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细胞的运动性与其生命的特征密切相关。胞内物质运输和有丝分裂等重要而复杂的运动过程,与微管及微管依赖性马达蛋白(motor proteins)密切相关。这些马达蛋白犹如沿微管“公路”行驶的汽车,负责产生与细胞运动性相关的推拉力量或把各种货物(cargo)运往各地。马达蛋白主要由两大类组成:胞质dynein驱动向微管负端的运动,而kinesin家族则负责向微管正端的运动。 相似文献
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细胞凋亡的线粒体调控蛋白的研究进展 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
凋亡早期近科固定不变的标志之一就是线粒体膜通透性(MMP)的变化,这提示线粒体在凋亡过程中执行双重作用。一方面,将多种促细胞凋亡级联转导信号合于一条由MMP激活的通路;另一方面,通过释放存在于膜间隙的可溶性蛋白参与凋亡后期的分解代谢反应,最近研究发现,核转录因子能易位到线粒体膜引起MMP改变;线粒体膜间隙存在一种蛋白质Smac/DIABLO,释放后可特异性阻抑细胞凋亡蛋白抑制剂(IAPs),进而促进胱冬肽酶活化,引发细胞凋亡,这些发现进一步阐明了MMP与细胞死亡机制的关系。 相似文献
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甲羟戊酸(MVA)通路对细胞生长具有重要的调节作用,MVA及其衍生物通过对蛋白质异戊烯化和N糖基化修饰而影响Ras蛋白、生长因子及受体的功能、细胞内信号转导和细胞的生长。MVA通路参与血管活性物质生成的调节是其调节细胞生长的另一机制。MVA生成的限速酶羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A(HMGCoA)则受MVA通路衍生物的反馈抑制。HMGCoA还原酶抑制剂通过抑制MVA及其衍生物的生成而抑制细胞的生长和增殖。 相似文献
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G蛋白信号途径是真菌细胞信号转导网络的枢纽,在细胞的各种生物学调控过程中具有重要作用。G蛋白信号调控蛋白(Rgulators of G protein signaling,RGS)是一类重要的G蛋白信号调控因子,能通过促进G蛋白α亚基(Gα)偶联的GTP水解,使Gα和Gβγ亚基发生聚合,导致G蛋白失活,从而迅速关闭与G蛋白偶联的信号途径。自从第一个RGS蛋白在酿酒酵母中被鉴定以来,目前已经有30多个RGS蛋白在重要的模式真菌中被报道,包括构巢曲霉、绿僵菌、稻瘟病菌、玉米赤霉菌、轮枝镰孢菌、新型隐球菌和白色念珠菌等。RGS蛋白在真菌的营养菌丝生长、产孢、毒素和色素生产、致病性和有性生殖等过程中发挥着重要作用。本文对真菌中已报道RGS蛋白的功能进行了总结,对真菌RGS蛋白的结构特征和调控机制进行了评述。 相似文献
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目的:以感受器相互作用分子(STIMI)为报告基因优化悬浮培养的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)诱导分化的HL-60细胞的电穿孔转染条件。方法:通过控制电压、电容、电阻、细胞状态等转染条件,采用不同条件组合后用电穿孔法将靶向STIMI的siRNA转入悬浮培养的dHL-60细胞,用荧光显微镜观察转染率,蛋白免疫印记方法检测干扰效率。结果:适当提高电压能提高悬浮培养的dHL-60细胞的转染效率,细胞状态不同干扰效率有所差异,DMSO诱导4d的dHL-60细胞在电压295V、电容1180μF、电阻5000的条件下转入STIMI siRNA系列并得到最大干扰效率(约60%)。结论:针对dHL-60细胞这种比较特殊的细胞系来说,电穿孔转染法是一种较好的基因转染方法,通过优化其转染条件,可以提高其对dHL-60细胞的SiRNA干扰效率。 相似文献
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mTOR (the ammalian target of mpamycin)是一个进化上十分保守的蛋白激酶,属于PIKK(the phosphatidylinsoitol kinase—related kinase)超家族,作为Ser/Thr激酶而起作用。它可以汇聚和整合来自于营养、生长因子、能量和环境压力对细胞的刺激信号,进而通过下游效应器(4EBPl和S6Ks)调节细胞生长。mTOR信号通路还影响胚胎干细胞和早期胚胎的发育,并且与肿瘤、肥胖及代谢紊乱等疾病有关。对mTOR信号通路的生理功能、分子组成和调节机制的研究不仅可以深入了解细胞生长调控的机制,而且对于相关疾病的治疗具有重要意义。 相似文献
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几种热激蛋白在细胞凋亡信号通路中的调控作用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
热激蛋白(heat shock proteins, HSPs)作为进化保守的蛋白家族 之一,普遍存在于各种生物体中,并在生物体内发挥着重要的生理功能.大 量的实验证据表明,热激蛋白与细胞凋亡密切相关,参与细胞凋亡信号通 路的多个环节. 近年来有关该领域的研究已获得了重要的突破与进展.一方 面,热激蛋白主要起着抑制细胞凋亡、促进细胞存活的作用;另一方面, 某些热激蛋白又能够作为凋亡蛋白的分子伴侣,促进细胞凋亡,比如HSP70 能够激活DNase来促使细胞凋亡,线粒体内HSP60能够促进caspase依赖的细 胞凋亡途径.本文在阐明细胞凋亡信号通路的基础上,综述了近年来几种不 同热激蛋白家族(HSP90、 HSP70 、HSP60和小分子HSPs)在细胞凋亡调控 中作用的研究进展,重点阐述了几种主要热激蛋白与细胞凋亡信号通路上 相关因子的相互作用,并绘制了热激蛋白在细胞凋亡信号通路中的调控图 ,为进一步完善细胞凋亡调控网络研究提供一定的参考. 相似文献
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红细胞内富含血红蛋白,血红蛋白可以根据氧分压的高低与氧气结合或解离。除氧气运输外,红细胞可通过免疫黏附、调节补体系统活性、直接杀伤病原体等机制执行免疫调控功能。哺乳动物与非哺乳动物内处于不同发育阶段的红细胞分别具有各自的免疫功能,并且通过多种机制来执行免疫调控功能。随着对红细胞免疫功能研究的不断进展,哺乳动物CD71+有核红细胞已被证实在多种生理与病理模型中发挥着免疫调控功能,在机体正常发育过程以及疾病的发生发展中起到了重要的作用。使用单细胞转录组测序技术可以研究红细胞群体内的异质性,具有免疫特性的免疫红细胞亚群展现出广泛的临床应用价值。 相似文献
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Kateryna Kondratska Artem Kondratskyi Maya Yassine Loic LemonnierGilbert Lepage Angela MorabitoRoman Skryma Natalia Prevarskaya 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Molecular Cell Research》2014
The store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) represent one of the major calcium-entry pathways in non-excitable cells. SOCs and in particular their major components ORAI1 and STIM1 have been shown to be implicated in a number of physiological and pathological processes such as apoptosis, proliferation and invasion. Here we demonstrate that ORAI1 and STIM1 mediate store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines. We show that both ORAI1 and STIM1 play pro-survival anti-apoptotic role in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines, as siRNA-mediated knockdown of ORAI1 and/or STIM1 increases apoptosis induced by chemotherapy drugs 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or gemcitabine. We also demonstrate that both 5-FU and gemcitabine treatments increase SOCE in Panc1 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line via upregulation of ORAI1 and STIM1. Altogether our results reveal the novel calcium-dependent mechanism of action of the chemotherapy drugs 5-FU and gemcitabine and emphasize the anti-apoptotic role of ORAI1 and STIM1 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Calcium signaling in health and disease. Guest Editors: Geert Bultynck, Jacques Haiech, Claus W. Heizmann, Joachim Krebs, and Marc Moreau. 相似文献
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The events leading to the activation of store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) involve Ca(2+) depletion of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resulting in translocation of the transmembrane Ca(2+) sensor protein, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), to the junctions between ER and the plasma membrane where it binds to the Ca(2+) channel protein Orai1 to activate Ca(2+) influx. Using confocal and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we studied redistribution kinetics of fluorescence-tagged STIM1 and Orai1 as well as SOCE in insulin-releasing β-cells and glucagon-secreting α-cells within intact mouse and human pancreatic islets. ER Ca(2+) depletion triggered accumulation of STIM1 puncta in the subplasmalemmal ER where they co-clustered with Orai1 in the plasma membrane and activated SOCE. Glucose, which promotes Ca(2+) store filling and inhibits SOCE, stimulated retranslocation of STIM1 to the bulk ER. This effect was evident at much lower glucose concentrations in α- than in β-cells consistent with involvement of SOCE in the regulation of glucagon secretion. Epinephrine stimulated subplasmalemmal translocation of STIM1 in α-cells and retranslocation in β-cells involving raising and lowering of cAMP, respectively. The cAMP effect was mediated both by protein kinase A and exchange protein directly activated by cAMP. However, the cAMP-induced STIM1 puncta did not co-cluster with Orai1, and there was no activation of SOCE. STIM1 translocation can consequently occur independently of Orai1 clustering and SOCE. 相似文献
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Scott M. Emrich Ryan E. Yoast Ping Xin Vikas Arige Larry E. Wagner Nadine Hempel Donald L. Gill James Sneyd David I. Yule Mohamed Trebak 《Cell reports》2021,34(9):108760
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Natalia DionisioCarmen Galán Isaac JardínGinés M. Salido Juan. A. Rosado 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Molecular Cell Research》2011,1813(3):431-437
STIM1 is a transmembrane protein essential for the activation of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), a major Ca2+ influx mechanism. STIM1 is either located in the endoplasmic reticulum, communicating the Ca2+ concentration in the stores to plasma membrane channels or in the plasma membrane, where it might sense the extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Plasma membrane-located STIM1 has been reported to mediate the SOCE sensitivity to extracellular Ca2+ through its interaction with Orai1. Here we show that plasma membrane lipid raft domains are essential for the regulation of SOCE by extracellular Ca2+. Treatment of platelets with the SERCA inhibitor thapsigargin (TG) induced Mn2+ entry, which was inhibited by increasing concentrations of extracellular Ca2+. Platelet treatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin, which removes cholesterol and disrupts the lipid raft domains, impaired the inactivation of Ca2+ entry induced by extracellular Ca2+. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin also abolished translocation of STIM1 to the plasma membrane stimulated by treatment with TG and prevented TG-evoked co-immunoprecipitation between plasma membrane-located STIM1 and the Ca2+ permeable channel Orai1. These findings suggest that lipid raft domains are essential for the inactivation of SOCE by extracellular Ca2+ mediated by the interaction between plasma membrane-located STIM1 and Orai1. 相似文献
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表面活性剂分为化学表面活性剂和生物表面活性剂两大类,非离子表面活性剂和生物表面活性剂作为新型反刍动物饲料添加剂,可通过改变瘤胃液乳化特性、瘤胃微生物种群数量、分泌酶活性、酶吸附能力和瘤胃发酵模式,来增强瘤胃微生物对粗饲料的降解能力,进而提高反刍动物生产性能。综述提出了表面活性剂在反刍动物瘤胃营养调控领域的研究重点。 相似文献
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Ca2+ (calcium) homoeostasis and signalling rely on physical contacts between Ca2+ sensors in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) and Ca2+ channels in the PM (plasma membrane). STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) and STIM2 Ca2+ sensors oligomerize upon Ca2+ depletion in the ER lumen, contact phosphoinositides at the PM via their cytosolic lysine (K)-rich domains, and activate Ca2+ channels. Differential sensitivities of STIM1 and STIM2 towards ER luminal Ca2+ have been studied but responses towards elevated cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and the mechanism of lipid binding remain unclear. We found that tetramerization of the STIM1 K-rich domain is necessary for efficient binding to PI(4,5)P2-containing PM-like liposomes consistent with an oligomerization-driven STIM1 activation. In contrast, dimerization of STIM2 K-rich domain was sufficient for lipid binding. Furthermore, the K-rich domain of STIM2, but not of STIM1, forms an amphipathic α-helix. These distinct features of the STIM2 K-rich domain cause an increased affinity for PI(4,5)P2, consistent with the lower activation threshold of STIM2 and a function as regulator of basal Ca2+ levels. Concomitant with higher affinity for PM lipids, binding of CaM (calmodulin) inhibited the interaction of the STIM2 K-rich domain with liposomes in a Ca2+ and PI(4,5)P2 concentration-dependent manner. Therefore we suggest that elevated cytosolic Ca2+ concentration down-regulates STIM2-mediated ER–PM contacts via CaM binding. 相似文献
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Philip Kitchen Matthew T. Conner Roslyn M. Bill Alex C. Conner 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2016,291(13):6858-6871
The aquaporin (AQP) family of integral membrane protein channels mediate cellular water and solute flow. Although qualitative and quantitative differences in channel permeability, selectivity, subcellular localization, and trafficking responses have been observed for different members of the AQP family, the signature homotetrameric quaternary structure is conserved. Using a variety of biophysical techniques, we show that mutations to an intracellular loop (loop D) of human AQP4 reduce oligomerization. Non-tetrameric AQP4 mutants are unable to relocalize to the plasma membrane in response to changes in extracellular tonicity, despite equivalent constitutive surface expression levels and water permeability to wild-type AQP4. A network of AQP4 loop D hydrogen bonding interactions, identified using molecular dynamics simulations and based on a comparative mutagenic analysis of AQPs 1, 3, and 4, suggest that loop D interactions may provide a general structural framework for tetrameric assembly within the AQP family. 相似文献
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钙库操纵的钙内流(SOCE)是调节钙离子(Ca2+)内流进入细胞最普遍的一种途径,它的通道称为钙库操纵的钙内流通道(SOC)。SOC存在于大多数非兴奋细胞和部分兴奋细胞上,近年来确定,STIM和Orai是组成SOC的两种主要蛋白质。本文就近年来对SOCE途径的机制,STIM和Orai不同亚型的结构、功能及在心脑血管疾病中的作用作一综述。 相似文献