High correlation between the bacterial species in denture plaque and pharyngeal microflora

Objectives : The morbidity and mortality of the dependent elderly that result from aspiration pneumonia are recognized as a major geriatric health problem. Most cases of bacterial pneumonia are initiated following colonization or superinfection of the pharynx by pathogenic bacteria, followed by aspiration of pharyngeal contents. A recent study revealed that bacteria, that commonly cause respiratory infection, colonized the dentures of dependent elderly. This suggests that denture plaque may function as a reservoir of potential respiratory pathogens to facilitate colonization on the pharynx. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible correlation between denture and pharyngeal microflora. Study Design : The denture and pharyngeal bacterial flora of 50 dependent elderly were examined, and the microorganisms identified by culturing. The agreement between the bacterial species in denture plaque and pharyngeal microflora was investigated using the Kappa method. Results : The microorganism species on the dentures and pharyngeal mucosa of the subjects had an agreement rate of 68.5%. The agreement rate for each of the bacterial species of the dentures and pharynx was also demonstrated to be high. Conclusions : Dentures should be considered an important reservoir of organisations which could colonise the pharynx, and the importance of controlling denture plaque for the prevention of aspiration pneumonia cannot be overemphasized.     

哮喘患儿口咽部菌群分析及3株优势菌的拮抗作用

了解哮喘患儿呼吸道菌群多样性及其组成特征, 同时研究所分离的3株优势菌对流感嗜血杆菌的抑制作用, 探究哮喘与呼吸道菌群之间的关系。

采集沈阳市儿童医院呼吸内科2019年3月至2019年12月收治的21例4~12岁急性发作期哮喘患儿咽拭标本, 并同时采集23例同龄健康儿童的咽拭标本作为对照, 对呼吸道菌群进行分离培养、纯化和16S rRNA鉴定。采用牛津杯法检测健康儿童口咽部分离的3株优势菌对流感嗜血杆菌的拮抗作用。

哮喘和健康儿童呼吸道培养出的需氧菌(t=2.143, P=0.038)和厌氧菌(t=3.270, P=0.002)的密度差异有统计学意义。哮喘患儿咽部需氧菌以肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌为主, 厌氧菌以韦荣球菌为主。健康儿童咽部需氧菌以缓症链球菌和口腔链球菌为主, 厌氧菌以干酪乳杆菌为主。健康儿童口咽部的3株优势菌对哮喘儿童口咽部流感嗜血杆菌的生长具有显著抑制作用。

与健康儿童相比, 哮喘患儿口咽部菌群发生紊乱, 且哮喘患儿口咽部需氧菌、厌氧菌密度显著增加。健康儿童口咽部的某些优势菌可能对哮喘致病菌的定植有一定的拮抗作用。

     

老年上呼吸道微生态研究

目的 通过研究健康老年机体上呼吸道微生态菌群构成,了解老龄人群上呼吸道优势菌群种类及数量,为从微生态学角度预防呼吸道感染的发生提供参考。方法 自沈阳市选取年龄为65~70岁健康老人为研究对象,无菌咽拭法采集咽后壁粘膜表面标本,对菌群进行定量分析、定性鉴定。结果 老年人群咽后壁需氧菌群与厌氧菌群数量之比为2.65∶1,检出率较高的需氧菌及厌氧菌包括唾液链球菌、口腔链球菌、缓症链球菌、微黄奈瑟菌、灰色奈瑟菌、麻疹孪生球菌等,检出率较高的菌构成比也较高。结论 健康老年人群中检出率和构成比都较高的需氧菌和厌氧菌共同构成老年人上呼吸道口咽部优势菌群,在维持呼吸系统微生态平衡中起重要作用,可作为上呼吸道微生态学研究的重要指标菌。     

Microflora of the posterior pharyngeal wall, larynx and postoperative wounds in patients after laryngectomy]

The study group were persons with risk factors of colonization by pathogenic strains and included smokers, patients suffering from paradontosis, and patients with visibly neglected oral cavity and teeth. We isolated and classified to the species or genera 488 microorganisms. Of posterior pharyngeal wall flora, 61% of were Gram-negative bacteria, represented predominantly by Haemophilus and anaerobic rods and aerobic cocci belonging to the Neisseria and Moraxella (Branhamella) genera. In the group of Gram-positive cocci (34% of the total number of microorganisms), oral streptococci, Stomatococcus mucilaginosus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were isolated most frequently. The affected by neoplastic lesions larynx, was colonized by similar bacterial groups. However, the incidence of Gram-positive cocci was higher. The main etiologic factor of purulent post-operative wound inflammations were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains (MRSA), which had been absent among the bacteria isolated from patients on admission.     

青年咽部菌群分布状况

目的调查健康青年上呼吸道的微生物群分布,寻找优势菌群,为微生态方法治疗呼吸道感染性疾病提供科学依据。方法随机自愿原则选取沈阳医学院学生61名,采集咽后壁标本分离培养并生化鉴定。结果青年咽后壁共检出19个菌属,42个菌种。需氧菌的95％可信区间为（4．7×10^6,6．8×10^6）CFU／mL,厌氧菌的95％可信区间为（5．9×10^6,8．4×10^6）CFU／mL;需氧菌菌群密度为4．8816±1．0251,厌氧菌菌群密度为5．1347±0．9118。需氧菌中链球菌属检出率为100％,其次为奈瑟球菌属（77．4％）、葡萄球菌属（33．9％）。链球菌中缓症链球菌和口腔链球菌、奈瑟球菌属中的灰色奈瑟球菌的检出率与构成比均较高。厌氧菌中检出率与构成比较高是的韦荣球菌属、拟杆菌属、孪生球菌和放线杆菌属。结论青年上呼吸道菌群种类复杂多样;需氧菌中的口腔链球菌、缓症链球菌、灰色奈瑟球菌,厌氧菌中的韦荣球菌属、拟杆菌属、孪生球菌属为优势菌群,对于维护上呼吸道微生态平衡可能起重要的作用。     

Nitrogen metabolism by the microbial flora of the rabbit caecum

The dense microbial flora of the rabbit caecum consisted chiefly of bacteria (10(11)/g) with small numbers of yeast cells (10(6)/g). Using strictly anaerobic technique, 23% of the direct microscopic cell count was cultivated and 55% of the cultivatable bacteria utilized ammonia as the sole source of nitrogen. Ureolytic bacteria were isolated from the caecal lumen and mucosa and were identified as Bacteroides vulgatus, Clostridium clostridiiforme, Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. Ammonia assimilation by the bacterial flora of the caecum was by incorporation into alpha-oxoglutarate catalysed by NADPH-linked glutamate dehydrogenase.     

The Effects of Nisin on the Microbial Flora of the Dental Plaque of Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Nisin was incorporated in a soft diet and fed to eight monkeys for five months. At the end of this period dental plaque was removed from one site in the mouths of these animals and from a similar site in eight control animals. Twelve different selective media were used for the cultivation of the bacteria in the plaque. Streptococci, Haemophilus spp. and Gram negative anaerobes were the organisms most frequently isolated. There was some evidence that streptococci constituted a lesser proportion of the flora in the nisin-fed animals.     

Guided transtracheal distal pulmonary brushing-washing: diagnosing acute pneumonia in high-risk patients.

Transtracheal brushing-washing of distal pulmonary lesions was performed in 20 patients. Specimens were obtained by brushing and washing through a catheter placed in the pulmonary lesion with the aid of a guide. In nine patients pathogenic organisms were isolated. In the other 11 patients infectious studies of the specimens were negative, five of the patients (true-negatives) showing no infection and six (false-negatives) showing infection. Serious complications were uncommon, but one patient, who had diffuse intravascular coagulation, died. This procedure seems to represent an advance over transtracheal aspiration and is an effective alternative to such invasive methods are transthoracic lung aspiration and pulmonary biopsy.     

Analysis of the microorganisms isolated from kidney recipients treated in the Department of Clinical Transplantology and General Surgery, Medical University in Bydgoszcz in 2001 year

One of the most important reasons of complications after organ transplantation may be the infections. The aim of the present work was to analyse of microorganisms isolated from patients, which were the recipients for kidney transplantation in 2001 year. The diagnostic material contained 140 samples from 53 patients, 40 (22.2%) samples from Euro-Collins fluid used for kidney storage before the transplantation and 3 end-pieces of catheter. The positive cultures were found in 125 (69.4%) samples. Gram-positive bacteria constituted 58.4%, Gram-negative bacteria--34.2%, fungi--7.4%. 140 strains of microorganisms were isolated from pharyngeal swabs and 55 strains of bacteria were isolated from palm swabs. Most of them were considered as a physiological flora. It was found 4-time significant bacteriuria among positive cultures from urine samples. In the cultures of fluid used for kidney storage 12 (30.0%) positive samples were obtained, out of which 16 strains of microorganisms were isolated. Among the strains of Staphylococcus 35.3% were MR. Among 18 strains of Gram-negative rods one strain was multiresistant to antibiotics. None of analyzed strains was ES beta L-producing. A high percentage of positive cultures from fluid used for kidney storage suggests the possibility of contamination of the organ with bacteria coming from kidney donor or during the storage, transport and actions connected with taking the organ to the transplantation.     

银屑病患者咽颊部菌群结构组成分析

目的 探索银屑病患者咽颊部口腔微生物的组成变化与银屑病的发病以及疾病进展的关系,为银屑病的个性化诊疗提供新的思路。方法 采集临床上经过严格筛选的15例银屑病患者（试验组）和15例健康人（对照组）的咽颊部黏膜样本,提取细菌基因组DNA,进行PCR扩增,将扩增后的DNA样本进行16S rRNA高通量测序法分析（Illumina测序）。测序结果与Greengenes Database进行比对,通过生物信息学、医学统计学分析银屑病患者咽颊部口腔微生物结构组成与正常人的差异。结果 在菌群门的水平上,试验组中厚壁菌门在数量上占有绝对优势,其余拟杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门、梭杆菌门也依次占有一定比例;对照组中厚壁菌门在数量上同样占有绝对优势,拟杆菌门、变形菌门等也占有不小的比例。虽然在相对丰度上银屑病患者与健康对照组有区别,但差异无统计学意义。在菌群属的水平上,试验组患者中颗粒链球菌与梭杆菌占有明显的相对丰度,对照组则以颗粒链球菌、巨型球菌、Bulleidia、Parvimonas、梭杆菌为主。两组菌群在构成上已经表现出明显的区别。另外,在银屑病患者的咽颊部菌群中颗粒链球菌、梭杆菌和Bulleidia的相对丰度有所升高,而Oribacterium与产线菌（Filifactor）则明显降低,与健康人群相比差异有统计学意义（t=2.5010,P<0.05;t=2.0875,P<0.05）。结论 银屑病患者与健康正常人咽颊部微生物组成结构在属水平上存在明显的差异。咽颊部微生物在银屑病的发病以及疾病进展中的作用值得深入研究。     

Etiologic Diagnosis of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Decision as to the role of infection in lower respiratory tract disease requires examination by culture of specimens known to be derived from the infra-laryngeal respiratory tract. Methods that involve the upper respiratory tract in collection of specimens entail the hazard of contamination by microbiota resident in the upper respiratory tract.The extrapulmonary approaches of cutting-needle biopsy and needle aspiration of intrathoracic disease have not been impressively productive of etiologic diagnosis of infections. While open-chest surgical biopsy has been a highly effective means to diagnosis, this approach does have special requirements in facilities and technical skills.Percutaneous transtracheal aspiration of tracheo-broncho-pulmonary secretions-exudates has been productive of useful information. Because of inherent simplicity and safety, transtracheal aspiration should precede resort to more demanding, difficult, dangerous procedures.     

沈阳市夏冬季慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者上呼吸道微生态状况

目的 探讨在沈阳市夏、冬两季不同空气污染程度条件下,慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性发作期患者上呼吸道菌群的改变,了解明确暴露于不同大气污染天气下,患者口咽部、呼吸道黏膜微生物菌群的动态变化,为由大气污染引起的呼吸道感染防治提供科学依据。方法 选取2017年11月‒2018年1月,以及2018年7月‒9月沈阳市某三甲医院呼吸科COPD急性发作期各30例患者的咽拭标本,对需养菌和厌氧菌进行分离培养、纯化、16S rDNA鉴定。结果 分析沈阳市两季节COPD急性发作期65～85岁患者的咽后壁菌落,得到夏季大气污染情况较轻空气中颗粒物质较少时,需氧菌的优势菌以口腔链球菌为主,厌氧菌以微小消化链球菌为主;空气污染较重的冬季需氧菌的优势菌以灰色奈瑟菌为主,厌氧菌以韦荣球菌为主。结论 相比于夏季,冬季患者咽后壁的菌群多样性更为丰富,优势菌与夏季也有不同,考虑与季节不同空气污染程度不同有关。     

The effect of selected factors on the course of wound healing after surgery for laryngeal neoplasms

Finding of the a etiologic factors and participation of bacteria flora in wound healing in laryngeal cancer treatment was the purpose of our study. Investigations were performed in 27 patients. Swabs were taken from the postoperative wounds. Detailed identifications of the bacteria flora and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria were performed. Wound healing was estimated according to extension of the carcinoma, applied antibiotics, state of the oral cavity, the kind of bacteriological flora isolated after surgical treatment from postoperative wounds. It was found that wound healing depended on the extension of carcinoma, as well as, type of isolated bacteria and antibiotic therapy used. The proper healing of postoperative wounds was not dependent on the state of the oral cavity and the dentition. The main cause of postoperative complication of wounds was methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).     

Aerobic Oral Bacteria in Healthy Captive Snakes

Cotton swab samples were taken from the ventral surface of the mouth and from the proximal esophagus from 23 captive nonpoisonous snakes. The samples were cultured and investigated for aerobic bacteria. Both the mouth and the esophagus) samples of 6 snakes were negative. When the bacterial isolates of the mouth and the esophagus of the whole snake population were compared, it was found that the flora isolated from both locations were similar. However, when the samples of individual snakes were compared it was found that the same isolates were seldom found in both the mouth and the esophagus. The most common bacteria found were Pseudomonas sp., Alcaligenes-like organisms, Gram-positive rods and Gram-positive cocci belonging to the family Micrococcaceae. Important pathogens were seldom isolated. Salmonella virchow could be found from 2 snakes. The presence of bacteriologically negative samples, great variations in the composition of the flora between individual snakes, and the occurrence of typical environmental bacteria in the oral cavity all suggest that snakes lack a specific autochtonous flora: and the bacteria isolated from the oral cavity may be occasional environmental bacteria. The source of pathogens may be the environment, too.     

人工哺育期腹泻婴猴奇异变形杆菌的分离与鉴定

目的对一株人工哺育期引发恒河猴婴猴腹泻的奇异变形杆菌进行了鉴定,为实验猕猴疾病检测、鉴别诊断提供参考依据。方法通过培养特性、菌落形态、染色、生化试验和血清学诊断鉴别等检查,对分离菌株进行初步鉴定,同时,对分离菌株进行致病性试验及药敏试验。结果通过表型生物学特性鉴定,并结合血清学诊断鉴别方法,确证该分离菌株为奇异变形杆菌,应用药敏试验筛选出了高度敏感的抗菌药,控制了该病的继续发生,致病性试验证明,该分离菌株对小白鼠有高致病性。结论分离到的奇异变形杆菌是导致本次婴猴腹泻死亡的病原菌,该菌为条件致病菌,对实验猕猴和研究人员均有潜在的危害,尽管该菌不是国家标准要求排除的病原菌,但该菌引发的传染病将对动物实验造成严重影响,故应引起高度重视。     

Assessment of inhibitory effects of fluoride-coated tubes on biofilm formation by using the in vitro dental unit waterline biofilm model

This study aimed to establish an in vitro model to simulate biofilms formed in dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) and to investigate the ability of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-coated tubes to inhibit biofilm formation using this model. The water and biofilm samples were obtained from DUWLs which had been clinically used for 2.5 years, and the predominant bacteria were identified. A conventional polyurethane tube was incubated for 24 to 96 h in the mixed flora of isolated bacteria, and the optimal incubation conditions to simulate a clinically formed biofilm were determined by observation with a scanning electron microscope. Biofilm formation on a PVDF-coated tube was observed using this in vitro model, and the adherence of different bacterial species to conventional and PVDF-coated tubes was assessed. Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Acinetobacter haemolytics, and Methylobacterium mesophilicum were predominantly isolated from contaminated DUWLs. Incubation of the polyurethane tube with the mixed flora containing these three species for 96 h resulted in the formation of a mature biofilm similar to the one clinically observed. The PVDF-coated tube was significantly less adhesive to all three bacterial species than the polyurethane tube (P < 0.05 by the Mann-Whitney U test), and the attachment of small amounts of rods was observed even after incubation with the mixed flora for 96 h. In conclusion, an in vitro biofilm model was obtained by using a mixed flora of bacteria isolated from DUWLs, and the PVDF-coated tube was found to be effective in preventing biofilm formation using this model.     

Metabolism of daidzein by intestinal bacteria from rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

PURPOSE: To identify the metabolites produced from an isoflavonoid, daidzein, by colonic bacteria of rhesus monkeys. METHODS: The metabolism of daidzein by the fecal bacteria of nine monkeys was investigated. Daidzein was incubated anaerobically with fecal bacteria, and the metabolites were analyzed by use of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The fecal bacteria of all of the monkeys metabolized daidzein to various extents. Dihydrodaidzein was found in cultures of fecal bacteria from two monkeys; dihydrodaidzein and equol were found in cultures from four monkeys; dihydrodaidzein, equol, and an unknown metabolite (MW = 244) were found in cultures from one monkey; and dihydrodaidzein and the unknown metabolite were found in cultures from two monkeys. CONCLUSIONS: Similar to that in humans, variation was evident in the metabolism of isoflavonoids by fecal bacteria from rhesus monkeys. Some metabolites produced by fecal bacteria from monkeys were the same as those produced by fecal bacteria from humans.     

Efficiency of various bacterial suspensions derived from cecal floras of conventional chickens in reducing the population level of Salmonella typhimurium in gnotobiotic mice and chicken intestines

The antagonistic effect exerted towards Salmonella typhimurium by the flora issued from conventional chickens was studied in gnotobiotic animals. In germfree chickens and mice inoculated with S. typhimurium, the highest bacterial counts were observed in ceca, and were not significantly different in either host. The protection afforded by the inoculation of cecal flora issued from a conventional chicken was more effective when this flora was inoculated first into germfree chickens than when it was given only after inoculation with S. typhimurium. Administration of a cecal flora from a 15-day-old chick to gnotobiotic mice and chicken resulted in the inhibition of a further intestinal colonization by S. typhimurium in both hosts. Sixteen strains were isolated among the predominant populations of the fecal flora from chicken flora recipient mice. Association of 14 strains of strictly anaerobic bacteria with 2 strains of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecium only decreased the number of S. typhimurium in the ileum of gnotobiotic mice, but not in their cecum. Anaerobe cultures were obtained from 10(-6) and 10(-8) dilutions prepared from the fecal flora of gnotobiotic recipient mice. Antagonistic bacteria were present only in cultures from the 10(-6) dilution. Cecal concentrations of volatile fatty acids were shown not to be the sole factor implicated in the antagonistic effect against S. typhimurium.     

Transtracheal aspiration and infusion in the horse

Transtracheal access enables researchers to obtain diagnostic samples from or infuse materials into the lower respiratory tract. This column describes transtracheal aspiration and infusion of horses.     

Bacteriological investigation of the postpartum uterus: Relationship to involution and histopathological findings

A bacteriological investigation of the postpartum uteri of suckled and nonsuckled Bunaji (White Fulani) cows was undertaken to determine the microflora, the effect of suckling on the flora and the influence of the flora on uterine involution and histopathology. Uterine contamination by bacteria was highest between days 10 and 21 postpartum with Staphylococcus aureus being the commonest organism isolated. There was no consistent isolation of one type of bacterial organism from a cow throughout the sampling period. Suckling did not affect the incidence of uterine contamination by bacteria. Foci of leucocytes (mainly lymphocytes) were found in uterine sections in an increasing frequency with days postpartum. Bacteria were isolated from only 3 of the 12 uteri that had the leucocytic foci. Uterine involution was normal and complete by 25 days after calving irrespective of the presence or absence of bacteria or leucocytic foci. We concluded that postpartum uterine contamination by bacteria was not influenced by suckling and that puerperal uterine contamination by bacteria did not interfere with the normal process and duration of uterine involution.