive and simple application of the Bradford assay is developed to determine the residual protein content (RPC) in cell culture supernatants. The reliability and reproducibility of the method are tested in a long‐term study and compared with lysis quantification via the DNA measurement. The results show that its performance is more robust and accurate over time and the respective concentration range. Additionally, both methods are used for cell lysis process monitoring in a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary fed‐batch process. In the presented process, by applying the established assay, the lysis rate k _DL is determined to be constant over time at 4.6 × 10 ^?4 lysed cell concentration (LCC) per TCC and time (LCC/TCC/h). In contrast, DNA data did not confirm the constant lysis rate due to variations of the content per cell during cultivation. Thus, information on the RPC can facilitate the determination of the optimal harvest time point with respect to purity and in improving process characterization.     

动物细胞大规模培养过程中细胞凋亡的检测与控制

动物细胞大规模培养技术是目前生物技术制药产业广泛采用的技术平台,凋亡是大规模培养过程中细胞的主要死亡方式。近些年来,细胞凋亡的形态学特征和分子机制已得到初步阐明,并由此开发出了一系列的细胞凋亡检测和控制方法,为提高大规模培养中的细胞活力发挥了重要作用。     

Rapid detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures using sybr green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction

Summary We have developed a simple method for rapid detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures using SYBR Green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To detect eight common contaminant mollicutes, including Mycoplasma (M. arginini, M. fermentans, M. orale, M. hyorhinis, M. hominis, M. salivarium, M. pirum) and Acholeplasma laidlawii, four primers were prepared based on the 23S rRNA regions. Using these primers and a minimum of 100 fg of mycoplasma genomic DNA, the 23S rRNA regions of these eight mycoplasma species were consistently amplified by real-time PCR. In contrast, no specific specific amplification product was observed using DNA templates prepared from various mammalian cell lines. Frozen and cultured samples of several cell lines were tested for mycoplasma contamination to evaluated the utility of this method. Of 25 samples that tested positive for mycoplasma by Hoechst staining, which requires two passages of cell cultures started from frozen samples, mycoplasma was detected by real-time PCR in 24 samples of cell extracts prepared directly from frozen samples. When cultured samples were used for this assay, the accuracy of the diagnoses was further improved. Thus, this technique, which is simple, rapid, and sensitive enough for practical application, in suitable for handling many samples and for routine screening for mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures.     

Comparative antibiotic eradication of mycoplasma infections from continuous cell lines

Accumulating data implicate mycoplasma contamination as the single biggest problem in the culture of continuous cell lines. Mycoplasma infection can affect virtually every parameter and functional activity of the eukaryotic cells. A successful alternative to discarding infected cultures is to attempt to eliminate the contaminants by treatment with specific and efficient antimycoplasma antibiotics. The addition of antibiotics to the culture medium during a limited period of time (1-3 wk) is a simple, inexpensive, and very practical approach for decontaminating continuous cell lines. Here, we examined the effectiveness of several antibiotic treatment protocols that we have employed routinely in our cell lines bank. On an aggregate, 673 cultures from 236 chronically mycoplasma-positive cell lines were exposed to one of the following five antibiotic regimens: mycoplasma removal agent (quinolone; a 1-wk treatment), enrofloxacin (quinolone; 1 wk), sparfloxacin (quinolone; 1 wk), ciprofloxacin (quinolone; 2 wk), and BM-Cyclin (alternating tiamulin and minocycline; 3 wk). The mycoplasma infection was permanently (as determined by three solid mycoplasma detection assays) eliminated by the various antibiotics in 66-85% of the cultures treated. Mycoplasma resistance was seen in 7-21%, and loss of the culture as a result of cytotoxically caused cell death occurred in 3-11% of the cultures treated. Overall, 223 of the 236 mycoplasma-positive cell lines could be cured in a first round of antibiotic treatment with at least one regimen. Taken together, 95% of the mycoplasma-infected cell lines were permanently cleansed of the contaminants by antibiotic treatment, which validates this approach as an efficient and technically simple mycoplasma eradication method.