褪黑激素受体基因的研究进展

褪黑激素通过与药理学特异性的高亲和性G-蛋白耦联受体相结合来发挥其生物学功能。本文介绍了褪黑激素受体的结构、功能与调控、褪黑激素受体基因的克隆及基因结构、褪黑激素受体基因的发育性表达与作用、褪黑激素受体基因的定位与多态性分析,并讨论了该基因与繁殖季节性的关系。 Abstract:Melatonin exerts its biological effects through pharmacological specific,high affinity G protein-coupled receptors.This review introduced the structure,function,and regulation of melatonin receptor,the cloning and structure,developmental expression,mapping and polymorphism of melatonin receptor gene.The relationship between melatonin receptor gene and reproductive seasonality was also discussed.     

猪Mu阿片受体基因单核苷酸多态性分析

Mu阿片受体（简称MOR）属于G蛋白藕联受体,分布在痛觉传导区,以及与情绪和行为有关的区域,影响动物的神经反应和行为表现。该研究以长白猪、大白猪和杜洛克猪为试验材料, 用8对引物对Mu阿片受体基因的5′ UTR区域、整个编码区和3′ UTR区域用PCR-SSCP方法进行了扫描,发现5处突变基因座（GenBank登录号：AF521309）。统计结果发现基因型频率分布与品种有关,大白猪突变基因型频率显著高于长白和杜洛克,本研究推测分布上的差异可能是由于长期的选择压力造成的。 Abstract:Mu opioid receptor (MOR) is a member of G protein-coupled receptor family,distributed in the pain transduction region in the brain and related to emotion and behaviour.This study was designed to investigate the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) of Mu opioid receptor gene in various breeds,including duroc,landrace and Yorkshire.5′ UTR ( untranslate region),coding region and 3′ UTR of Mu opioid receptor gene were amplified by eight pairs of primers,and the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) were detected by SSCP.Five polymorphisms were found (Genebank Accession number:AF521309).The results of χ2 test showed that the frequencies of genotypes in different breeds were significantly different (P＜0.01).The frequencies of mutation genotypes in Yorkshire were significantly higher than Duroc and Landrace.According to the above results,we can speculate the difference of the frequencies of genotypes may be the results of long term choice pressure.     

鸡瘦蛋白受体(OBR)基因外显子9单核苷酸多态性分析

瘦蛋白受体属于Ⅰ类细胞因子超家族受体,其在瘦蛋白的信号转导中起着关键的作用。本研究根据瘦蛋白受体基因外显子9的序列设计引物,用PCR-SSCP的方法对高脂系（fatness line,FL）、低脂系(leanness line,LL)、北京油鸡、白耳鸡、石歧杂、矮小黄鸡、小型黄鸡、惠阳胡须鸡、隐性白羽鸡和海兰蛋鸡等品种（系）进行了单核苷酸多态性分析,并检测到了多态性。对两种纯合子片段克隆和测序,结果表明在编码区的1167位碱基发生了突变,由C突变为A,但是编码的氨基酸并没有发生改变。经独立性检验,基因型频率和基因频率分布与品种有关,北京油鸡的AA基因型频率显著高于其他品种;高脂系中A基因频率显著高于低脂系。 Abstract:Leptin receptor is a type I cytokine super family member and plays an important role in leptin functioning signal transduction.This study was designed to investigate the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of OBR gene in various breeds,including Fatness Line (FL),Leanness Line (LL),Beijing Youji,Baierji,Shiqiza,Dwarf Yellow Chickens,Mini Yellow Chickens,Huiyang Huxuji,Recessive White Chickens and Hyline Layer.The primers for exon 9 in OBR gene were designed from the database of chicken genomic sequence and the SNPs were detected by PCR-SSCP method.One SNP (C/A at 1167 in cds) was found among individuals within all breeds.However,the amino acid was not changed because it was a silence mutantion.The result of population genetics analyses showed that the frequency of AA genotype in Beijing Youji was significantly higher than that in other lines.Also,the frequency of A allele in FL was significantly higher than that in LL.     

催乳素受体基因与羊驼繁殖性能关系的初探

通过氯仿/异戊醇法制备羊驼血液基因组DNA,采用PCR方法首次扩增出羊驼催乳素受体基因(prolactin receptor gene,PRLR)exon8-exon9序列(GenBank登录号为DQ198164),该片段长度为622bp。通过NCBI blast(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/)比较,结果表明:该序列包括exon8的82bp、intron8全序列472bp和exon9的68bp。同源性比较发现,羊驼PRLR基因exon8和exon9核苷酸序列与其它哺乳动物的相应区域的同源性特高,均≥92%;同时还发现羊驼exon8引物后第19个碱基为G,而其它哺乳动物(猪除外)均为A,猪则是在羊驼exon8引物后的第34个碱基处由G变为A,通过推导氨基酸序列分析发现,这种单碱基的突变使得羊驼与其它哺乳动物相比,该处的氨基酸由亮氨酸取代了异亮氨酸;在羊驼exon9引物前第22个碱基处也发生了A-G碱基替换现象,但这个碱基的突变发生在密码子的第3个碱基上,编码的氨基酸均为脯氨酸。在这些动物中只有羊驼为单胎动物,羊驼exon8核苷酸序列中A-G的碱基替换并引起编码氨基酸序列发生改变是否与羊驼繁殖性能有关还有待进一步研究。     

猪主要经济性状候选基因的研究进展

随着人类基因组计划的完成和动物基因组计划的进行,许多控制动物经济性状的主基因逐渐被发现,并显示出巨大的应用前景。本文概述了影响猪繁殖、肉质、生长发育等主要经济性状的主基因的基因大小、基因定位和基因效应等,对主基因的研究在动物遗传育种科学发展中的意义也作了一些阐述。 Abstract:With the accomplishment of human genome project and the development of animal genome project,many major genes affecting animal economic traits were gradually detected,and they show great application prospect.Major genes affecting reproductive traits,meat quality traits,growing and developing traits of pig are summarized from their size,location and effect.In addition,the meaning of major gene in the improvement of animal breeding and genetics is also discussed.     

鸡催乳素基因序列多态及生物信息学分析

选择繁殖性能具有明显差异的4个鸡品种（莱航鸡、阳山鸡、丝羽乌骨鸡和隐性白洛克鸡）构建品种DNA池,采用测序的方法快速筛查鸡催乳素基因（chicken prolactin,cPRL）5′侧翼调控区、外显子区和部分内含子区约4500 bp范围内可能与产蛋性能相关的序列多态,共检测到13个SNPs和两个短片段（24 bp和15 bp）插入/缺失多态,其中在5′侧翼序列筛查到9个SNPs及两个短片段插入/缺失多态,在第2外显子筛查到1个SNP,在第5外显子筛查到两个SNPs,在第2内含子筛查到1个SNP;进一步利用生物信息学分析cPRL基因的5′侧翼调控序列,发现24 bp短片段的插入使莱航鸡比阳山鸡多出了1个Evi-1可能的结合位点（93分）,C-2402T的变异则使阳山鸡比莱航鸡多出了1个C/EBPbeta可能的结合位点（94分）,这两个结合位点是否影响cPRL基因的表达,影响鸡的就巢性和产蛋性能,还需要进一步研究。Abstract：Four chicken breeds (White Leghorn, Yangshan, Taihe Silkies, White Recessive Rocks) with different reproduction were applied to screen potential SNPs related to laying performance in the 5′flanking region, exon region and partial intron region of chicken prolactin (cPRL) gene. Totally almost 4500 bp were screened rapidly based on DNA pooling and sequencing, and thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two indels (24 bp and 15 bp) were found, including nine SNPs and two indels in the 5′flanking region, one SNP in Exon 2, two SNPs in Exon 5 and one SNP in Intron 2 respectively. Furthermore, 5′flanking region of cPRL gene was analyzed by the website of http://motif.genome.ad.jp/. A possible Evi-1 binding site (score 93) was found in White Leghorn cPRL gene because of the 24 bp insertion, another possible C/EBPbeta binding site (score 94) was found in Yangshan cPRL gene because of the variation of C-2402T. Further studies need to be carried out to verify their effects on the expression of cPRL gene, the broodiness and laying performance of chickens.     

中国人群5-羟色胺2A受体基因中T102C多态性与精神分裂症的联系 Analysis of Association Between T102C Polymorphism in theSerotonin 2A Receptor Gene and Schizophrenia in Chinese Population

在研究5-羟色胺2A受体基因多态性与精神分裂症的关联分析中,调查了20 2例精神分裂症患者及202例正常对照。各相匹配组间比较未发现基因型和等位基因频率的显著性差异。结果提示,在中国人群中5-羟色胺2A受体的静态T102C突变与精神分裂症之间不存在关联。 Abstract:Association study between in the T102C polymorphism serotonin 2A receptor gene and schizoprenia was performed in 202 schizophrenics and 202 normal controls.No significant differences of genotype and allele frequencies between the matched groups were found.Our results,which are different from some other studies,excluded the association between a silent T102C change and schizophrenia in the Chinese population.     

植物防御系统中抗病相关基因的研究进展

本文论述了植物防御系统中抗病相关基因（resistance gene,R基因）的研究进展。列表总结了迄今已克隆的R基因,并将其归为四种不同的类型。综述了不同基因表达产物-R蛋白在细胞中的定位及其相应的功能。此外,还对R基因编码区的多态性、R基因在染色体上排列方式以及R基因的进化与起源等问题进行了讨论。 Abstract:This review comments on recent advances in research of disease resistance genes(R Genes) in defence system of plants.The R genes cloned up to date are summarized and classified roughly into four classes listed in the Table 1.The location and the founction of the R proteins,i.e.,the expressed products of different R genes in the cells are reviewed.In addition,the polymophism of coding region of R genes,the different fashions of R gene arrangement on the chromosomes,and the evolution and origin of R genes are discussed.     

“基因”一词的由来

1909年,约翰森创造“基因”(gene)一词作为遗传单位的名称。该词是由德?弗里斯创造的“泛生子”(pangene)一词缩短而成的,而“泛生子”一词则衍生于达尔文提出的“泛生论”(theory of pangenesis)。约翰森的这一创造堪称“推陈出新”的典范。 Abstract: In1909,Johannsen coined the word “gene”, shortened from the pangene of de Vries and ultimately derived from Darwin’s word pangenesis,to denote the unit of heredity.It was an outstanding example of“weeding through the old to bring forth the new ”.     

泌乳素及其受体的研究进展

泌乳素(PRL)又名催乳素,是由腺垂体及一些垂体外器官如乳腺、胸腺、脾脏等合成的一种多肽类激素,以内分泌、自分泌、旁分泌的形式发挥作用,其广泛参与机体生长发育、物质代谢、性腺功能调节、应激反应、免疫调节等。泌乳素通过与其受体(PRL receptor,PRLR)在靶细胞的细胞膜表面结合,激活下游的信号转导通路,发挥其生物学作用。由于泌乳素在人体内复杂的生物学效应,泌乳素及其受体又与乳腺癌、泌乳素瘤等多种疾病的发生发展及其预后密切相关。本文就泌乳素发挥效应时对其受体的激活、受体激活后的信号转导机制以及泌乳素同相关疾病的联系进行了综述,相信泌乳素及其受体的研究将为这些疾病的治疗提供重要的方向。     

啮齿目泌乳刺激素基因家族的分子进化研究

在大鼠基因组数据库中搜索得到两个泌乳刺激素基因家族的新成员。进一步分析显示该基因家族起源于啮齿目和其他哺乳动物分歧之后,而且大部分基因座位的重排在大、小鼠分歧之前已经完成。但PL-Ⅰ和PL-Ⅱ基因簇却是例外,它们在基因树上以物种特异的方式聚类。结合基因转换的检验、染色体上相对位置比较和基因重复时间估计的结果,认为啮齿目PL-Ⅰ和PL-Ⅱ基因是物种特异的,它们由一系列在大、小鼠分歧之后发生的基因重复事件形成。结果还揭示了在啮齿目泌乳刺激素基因家族进化过程中持续不断的发生了基因重复和基因分化事件。     

Molecular Evolution of Prolactin Gene Family in Rodents

In this study, we identified two novel members of prolactin gene family in rat by blast searches against the published genomic database. A further analysis showed that gene duplications leading to PRL gene family in rodents occurred after rodents diverged from other mammals. Major reorganization of the gene loci in rodents was largely completed before the split of rat and mouse. But PL-I and PL-II genes are the exceptions, which have clustered in a species-specific manner in the phylogenetic tree. By combining results from gene conversion testing, relative chromosomal location comparison and estimated time for gene duplication, we believe that rodent PL-I and PL-II genes are species-specific and are the results of serial duplications which occurred after the divergence of mouse and rat. Our analysis also reveals that continual gene duplication and divergence occurred during the evolution of rodent PRL gene family.     

不同启动子对于牛催乳素表达的调控作用

在细胞水平上比较不同启动子对于牛催乳素(bPRL)表达的调控作用.分别构建了以CMV启动子、牛催乳素基因启动子和山羊β-酪蛋白基因启动子作为调控元件的bPRL真核细胞表达载体,分别命名为pCMV、pPRLP和pP1A3.将3种载体分别转染小鼠垂体瘤细胞和小鼠乳腺上皮细胞,使用RT-PCR和定量RT-PCR分析3种启动子启动bPRL在2种细胞系中的表达效果.pCMV在2种细胞中有效表达bPRL;pPRLP在2种细胞中的表达效果与pCMV接近:pP1A3不在垂体细胞中表达,在乳腺细胞中表达.pPlA3具有乳腺表达特异性;pPRLP能够在垂体和乳腺中高表达,在其他组织的表达特异性有待进一步研究.     

羊驼催乳素基因cDNA克隆及序列分析

实验通过克隆分析羊驼催乳素基因的部分序列,对羊驼催乳素基因的结构和功能进行初步探索和揭示。从GeneBank中已报到的脊椎动物催乳素基因保守区设计一对引物,采用Trizol法提取羊驼胎盘总RNA,利用RT-PCR技术扩增出长度约为510 bp的片断。测序后在NCB I工作平台中进行BLASTn同源性比较,得出结论:羊驼催乳素基因与已登录的哺乳动物催乳素基因同源性均超过85%,最高达97%。借助DNAstar分子生物学分析软件绘制了相关动物的遗传进化图,并对羊驼的种属地位进行了进一步验证。。     

Prolactin Receptor as a Candidate Gene for Prolificacy of Small Tail Han Sheep

DNA polymorphism of the ovine prolactin receptor gene (PRLR) was investigated and used to study its effect on litter size in sheep. By means of PRLR gene sequence homology between sheep and human, three primer pairs were designed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification within intron 1 and exon 10 of the PRLR gene in sheep. In these parts of the gene the single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected by PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) in 314 Small Tail Han ewes. These poly-morphisms were used to study the associations with litter size. The results indicated that there were three genotypes (AA, AB and BB) detected by three primer pairs. For three primer pairs the frequency of allele A was 0.96, 0.79, 0.68; and the frequency of allele B was 0.04, 0.21, 0.32, respectively. The frequency of genotype AA was 0.93, 0.62, 0.51; the frequency of genotype AB was 0.06, 0.34, 0.34; the frequency of genotype BB was 0.01, 0.04, 0.15, respectively. The Small Tail Han ewes with genotype BB or AB had 0.64–0.76 or 0.44–0.54 more lambs than those with genotype AA, respectively. These results preliminarily showed that the prolactin receptor locus is either a major gene that influences the prolificacy in Small Tail Han sheep or is in close linkage with such a gene.     

人催乳素受体胞外区蛋白的原核表达及纯化

目的:建立人催乳素受体的原核表达系统,并在大肠杆菌中获得表达。方法:由RT-PCR获得人催乳素受体(human prolactin receptor,hPRLR)胞外区氨基酸的编码序列,扩增并通过酶切位点修饰后克隆至pMD18-T载体,经测序正确后,切下编码序列连接到重组表达载体pGEX-4T-2中,转化大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3),用IPTG诱导重组工程菌表达,使用谷胱甘肽偶联的GSTrapFF柱亲和层析纯化重组蛋白。结果:重组菌株可以表达GST-hPRLR融合蛋白,用免疫印迹反应鉴定纯化的融合蛋白,在相对分子质量为37.6×103处有一条带。结论:利用大肠杆菌表达系统获得了较高纯度的GST-hPRLR融合蛋白,为进一步研究催乳素受体的功能和制备特异性的抗体奠定了基础。