CD47分子与抗肿瘤免疫

肿瘤进展与人免疫系统间的联系已经被广泛研究,有许多免疫分子已被证实参与其中。CD47（整合素相关蛋白）为一种免疫球蛋白超家族成员,在人免疫系统中发挥着重要功能。研究表明CD47在肿瘤细胞表面也有高表达,其高表达与肿瘤的生长、转移及复发等密切相关。肿瘤细胞表面的CD47与巨噬细胞表面的SIRPα相互作用,并发出“别吃我”的免疫抑制性信号,从而保护肿瘤细胞免受巨噬细胞吞噬。因此,开发以CD47为靶点的拮抗剂可阻断此抑制性信号,从而增强巨噬细胞的吞噬效应,以达到增强抗肿瘤免疫反应的目的。最新研究证实,CD47拮抗剂在T细胞介导的抗肿瘤免疫反应中也发挥了重要作用。本文将对CD47分子的结构功能、在抗肿瘤免疫反应中的作用及以其为靶点的拮抗剂研究进展进行综述,以期为进一步的药物开发及临床研究等提供参考。     

基于亲和探针的药物靶点鉴定技术研究进展

药物靶点的鉴定和相关研究在药学研究领域具有重要的理论指导意义和实用价值。利用亲和探针偶联靶分子的方法是目前发现药 物靶点的主要手段之一。该方法可从分子水平发现药物的作用靶点,从而对药物的分子作用机制提供细胞水平的直接证据。从 DNA 和小 分子药物探针的构筑和应用入手,对近些年鉴定 DNA 损伤识别蛋白的研究进展进行了较为详尽的讨论,并简要介绍目前探索小分子药物 作用靶点的主流技术。作为亲和偶联鉴定药物作用靶点方法的重要组成部分,亲和探针设计的合理性关系到方法本身的可操作性以及鉴 定结果的可靠性。从多个角度对 DNA 探针和小分子药物探针的设计经验进行了较为系统的总结,例如经典的亲和纯化分离方法,以及更 为高效的光激发共价偶联技术等。这些方法和思路为探索 DNA 损伤相关蛋白质的功能以及小分子药物的细胞作用机制提供了丰富的研究 工具,有助于从分子水平理解药物的作用机制。     

CD147在调节性T细胞中作用的研究进展

CD147是一种免疫球蛋白超家族,它与肿瘤侵袭和转染,类风湿性关节炎,病毒入侵,淋巴细胞的迁移和活化,老年痴呆症,疟原虫入侵等病理过程密切先关,已成为癌症等疾病的新型药物靶标分子。作为一个单次跨膜蛋白,CD147的多功能性依赖于它的胞外结构域以及细胞膜和细胞外多种分子的相互作用。有研究发现CD147可作为细胞膜受体并且在上皮细胞,肿瘤细胞和免疫T细胞中均有表达。其可作为T细胞亲环素受体并具有趋化T细胞的功能。近几年研究发现,CD147在调节性T细胞高表达并且具有标志性意义。该文就以作为活性调节性T细胞标志的CD147的潜在作用进展综述如下。     

以EGFR为靶点的肿瘤分子靶向药物研究进展

随着分子生物学研究的进展,分子靶向治疗已成为除手术、放疗、化疗之外的第4种治疗方法,越来越多的用于临床治疗恶性肿瘤。分子靶向药物进入体内能够特异地选择致癌位点,杀伤肿瘤细胞,而不会波及周围正常的组织细胞,因此分子靶向治疗又被称为"生物导弹"。与传统化疗药物相比,分子靶向药物具有特异性强、疗效明显、副作用少等优点。按照分子靶向药物的性质主要归为两大类:一类是单克隆抗体,如西妥昔单抗等;另一类是单靶点或多靶点的小分子抑制剂,如吉非替尼等。表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)对肿瘤的生长、发展以及肿瘤干细胞的维持都有着非常重要的作用,并且在多种实体瘤中存在过表达或异常表达,因此在肿瘤治疗中,EGFR成为一个非常重要的用药靶点。现主要对目前国内已上市的针对EGFR的分子靶向药物最新的临床研究进展作一简要综述。     

N-糖基化修饰在髓性白血病耐药中的作用

目的研究N-糖基化修饰、糖基因表达调控在髓性白血病耐药中的作用,明确N-糖基化修饰、糖基因与白血病耐药的相关性,从而为预测和诊断髓性白血病耐药性,寻求逆转药物提供新策略和靶点。方法通过修饰白血病耐药细胞株的N-糖基化（衣霉素Tunicamycin和PNGase F处理）,Western Blot检测Pgp、CD147糖蛋白的表达水平;MTT法检测N-糖基化修饰前后髓性白血病耐药细胞株的生长情况及对化疗药物的敏感性,观察上述细胞膜型N-糖基化修饰后对化疗药物耐药性的影响;进一步通过RNA干扰技术干预差异表达的糖基因,MTT法检测干扰前后白血病耐药细胞株的生长情况及对化疗药物的敏感性,观测糖基因的表达调控对髓性白血病耐药的影响。结果 NB4/ADR细胞经N-糖基化修饰后,P-gp、CD147糖蛋白的表达水平发生改变,同时该细胞的药物敏感性也增强（P〈0.05）;当通过RNA干扰技术特异性使NB4/ADR细胞中B3GNT8和ST8SIA4表达下调时,该细胞的药物敏感性增强（P〈0.05）。结论髓性白血病细胞株中N-糖基化修饰、糖基因的改变均与白血病多药耐药具有相关性,为预测和诊断髓性白血病耐药性,寻求逆转药物提供新策略和靶点。     

LAG-3分子的研究进展

淋巴细胞活化基因-3(lymphocyte activation gene-3,LAG-3,CD223)是免疫球蛋白超家族的成员之一,是对淋巴细胞具有抑制作用的分子。LAG-3定位于人12号染色体,与CD4具有密切关系。研究发现猪LAG-3分子的结构和表达模式在哺乳动物物种中是共有的,并且可溶性的猪LAG-3对控制人-猪异种T细胞免疫反应有作用。LAG-3分子主要表达于活化的NK细胞、T淋巴细胞表面,与HLA-II高亲和力结合。Tr细胞是具有调节调节功能的T细胞亚群,发现Tr细胞表面标志CD49b和LAG-3可在人和小鼠Tr1细胞表面表达。CD49b和LAG-3的发现,使得在体内对Tr细胞进行跟踪具有可行性,纯化Tr1细胞作为一种细胞治疗方法具有可行性。LAG-3通过对胰腺中抗原特异性T细胞增殖的选择性抑制,可以使用LAG-3作为1型糖尿病病情进展的一种新的替代标记,检测LAG-3分子可能成为T细胞定向免疫治疗效果评估的一种方法。肿瘤浸润的CD8+T细胞表面LAG-3表达上调,LAG-3的抑制作用在HCC的细胞免疫应答中发挥着重要的作用,可见阻断LAG-3分子的表达有可能成为治疗肿瘤的新方法。慢性病毒感染性疾病时常常发生T细胞衰竭,T细胞通过LAG-3分子的限制作用和MHCⅡ类信号分子的表达其抑制功能,这有利于慢性病毒感染性疾病的治疗。疟原虫感染增加了抑制性受体LAG-3的表达,疟原虫感染引起的特异性T细胞功能衰竭可通过抑制性疗法来治疗。LAG-3的表达可能有利于黑色素瘤的增殖,阻断LAG-3-MHCⅡ类分子相互作用的化合物可用于黑色素瘤的治疗。此外,使用LAG-3毒性抗体选择性的靶向激活T细胞可阻碍T细胞参与的迟发型超敏反应。     

与癌症相关的G 蛋白偶联受体及通路的研究进展

G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptors,GPCRs)是一类重要的细胞膜表面跨膜蛋白受体超家族,具有7个跨膜螺旋结构。GPCRs的细胞内信号由G蛋白介导,可将激素、神经递质、药物、趋化因子等多种物理和化学的细胞外刺激穿过细胞膜转导到细胞内不同的效应分子,激活相应的信号级联系统进而影响恶性肿瘤的生长迁移过程。虽然目前药物市场上有很多治疗癌症的小分子药物属于G蛋白受体相关药物,但所作用的靶点集中于少数特定G蛋白偶联受体。因此,新的具有成药性的G蛋白偶联受体的开发具有很大的研究价值和市场潜力。本文主要以在癌症发生、发展中起重要作用的溶血磷脂酸(LPA),G蛋白偶联受体30(GPR30)、内皮素A受体(ETAR)等不同G蛋白偶联受体为分类依据,综述其与相关的信号通路在癌症进程中的作用,并对相应的小分子药物的临床应用和研究进展进行展望。     

CD20 分子与靶向治疗

CD20是B淋巴细胞上的跨膜蛋白质,分子量范围为33-37kD,以非糖基化的磷酸化蛋白质形式存在。CD20是调节B淋巴细胞生命与分化信号转导的重要分子,其在B细胞中特有的表达方式、生物学作用和存在形式决定了其成为治疗B淋巴细胞瘤的主要靶位点。研究CD20的生理作用有利于阐明抗CD20抗体抗肿瘤机制。     

治疗性抗体的市场考量和靶点分析

<正>近年来,单抗药物因其独特的分子靶向性和良好的临床疗效成为全球研发的热点,治疗性抗体成为产业界及学术界合作研发的令人振奋的领域。目前,在美国和欧盟有约33种市场在售和约30种处于临床Ⅲ期的治疗性抗体药物,主要用于肿瘤、炎症和自身免疫病及其他一些疾病的治疗。主要对近几年单抗药物的市场状况及治疗靶点进行了概述。     

ADC药物的抗体组成及其作用靶点研究进展*

抗体药物偶联物(antibody-drug conjugates,ADC)是一类由单克隆抗体和小分子细胞毒性药物通过连接子偶联而成的新型生物治疗药物。与传统的细胞毒药物相比,ADC具有靶向性强、毒副作用小等优势,在临床上展现较好的治疗潜力。其中,抗体部分通过与肿瘤细胞表面的靶向抗原结合,精准地将小分子细胞毒性药物递送至肿瘤部位,从而实现肿瘤特异性杀伤效果,是影响ADC疗效的核心要素之一。对近年来ADC药物中抗体的组成及其作用靶点的研究进展进行了综述。     

Combinatorial antigen targeting strategies for acute leukemia: application in myeloid malignancy

Background aimsEfforts to safely and effectively treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by targeting a single leukemia-associated antigen with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have met with limited success, due in part to heterogeneous expression of myeloid antigens. The authors hypothesized that T cells expressing CARs directed toward two different AML-associated antigens would eradicate tumors and prevent relapse.MethodsFor co-transduction with the authors’ previously optimized CLL-1 CAR currently in clinical study (NCT04219163), the authors generated two CARs targeting either CD123 or CD33. The authors then tested the anti-tumor activity of T cells expressing each of the three CARs either alone or after co-transduction. The authors analyzed CAR T-cell phenotype, expansion and transduction efficacy and assessed function by in vitro and in vivo activity against AML cell lines expressing high (MOLM-13: CD123 high, CD33 high, CLL-1 intermediate), intermediate (HL-60: CD123 low, CD33 intermediate, CLL-1 intermediate/high) or low (KG-1a: CD123 low, CD33 low, CLL-1 low) levels of the target antigens.ResultsThe in vitro benefit of dual expression was most evident when the target cell line expressed low antigen levels (KG-1a). Mechanistically, dual expression was associated with higher pCD3z levels in T cells compared with single CAR T cells on exposure to KG-1a (P < 0.0001). In vivo, combinatorial targeting with CD123 or CD33 and CLL-1 CAR T cells improved tumor control and animal survival for all lines (KG-1a, MOLM-13 and HL-60); no antigen escape was detected in residual tumors.ConclusionsOverall, these findings demonstrate that combinatorial targeting of CD33 or CD123 and CLL-1 with CAR T cells can control growth of heterogeneous AML tumors.     

Generation of Anti-Idiotype scFv for Pharmacokinetic Measurement in Lymphoma Patients Treated with Chimera Anti-CD22 Antibody SM03

Pre-clinical and clinical studies of therapeutic antibodies require highly specific reagents to examine their immune responses, bio-distributions, immunogenicity, and pharmacodynamics in patients. Selective antigen-mimicking anti-idiotype antibody facilitates the assessment of therapeutic antibody in the detection, quantitation and characterization of antibody immune responses. Using mouse specific degenerate primer pairs and splenocytic RNA, we generated an idiotype antibody-immunized phage-displayed scFv library in which an anti-idiotype antibody against the therapeutic chimera anti-CD22 antibody SM03 was isolated. The anti-idiotype scFv recognized the idiotype of anti-CD22 antibody and inhibited binding of SM03 to CD22 on Raji cell surface. The anti-idiotype scFv was subsequently classified as Ab2γ type. Moreover, our results also demonstrated firstly that the anti-idiotype scFv could be used for pharmacokinetic measurement of circulating residual antibody in lymphoma patients treated with chimera anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody SM03. Of important, the present approach could be easily adopted to generate anti-idiotype antibodies for therapeutic antibodies targeting membrane proteins, saving the cost and time for producing a soluble antigen.     

Production and characterization of a CD25-specific scFv-Fc antibody secreted from Pichia pastoris

Antibodies against CD25 would be novel tools for the diagnosis and treatment of adult T cell leukemia lymphoma (ATLL) and many other immune disorders. In our previous work, we successfully produced the single-chain fragment of a variable antibody against CD25, the Dmab(scFv) antibody, using Pichia pastoris. Here, we describe a novel form of an antibody against CD25, the Dmab(scFv)-Fc antibody, also produced by P. pastoris. To construct the Dmab(scFv)-Fc antibody, the Dmab(scFv) antibody was genetically fused to the Fc fragment of a human IgG1 antibody. A fusion gene encoding Dmab(scFv)-Fc antibody was cloned into the pPIC9K plasmid and expressed at high levels, 60–70 mg/l, by P. pastoris under optimized conditions. The Dmab(scFv)-Fc antibody was similar to the Dmab(scFv) antibody in its binding specificity but different in its molecular form and Fc-mediated effector functions. The Dmab(scFv)-Fc antibody and the Dmab(scFv) antibody both bound to CD25-positive MJ cells but not to CD25-negative K562 cells. The Dmab(scFv)-Fc antibody existed as a dimer whereas the Dmab(scFv) antibody was a monomer because it lacks the Fc fragment. The Dmab(scFv)-Fc antibody enhanced the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of CD25-positive cancer cells, whereas the Dmab(scFv) antibody was inactive in the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays. In addition, compared to the Dmab(scFv) antibody, the Dmab(scFv)-Fc antibody showed stronger immunosuppressive activity in the Con A-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation system and in the mixed lymphocyte reaction system. These results demonstrate that the Dmab(scFv)-Fc antibody produced in P. pastoris is functional, and therefore it might be developed as a novel diagnostic and therapeutic tool for ATLL and other immune disorders.     

Fc-engineered anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody potentiates cytotoxicity of membrane-bound interleukin-21 expanded natural killer cells in acute myeloid leukemia

BackgroundQualitative and quantitative defects in natural killer (NK) cells have been noted in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), providing rationale for infusion of donor-derived NK cells. We previously showed that decitabine enhances expression of NKG2D ligands in AML with additive cytotoxicity when NK cells and Fc (fragment crystallizable region)-engineered CD33 monoclonal antibody (CD33mAb) was used. We conducted a phase 1 study evaluating decitabine and haploidentical NK cells in relapsed AML. Using patient samples from this study, we evaluated whether ex vivo donor-derived expanded NK cells with or without CD33mAb was effective in decitabine-treated AML.MethodsBone marrow aspirates were collected from patients at pre- and post-NK cell infusion. NK cells from healthy donors were expanded for 14 days using irradiated K562 feeder cells displaying membrane-bound IL-21 (mbIL-21). Patient samples were used to test in vitro activity of mbIL-21 NK cells ± CD33m Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and AML patient derived xenograft (PDX) mice were developed to test in vivo activity.ResultsUpon incubation with primary AML blasts, mbIL-21 NK cells showed variable donor-dependent intra-cellular interferon-γ production, which increased with CD33mAb-coated AML. ADCC assays revealed mbIL-21 NK cells effectively lysed primary AML blasts with higher activity on CD33mAb-coated AML. Importantly, CD33mAb-dependent enhanced cytotoxicity by mbIL-21 NK cells was maintained in AML cells from patients even 24 days post-decitabine treatment. In vivo infusion of mbIL-21 NK cells in AML PDX mice, treated with CD33mAb, reduced the tumor burden.DiscussionThese data show the therapeutic utility of mbIL-21 NK cells that can be further potentiated by addition of CD33mAb in AML.     

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, a potent and selective anti-CD33 antibody-calicheamicin conjugate for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.

CD33 is expressed by acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells in >80% of patients but not by normal hematopoietic stem cells, suggesting that elimination of CD33(+) cells may be therapeutically beneficial. A conjugate of a calicheamicin hydrazide derivative attached via hydrazone formation to the oxidized carbohydrates of the anti-CD33 murine antibody P67.6 had been chosen for use in AML prior to humanization of this antibody. However, the CDR-grafted humanized P67.6 could not be used to make the carbohydrate conjugate because of the unexpected sensitivity of this antibody to periodate oxidation. Exploration of a series of bifunctional linkers resulted in a new class of calicheamicin conjugates, termed the hybrid conjugates, that allows for the attachment of the calicheamicin to lysines but incorporates the site of hydrolytic release, a hydrazone, previously shown to be required for activity. The optimized conjugate chosen for clinical trials, gemtuzumab ozogamicin ("gem-ozo", Mylotarg, formerly designated CMA-676), was significantly more potent and selective than the carbohydrate conjugate it replaced. It was selectively cytotoxic to HL-60 leukemia cells in tissue culture with an IC(50) in the low to sub-pg cal/mL range (cal = calicheamicin equivalents). Doses of gem-ozo as low as 50 microg cal/kg given three times to mice bearing HL-60 xenografts routinely resulted in long-term, tumor-free survivors, while a nonbinding control conjugate was relatively inactive. Gem-ozo at a concentration of 2 to 10 ng cal/mL selectively inhibited leukemia colony formation by marrow cells from a significant proportion of AML patients. Gem-ozo has also shown significant activity against AML in Phase II trials and is the first antibody-targeted chemotherapeutic agent approved by the FDA.     

Immunolabeling of CD3-positive lymphocytes with a recombinant single-chain antibody/alkaline phosphatase conjugate

G3(3) is a novel murine monoclonal antibody directed against the CD3 antigen of human T lymphocytes which could be used to analyze lymphoid malignancies. We have produced and characterized a recombinant colorimetric immunoconjugate with the antigen-binding specificity of antibody G3(3). A gene encoding a single-chain antibody variable fragment (scFv) was assembled using the original hybridoma cells as a source of antibody variable heavy (VH) and variable light (VL) chain genes. The chimeric gene was introduced into a prokaryotic expression vector in order to produce a soluble scFv fused to bacterial alkaline phosphatase. DNA sequencing and Western blotting analyses demonstrated the integrity of the soluble immunoconjugate recovered from induced recombinant bacteria. The scFv/AP protein was bifunctional and similar in immunoreactivity to the parent G3(3) antibody. Flow cytometry and immunostaining experiments confirmed that the activity of the scFv/AP protein compares favourably with that of the parent antibody. The scFv/AP conjugate was bound to CD3 antigen at the surface of T cells and was directly detected by its enzymatic activity. Thus this novel fusion protein has potential applications as an immunodiagnostic reagent.     

Construction of a bispecific single chain antibody for recruitment of cytotoxic T cells to the tumour stroma associated antigen fibroblast activation protein.

Bispecific antibodies directed against tumour associated antigens and the T cell receptor component CD3 for recruitment and tumour targeted activation of T cells represent a novel class of highly specific immunotherapeutics for cancer. We here describe the construction, eukaryotic expression and in vitro functional activity of a new T cell activating bispecific reagent, termed TTS for T cell targeting to the tumour stroma, comprised of a CD3 specific single chain antibody derivative (scFv) fused C-terminally to a 'fibroblast activation protein' (FAP) specific scFv that targets cytotoxic effector cells to FAP. FAP is highly expressed in the vascularised tumoural stroma of most lung, breast and colon carcinomas. It thus represents a selectively tumour associated, yet common marker of many solid tumours and is a potentially ideal candidate marker for efficient targeting of immune effector cells.     

一种新型的重组单链三特异抗体的构建与表达

双特异抗体由于其缺乏共刺激信号 ,激活的T细胞往往会导致凋亡。为了更有效地杀伤肿瘤细胞 ,构建了抗卵巢癌单链×抗CD3单链×抗CD2 8单域重组三特异抗体的表达载体。利用大肠杆菌中的分子伴侣FkpA与三特异抗体共表达 ,提高了三特异抗体的在BL2 1Star菌中的可溶性原核表达。ELISA结果显示 ,可溶性的重组单链三特异抗体 (sTRI)与SK OV 3细胞的膜抗原 ,Jurkat细胞上的CD3分子以及重组CD2 8抗原均有较强的结合活性。桥连试验证明该抗体能同时与SK OV 3细胞和Jurkat细胞结合。体外杀伤试验表明该抗体能激活外周血T细胞来杀伤肿瘤细胞。形态学观察也进一步说明该抗体具有良好的结合活性以及体外杀伤活性。这种新型的重组单链三特异抗体为基于T细胞的癌症免疫治疗建立了一个新的技术平台。     

开发抗CD44抗体治疗急性髓系白血病

为了探讨抗CD44 抗体对急性髓系白血病(AML)细胞增殖和分化的影响,为肿瘤靶向药物的开发提供前提和基础．应用流式细胞术检测抗CD44单克隆抗体HI313的亲和力,MTS检测HI313是否抑制NB4细胞生长,并检测细胞周期的变化,与初筛AML病人标本共培养检测其促分化作用．结果显示HI313抑制NB4细胞生长,能使细胞周期停留在 G0/G1期,并能有效诱导AML病人血细胞的分化．通过以上实验证明抗CD44抗体HI313对NB4细胞具有增殖抑制作用,作用机制可能与阻滞细胞周期于G0/G1期相关, 并对AML病人的细胞有一定的促分化作用,提示此抗体具有针对AML进行靶向治疗的潜力,为HI313人抗体的进一步基因工程改造及临床应用奠定了基础．