内蒙古赤峰初头朗早更新世哺乳动物群的新材料及二元相似性分析

出土于内蒙古赤峰初头朗小南山地点的哺乳动物化石新材料有直隶犬(Canis chihliensis),泥河湾披毛犀(Coelodonta nihowanensis),中国长鼻三趾马(Hipparion (Proboscidipparion) sinense),三门马(Equus sanmeniensis),李氏野猪(Sus lydekkeri),湖麂相似种(Muntiacus cf.M.lacustris),山西轴鹿(Axis shansius),布氏真枝角鹿(Eucladoceros boulei),翁氏转角羚羊(Spirocerus cf.S.wongi)及古中华野牛(Bison palaeosinensis).加上此前在初头朗东梁、东村北沟和东村南沟3个地点出土的标本,初头朗一带出土的哺乳动物化石种类增加到30个.初头朗4个地点的哺乳动物化石产自同一层位,属于同一个动物群.根据动物群的二元相似性系数,初头朗动物群在组成上最接近狭义泥河湾动物群.综合Brainerd-Robinson排序结果、动物群古老系数和动物群中绝灭种类的百分比,初头朗动物群的时代介于狭义泥河湾动物群和柳城巨猿洞动物群之间;而根据与相关动物群年龄值的对比,初头朗动物群的年龄值约在1.4-1.6 Ma之间.初头朗动物群中的食肉目种类有1 1个,但大多为小型种类.奇蹄目和偶蹄目种类的总和占动物群总数的一半,大多为体型较大的种类.该动物群中的嫩食者和林柄者指示当时存在一定范围的森林和林地;而动物群中的粗食者及开阔地栖息者指示当时存在面积较大的草原和草甸.初头朗动物群的大部分种类是喜温动物,喜冷种类只有鼠兔和披毛犀,因此当时的气候与现今大致相同.在地理位置上初头朗动物群是我国最靠北和最靠东的早更新世动物群,因此可以推荐为东北地区的早更新世哺乳动物群典型地点.     

山西天镇辛窑子早更新世犀科化石新材料（英文）

20世纪80年代在桑干河盆地一带考察泥河湾层时,在山西省天镇县南高崖乡的辛窑子沟一带发现了很多哺乳动物化石地点并出土了大量哺乳动物化石。最近对其中犀科化石的研究表明在辛窑子沟一带的早更新世地层中产出的犀类化石至少有两个种,裴氏板齿犀(Elasmotheriumpeii)和泥河湾披毛犀(Coelodontanihowanensis),可能还存在过第三个种。由于标本保存状况不理想,暂时鉴定为梅氏犀相似种(Stephanorhinus cf. S. kirchbergensis)。虽然后者的形态大小与梅氏犀最接近,但和泥河湾披毛犀也有相似之处,因此也有可能是这两个种之一的种内变异类型。同样,产于下沙沟地点被德日进和皮维托鉴定为有疑问的中国犀(Rhinoceros sinensis (?))也可能是梅氏犀或泥河湾披毛犀的种内变异类型。迄今为止在广义泥河湾盆地发现的早更新世犀类有两个确定的种和两个不确定的种。出土裴氏板齿犀的地点为下沙沟、山神庙咀、大黑沟及辛窑子沟;出土泥河湾披毛犀的地点为下沙沟、大南沟、东谷坨、山神庙咀及辛窑子沟。有疑问的中国犀仅出现在下沙沟,梅氏犀相似种仅出现在辛窑子沟。     

黑龙江青冈地区晚更新世猛犸象-披毛犀动物群生存的环境背景

更新世晚期大型哺乳动物消亡一直是科学界关注的热点科学问题,其消亡的环境背景和影响机制仍没有形成一致观点。我国东北地区晚更新世地层中保存有丰富的猛犸象-披毛犀动物群(Mammuthus-Coelodonta Fauna)化石记录,是研究更新世晚期大型哺乳动物生存环境及消亡过程的理想区域。黑龙江省青冈地区出土有典型的晚更新世哺乳动物化石种类,如真猛犸象(Mammuthus primigenius)、披毛犀(Coelodonta antiquitatis)等。本文以青冈县英贤村化石出土剖面为研究对象,通过孢粉分析,重建猛犸象-披毛犀动物群的生存环境背景。青冈地区猛犸象-披毛犀动物群出土于湖沼相沉积中,研究发现其生存环境的主要植被成分是蒿属、菊科、禾本科、莎草科和云杉属,指示草甸草原为主,局地生长有针叶林的植被景观。欧亚大陆晚更新世高纬度地区广泛分布的猛犸象草原植被曾延伸到我国东北地区。     

山西天镇辛窑子早更新世鹿科化石新材料(英文)

20世纪80年代在桑干河盆地一带考察泥河湾层时,在山西省天镇县南高崖乡的台家坪、水冲口和大庄科的辛窑子沟一带发现了很多哺乳动物化石地点并出土了很多哺乳动物化石。最近对其中鹿科化石的研究鉴定出7个种:步氏麂(Muntiacus bohlini)、化德祖鹿相似种(Cervavitus cf. C. huadeensis)、山西轴鹿(Axis shansius)、华丽日本鹿(Nipponicervus elegans)、始麋鹿(Elaphurusdavidianuspredavidianus)、双叉麋鹿(E.bifurcatus)及赤鹿(Cervus(Elaphus)elaphus)。其中前6个种产自台家坪和水冲口化石地点的泥河湾组中,层位相当于欧洲的中、晚维拉方期,即早更新世,而赤鹿产自大庄科化石地点,层位目前还不确定,但可能也是泥河湾组。因此在辛窑子沟一带的早更新世目前发现的鹿科化石至少有6个种。其中的化德祖鹿相似种和山西轴鹿是从晚新近纪残留下来的种类,而步氏麂、华丽日本鹿、始麋鹿和双叉麋鹿是早更新世出现的新种类。如果大庄科地点的层位可以确定为早更新世的话,赤鹿的最早记录则可以回溯到早更新世,其鹿角的演化是始于无冰枝,然后出现冰枝。另外,在中国大陆和日本列岛都发现过麋鹿和日本鹿化石,进一步说明在早更新世期间海平面曾经下降很多,使得大陆的一些鹿类得以迁徙到列岛上。最后,数量较多的低冠鹿科化石标本指示桑干河盆地一带在早更新世存在一定范围的森林环境。     

泥河湾盆地第四纪哺乳动物群概览及若干新认识

泥河湾盆地最初以其广泛分布的含化石河湖相地层而受关注,并以其丰富的哺乳动物化石而著称于世,而今,泥河湾盆地已成为世界著名旧石器考古重地和研究第四纪地质古生物的重要场所。狭义泥河湾动物群（或下沙沟动物群）是我国北方早更新世的标准动物群,其古地磁年龄是2.2-1.7 MaBP。随着地层古生物工作的深入开展,盆地内也发现了若干中-晚更新世化石点;丁家堡水库全新统中发现的象颊齿,之前被鉴定为亚洲象,新的测年数据表明其时代大于5万年,依据牙齿测量数据和形态特征,本研究将其归入诺氏古菱齿象。目前已在泥河湾盆地发现百余个化石地点,鉴定出236种（包括未定属种）哺乳动物,分属于8目、32科和121属,其中38个属种（包括亚种）最初是以泥河湾化石材料而建立。总而言之,泥河湾盆地哺乳动物化石以早更新世者居多,并且化石材料保存完好;有些属种在欧亚大陆古北区第四纪哺乳动物群形成过程中发挥过重要作用,例如早期猛犸象、披毛犀、野牛及真枝角鹿等,还有直隶狼、貉及各种真马。泥河湾盆地由于河流和断层切割以及沉积相变等原因,导致各个化石点及史前考古遗址地层难以直接对比,更难全窥盆地内动物群演化的整体脉络;新的生物地层对比...     

泥河湾盆地早更新世山神庙咀遗址动物群及其时代意义

狭义(或经典)泥河湾动物群主要产自桑干河北岸的下沙沟村周边,化石来源于不同地点;该动物群被作为我国北方早更新世的代表,但其绝对年代一直饱受争议,最新古地磁测年数据是2.2-1.7 MaBP。由于受河流及断层切割影响,泥河湾盆地内部不同区域尤其是桑干河两岸的地层对比,一直是个科学难题,其根本原因在于长期以来在桑干河南岸未发现重要化石点。最近,在桑干河南岸的岑家湾台地发现了山神庙咀化石点,目前已在此地点做过9次正规发掘,出土哺乳动物化石1526件,鉴定出25个种(含未定种),其中23种属于狭义泥河湾动物群的成员。由此看出,山神庙咀动物群的时代应当与狭义泥河湾动物群的时代接近,其地质年代应当不晚于1.7 MaBP。山神庙咀遗址与小长梁遗址隔沟相望,但其化石层稍高于小长梁文化层;山神庙咀动物群的研究结果还表明,小长梁遗址年代要比先前所测得的1.36 MaBP要早;小长梁周边的史前遗址的地质年代应当再做深入研究。小长梁地区的泥河湾层底部普遍存在砾石层,但其出现的水平位置以及砾石在分选和磨圆程度等方面都各不相同。调查清楚不同剖面中底砾层的分布状况及其性质,将会对本地区地层对比研究以及推断当时泥河湾...     

北京凤凰山化石地点发掘简报

北京凤凰山地点位于周口店北京猿人遗址以北8km处, 是一处含哺乳动物化石与灰烬的洞穴-裂隙堆积。该地点包括两个化石层,上层为洞外的冲积物, 由棕红色黏土组成, 靠下部发现有零星的、破碎的化石, 可鉴定出似鸡骨山狐(Vulpes cf.chikushanensis)和羚羊(Antelopinae)两种类型; 下层含有灰烬层, 出土了较为丰富的哺乳动物化石, 可鉴定的哺乳动物化石包括鬣狗(Hyaenidae)、三门马(Equus sameniensis)、犀(Rhinocerotidae)、李氏野猪(Sus lydekkeri)、肿骨大角鹿(Megaloceros pachyosteus)、葛氏斑鹿(Cervus(Sika)grayi)、水牛(Bubalus sp.), 共7种。动物群与周口店第一地点和南京人化石地点的动物群相似, 指示该地点化石层的时代可能为中更新世。部分骨骼表面痕迹与灰烬层的发现显示该地点可能不排除有古人类活动痕迹的存在。     

泥河湾盆地的披毛犀化石

披毛犀是泥河湾动物群的重要成员,也是泥河湾盆地(桑干河盆地)常见的化石种类.化石发现表明,披毛犀是泥河湾盆地远古人类长期形影相随的亲密伴侣.     

河北蔚县早更新世哺乳动物化石及其在地层划分上的意义

蔚县东陡壁早更新世哺乳动物化石地点所发现的化石,虽然数量和种类不多,但有一些比较原始的类型。这些第三纪晚期的残留属一直延续生存到第四纪初,并作为第四纪早期哺乳动物群的重要成员。这些新材料的发现,对泥河湾动物群是一个新的补充,并可作为泥河湾地区早更新世地层进一步划分和对比的可靠依据。     

乌尔吉晚更新世动物群和古生态环境

乌尔吉地区晚更新世地层出露广泛,哺乳动物化石常有发现.乌尔吉动物群属于猛犸象—披毛犀动物群,其时代为晚更新世晚期.动物群的生态性质明显反映了当时应为寒温带湿冷草原为主间有疏林和少量灌丛的自然景观.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Potential Compounds for Oral Cancer Treatment: Resveratrol,Nimbolide, Lovastatin,Bortezomib, Vorinostat,Berberine, Pterostilbene,Deguelin, Andrographolide,and Colchicine

Oral cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in South-Asian countries. There are very limited treatment options available for oral cancer. Research endeavors focused on discovery and development of novel therapies for oral cancer, is necessary to control the ever rising oral cancer related mortalities. We mined the large pool of compounds from the publicly available compound databases, to identify potential therapeutic compounds for oral cancer. Over 84 million compounds were screened for the possible anti-cancer activity by custom build SVM classifier. The molecular targets of the predicted anti-cancer compounds were mined from reliable sources like experimental bioassays studies associated with the compound, and from protein-compound interaction databases. Therapeutic compounds from DrugBank, and a list of natural anti-cancer compounds derived from literature mining of published studies, were used for building partial least squares regression model. The regression model thus built, was used for the estimation of oral cancer specific weights based on the molecular targets. These weights were used to compute scores for screening the predicted anti-cancer compounds for their potential to treat oral cancer. The list of potential compounds was annotated with corresponding physicochemical properties, cancer specific bioactivity evidences, and literature evidences. In all, 288 compounds with the potential to treat oral cancer were identified in the current study. The majority of the compounds in this list are natural products, which are well-tolerated and have minimal side-effects compared to the synthetic counterparts. Some of the potential therapeutic compounds identified in the current study are resveratrol, nimbolide, lovastatin, bortezomib, vorinostat, berberine, pterostilbene, deguelin, andrographolide, and colchicine.