家马的驯化起源与遗传演化特征

人类文明发展历史中, 家马(Equus ferus caballus)曾是推动文化交流、促进人类社会发展的主要动力。关于家马何时、何地被驯化以及在此过程中其遗传演化如何被人类影响等一直备受关注。近年来随着遗传学技术的发展, 人们对该问题有了更为深入的理解。本文回顾了近二十年来相关研究所取得的成果, 探讨了家马的驯化起源中心和驯化过程中的遗传演化特征, 并对未来的研究方向以及遗传资源保护提出了建议。分子标记遗传学和考古学研究认为家马可能来自多个驯化起源地种群, 然而最近的古DNA研究结果表明, 现代家马的驯化起源可能比之前人们所猜测的更加复杂, 古代博泰马被认为是最早被驯化的家马, 然而最近被证实并不是现代家马的直系祖先。如此复杂的驯化问题可能从多学科的层次才能解析清楚。人类社会活动直接或间接影响了家马的演化历程, 特别是工业革命以来家马的遗传基础发生了巨大变化, 其遗传多样性开始急剧衰退, 不少地方品种正逐渐走向衰落甚至灭绝。为确保农业生态安全不受威胁, 建议加强家马遗传资源保护与动物遗传学和文化地理之间的联系研究。     

家养动物驯化起源的研究方法与进展

驯化动物伴随了人类上万年的进化历程。在驯化过程中, 家养动物表型和行为特征发生巨大改变, 并与人类生产生活的进步相适应。研究动物驯化问题对于了解遗传多样性及适应性进化, 解析复杂性状的遗传机制等具有重要的意义, 成为生物学领域的重点研究内容之一。本文专注于动物驯化的初始阶段, 首先介绍了驯化起源的时间与地点、驯化途径和驱动因、驯化后的扩散和品种选育; 其次从驯化对象的角度着重介绍了考古学、分子和群体遗传学两方面的家养动物驯化起源的研究策略、优势与不足, 以及未来的发展方向; 最后, 我们综合多方面的证据, 介绍了在中国驯化的家猪(Sus domesticus)和家鸡(Gallus gallus domesticus)以及其他主要家养动物考古和分子水平上驯化起源的研究进展。本文整合多种证据为家养动物驯化起源的研究提供了相对完整的视角和新的思路。     

从贵州原产地引种小型香猪及其生物学特性的观察研究

从贵州原产地引种小型香猪及其生物学特性的观察研究韦克,谭毅,潘永全重庆医科大学实验动物中心６３００４６合适的实验动物模型是医学生物学研究的重要基础条件。比较医学研究证明小型猪与人类在解剖学和生理学,特别是心血管系统和皮肤结构方面有着很大的相似性。因此...     

猪源肠球菌的分离及生物特性的初报

本研究从猪粪便中分离了肠球菌两珠,经菌种鉴定两珠菌均为屡肠球菌。其生物特性的研究表明：可耐受15的胆盐和6％NaCI高盐,在pH3．0条件下可存活,对绝大多数抗生素耐药。     

贵州省纳雍县糯谷猪生物学特性及品种资源调查

以在纳雍全县范围考察为基础,通过对纳雍本地的糯谷猪资源进行实地调查得到了大量可靠的第一手资料,基本弄清楚了糯谷猪的生物学特性、生长习性、在纳雍的分布地点等基本情况,为进一步解决糯谷猪的资源保护和合理利用提供科学依据。     

猪源肠道乳酸菌的分离与生物学特性研究

目的分离猪消化道中的乳酸菌。方法无菌采集健康猪的新鲜粪便,接种MRS培养基,厌氧培养分离乳酸菌。并对分离菌形态学,生化特性,产酸性,耐酸性,耐胆汁性,高温耐受性,抑菌性等方面进行研究。结果分离到5株嗜酸乳杆菌,分离的细菌对2株致病菌明显具有抑制性。结论为研制高效专一的猪用微生态制剂奠定基础。     

合作猪SLA-DQA基因第4外显子多态性分析

合作猪的MHC-DQA基因的适应性变异,其抗原识别区域(即外显子4)通过PCR扩增和随后的单链构象多态性(SSCP)和序列分析,结果显示在439个合作猪个体,SLA-DQA第4外显子检出4个等位基因和6个基因型(AA、BB、DD、AB、AC和AD),其中A等位基因和AA基因型的频率最高,为优势基因和优势基因型。对不同型的PCR-SSCP条带测序分析,发现7个突变位点(5 068 bp T→C,5 109 bp和5 149 bp处缺失C,5 131 bp A→G导致丝氨酸变为甘氨酸,5 135 bp C→T,5 234 bp G→A,5 136 bp处插入A)。遗传学分析发现,合作猪多态信息含量(PIC)为0.240 1,属于低度多态,各种基因型的分布不显著。研究结果证实,合作猪SLA—DQA基因第4外显子为低度多态。     

巴马小型猪雌猪发情和产仔特性

为了解巴马小型猪发情和产仔特性,对广西大学巴马小型猪场未育和经产雌猪与哺乳雌猪的发情、配种和产仔情况进行跟踪调查。研究表明(1)巴马小型猪雌猪初情期在120日龄(即4月龄)左右;(2)69%巴马小型猪哺乳雌猪在哺乳仔猪期间可以正常发情、排卵,配种后也可以正常受胎产仔;(3)巴马小型猪哺乳雌猪发情周期(21.1±2.2)d,比未育和经产雌猪的(19.0±1.5)d长,差异极显著(P<0.01);(4)巴马小型猪哺乳雌猪在哺乳仔猪期间(n=5)发情配种的产仔数(9.4±1.1)头/窝,与未育和经产雌猪(n=46)的(7.9±2.2)头/窝差异不显著(P>0.05),但其仔猪出生重(0.61±0.15)kg(n=47),比未育和经产雌猪的仔猪出生重(0.53±0.13)kg(n=363)要重,差异极显著(P<0.01);(5)初步确定哺乳雌猪在哺乳仔猪期间发情配种后所产雄雌仔猪比例(68%∶32%),高于未育和经产雌猪的(47%∶53%),差异极显著(P<0.01);(6)拟出巴马小型猪雌猪整个发情周期中阴道上皮细胞核固缩指数变化曲线,根据该曲线可以判断巴马小型猪处于发情周期的具体阶段。     

广西地区野猪化石古DNA及猪的驯化初探

猪的起源驯化一直是人们关注的问题,古DNA技术可为家猪起源驯化研究提供历史分子证据。为探讨广西地区更新世晚期野猪与当地家猪的关系,我们收集了广西壮族自治区晚更新世三个不同地点的30个猪科动物化石样品,测定了这些样品的线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因的核苷酸序列。结合现代不同品种家猪和野猪DNA同源序列信息,构建Network网络结构图,进一步证实了家猪多地起源学说。研究显示广西古代野猪与现存欧洲猪的基因型最为接近,属于欧洲单倍型H1,从而推测其对该地区现代家猪的遗传贡献可能较低,对考古形态学研究中关于广西地区家猪独立起源的推测提出了质疑。     

中国东北地区三种蜜环菌的生物学特性及奥氏蜜环菌人工培养

蜜环菌属Armillaria真菌具有较高的食药用价值。由于蜜环菌的生长发育过程较复杂,还未完全实现商业化栽培,野生资源的供应受到季节性和地域性的影响。本研究以采自东北地区蜜环菌属的3个菌株为研究对象,通过培养物的形态特征及分子标记确定菌株JG19016为奥氏蜜环菌A. ostoyae,菌株JG19017为高卢蜜环菌A. gallica,菌株JG19018为中国蜜环菌生物种C。奥氏蜜环菌JG19016最适生长温度为25 ℃,高卢蜜环菌JG19017的最适生长温度为22 ℃,中国蜜环菌生物种C JG19018则在22-25 ℃时菌丝生长速度最快;3个菌株最适pH为5-6。奥氏蜜环菌JG19016对葡萄糖和蔗糖利用率较好,高卢蜜环菌JG19017对葡萄糖利用率较好,中国蜜环菌生物种C JG19018对葡萄糖和淀粉利用率较好;蛋白胨对3个菌株促进作用最强,为最适氮源。培养基中加入VB₁,对3个菌株的菌丝生长均有明显的促进作用。奥氏蜜环菌JG19016菌丝生长的最优培养基配方为：葡萄糖20 g,蛋白胨3 g,磷酸二氢钾2 g,硫酸镁1.5 g,VB₁ 10 mg,琼脂20 g,水1 L。在木屑基质中培养,其配方的最优碳氮比为38:1,最佳木屑粗细比为3:1以上。出菇条件探索结果显示,菌丝及菌索长满菌袋(17 mm×33 mm×5 mm丝聚乙烯袋)需要50-60 d,之后在18 ℃、60%湿度和12 h散射光的环境中,10 d左右可观察到原基产生。增加菇房湿度到90%-95%,2-3 d可观察到1-3 cm的幼子实体,7 d左右菌柄和菌盖完全分化,10 d左右观察到菌盖展开。     

"Our Child Doesn't Talk to Us Anymore": Alienation in Immigrant Chinese Families

Drawing on ethnographic data on two Chinese immigrant families over a five-year period, I illustrate how and why growing alienation occurred in these families. My analysis shows that a host of developmental, immigration-related, and cultural factors lead to growing alienation in parent—child relations. Social class also plays an important role in shaping family relations after migration. This article complicates understandings of the Chinese American home context and provides educational anthropologists with a useful framework to understand changing dynamics in immigrant families.     

A fungal spore calendar for the atmosphere of Melbourne, Australia, for the year 1993

A calendar of fungal spore seasons for Melbourne during 1993was established using a 7-day volumetric Burkard trap. Twenty-ninegenera and five spore groups were identified. The dominant spore typesdetected were Cladosporium (41.7%),Leptosphaeria (14.9%), Coprinus (14.6%),`Ascospore 1' (5.5%), Ganoderma (2.1%) andAlternaria (1.4%). Seasonally, spore levels ofCladosporium and Alternaria peaked in spring andsummer, Leptosphaeria and Ganoderma peaked towardsummer and autumn, `Ascospore 1' peaked in winter, whilst spore levelsof the basidiomycete Coprinus fluctuated year round. Inconclusion, a range of allergenic fungal spores were present in the airof Melbourne throughout the year.     

A two year pollen calendar for traditionally produced honey types from Gaya,southern Niger

A pollen calendar of traditionally produced honeys in Gaya/southern Niger was established for a two year period. The region is situated in the transition zone from the sahelian to the sudanian savannas. In this area honey represents an appreciated source for further income for the cultivators. Palynological investigations of the honey samples showed that the bees regularly exploit a restricted number of trees and bushes, such as Combretum, Terminalia or Guiera throughout the whole year or Lannaea, Parkia and Bombax during the winter and spring. Other Sudanian trees and bushes are only occasionally visited in addition. During the dry season Gramineae are also exploited because of the sap provided by the Aphids. In their pollen spectra the honeys reflect both the vegetation types and the agrarian systems of the region as for as can be traced from their collection time and from observations on the flowering period of the trees and bushes visited.

Ein zweijähriger Pollenkalender konnte für die Region Gaya/Südniger mit Hilfe traditionell produzierter Honige aufgestellt werden. Die Region liegt im Übergang von den sahelischen zu den sudanischen Savannen. In dieser Region ist Honig eine willkommene zusätzliche Einkommensquelle für die Bauer. Die pollenanalytischen Untersuchungen zeigen, daß nur eine begrenzte Zahl von Bäumen und Stäuchern regelmäßig von den Bienen besucht wird, Combretum, Terminalia und Guiera über das ganze Jahr und Parkia, Lannaea und Bombax innerhalb der Wintersaison. Eine größere Zahl sudanischer Elemente wird nur zufällig genutzt. Während der Trockenzeit werden auch Gräser abgesammelt, hauptsächlich wegen des Honigsaftes, der von Aphiden produziert wird.

Die Honige spiegeln die Vegetationstypen der Region und deren Agrarsysteme in ihren Pollenspektrum und können auch durch den Vergleich mit den Blühperioden der entsprechenden Bäume und Sträucher in ihrer Produktionszeit bestimmt werden.

Les études de mélissopalynologie présentées portent sur la région de Gaya au Sud du Niger. A partir des spectres polliniques obtenus par l'analyse des miels de production traditionelle il a été possible d'établir un calendrier pollinique.

La région de Gaya est située dans une zone de transition entre les savanes sahéliennes et soudaniennes. C'est dans cette partie du Niger que la production de miel est la plus élevée et fournit un surplus économique notable pour les cultivateurs.

Les investigations palynologiques ont montré que les abeilles visitent régulièrement un nombre restreint d'arbres et d'arbustres tels Combretum, Terminalia et Guiera pendant toute l'anné, ainsi Parkia, Lannaea et Bombax durant la période hivernale. A la saison sèche, les graminées sont également exploitées pour Ieurs exsudats dus aux Aphides.

Les spectres polliniques reflètent parfaitement les principaux types de végétation et des systèmes agaires de la région durant la période de production mellifère, par comparaison avec la saison de floraison des arbres et des arbustres butinés.     

How Japanese Women Talk about Hot Flushes: Implications for Menopause Research

An unanticipated onomatopoeic expression emerged during ethnographic interviews with Japanese women about menopausal symptoms. At the same time, a newly coined term for hot flush, derived from English, started appearing in Japanese media. These two independent linguistic phenomena led me to speculate on what linguistic expression of physical sensations may reveal about social forces in a given society. This report examines the complexities involved in studying physiological symptoms. The multiple and intertwined variables--including economics, politics, social organization, and language--involved in translating physiological symptoms cross-culturally have been well recognized. But how to study these variables remains a challenge. This article offers a case study of what careful attention to verbal expression may tell us. My argument underscores the social fact that the expressions people choose to use vary according to their reasons for communicating and that their motivations for verbalizing symptoms (hot flush, in this case) depend on the priorities and sanctions of the society in which they live. These factors must be given due consideration when assessing any symptoms of the individual body.     

The pig genome project has plenty to squeal about

Significant progress on pig genetics and genomics research has been witnessed in recent years due to the integration of advanced molecular biology techniques, bioinformatics and computational biology, and the collaborative efforts of researchers in the swine genomics community. Progress on expanding the linkage map has slowed down, but the efforts have created a higher-resolution physical map integrating the clone map and BAC end sequence. The number of QTL mapped is still growing and most of the updated QTL mapping results are available through PigQTLdb. Additionally, expression studies using high-throughput microarrays and other gene expression techniques have made significant advancements. The number of identified non-coding RNAs is rapidly increasing and their exact regulatory functions are being explored. A publishable draft (build 10) of the swine genome sequence was available for the pig genomics community by the end of December 2010. Build 9 of the porcine genome is currently available with Ensembl annotation; manual annotation is ongoing. These drafts provide useful tools for such endeavors as comparative genomics and SNP scans for fine QTL mapping. A recent community-wide effort to create a 60K porcine SNP chip has greatly facilitated whole-genome association analyses, haplotype block construction and linkage disequilibrium mapping, which can contribute to whole-genome selection. The future 'systems biology' that integrates and optimizes the information from all research levels can enhance the pig community's understanding of the full complexity of the porcine genome. These recent technological advances and where they may lead are reviewed.     

Research for amino acids in lunar samples

Water extracts of lunar fines were analyzed for amino acids by a gas-liquid chromatographic technique whereby amino acids were converted to the N-trifluoroacetyln-butyl, esters prior to analysis. The lunar material studied included both Apollo 14 (14240 SESC and 14298) and Apollo 12 (12023) samples. The water extract of the special Apollo 14 sample (14240 SESC) was analyzed both for free and bound amino acids (hydrolysis with 6 N hydrochloric acid). In both the hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed extracts, the amino acids were not observed above background levels.The analysis of Apollo 12 and 14 samples (12023 14298) yielded similar results. Detection limits were established at 300 pg to 1 ng for different amino acids. A large chromatographic peak with a retention temperature of 126°C was observed on analysis of sample, (12023); it was identified as oxalic acid by GC-MS. The concentration of amino acids in the Apollo 14 SESC samples processed and analyzed in the joint experiments at Ames by GLC and IEC were found to be extremely low (glycine at 3 to 4 ng g^–1). As the quantities were so minute, these identifications could not be confirmed by GLC-MS and therefore should still be considered as tentative. Other studies included the analysis of performance standards at the 2 to 6 ng level of each of 17 amino acids, and the analysis of 5 ml of H₂O containing 2 ppb of each amino acid. Recovery of amino acids added to lunar fines were conducted at the 10, 50, and 70 ng level of each amino acid with 50 to 70 mg of lunar material. The recoveries varied from as high as 80% for some of the aliphatics to complete loss of the amino acids ornithine and lysine.Contributed from Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 6255. Approved by the Director. Supported in part by grants from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NGR 26-004-011) and the Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories.