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1.
William F Paolo Jr Ekaterina Dadachova Piyali Mandal Arturo Casadevall Paul J Szaniszlo Joshua D Nosanchuk 《BMC microbiology》2006,6(1):55-16
Background
Wangiella dermatitidis is a human pathogenic fungus that is an etiologic agent of phaeohyphomycosis. W. dermatitidis produces a black pigment that has been identified as a dihydroxynaphthalene melanin and the production of this pigment is associated with its virulence. Cell wall pigmentation in W. dermatitidis depends on the WdPKS1 gene, which encodes a polyketide synthase required for generating the key precursor for dihydroxynaphthalene melanin biosynthesis. 相似文献2.
Isolation and Characterization of Sexual Spore Pigments from Aspergillus nidulans 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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The homothallic ascomycete Aspergillus nidulans produces two types of pigmented spores: conidia and ascospores. The synthesis and localization of the spore pigments is developmentally regulated and occurs in specialized cell types. On the basis of spectroscopic evidence, we propose that the major ascospore pigment of A. nidulans (ascoquinone A) is a novel dimeric hydroxylated anthraquinone. The structure of ascoquinone A, as well as a comparison to model compounds, suggests that it is the product of a polyketide synthase. Previous studies have revealed that the conidial pigments from A. nidulans and a related Aspergillus species (A. parasiticus) also appear to be produced via polymerization of polyketide precursors (D. W. Brown, F. M. Hauser, R. Tommasi, S. Corlett, and J. J. Salvo, Tetrahedron Lett. 34:419-422, 1993; M. E. Mayorga and W. E. Timberlake, Mol. Gen. Genet. 235:205-212, 1992). The structural similarity between the ascospore pigment and the toxic anthraquinone norsolorinic acid, the first stable intermediate in the aflatoxin pathway, suggests an evolutionary relationship between the respective polyketide synthase systems. 相似文献
3.
Chee Sian Kuan Su Mei Yew Yue Fen Toh Chai Ling Chan Yun Fong Ngeow Kok Wei Lee Shiang Ling Na Wai-Yan Yee Chee-Choong Hoh Kee Peng Ng 《DNA research》2015,22(3):219-232
Bipolaris papendorfii has been reported as a fungal plant pathogen that rarely causes opportunistic infection in humans. Secondary metabolites isolated from this fungus possess medicinal and anticancer properties. However, its genetic fundamental and basic biology are largely unknown. In this study, we report the first draft genome sequence of B. papendorfii UM 226 isolated from the skin scraping of a patient. The assembled 33.4 Mb genome encodes 11,015 putative coding DNA sequences, of which, 2.49% are predicted transposable elements. Multilocus phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses showed B. papendorfii UM 226 clustering with Curvularia species, apart from other plant pathogenic Bipolaris species. Its genomic features suggest that it is a heterothallic fungus with a putative unique gene encoding the LysM-containing protein which might be involved in fungal virulence on host plants, as well as a wide array of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, degradation of polysaccharides and lignin in the plant cell wall, secondary metabolite biosynthesis (including dimethylallyl tryptophan synthase, non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, polyketide synthase), the terpenoid pathway and the caffeine metabolism. This first genomic characterization of B. papendorfii provides the basis for further studies on its biology, pathogenicity and medicinal potential. 相似文献
4.
Rodrigo Almeida-Paes Luana Pereira Borba-Santos Sonia Rozental Sergio Marco Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira Marcel Menezes Lyra da Cunha 《Fungal Biology Reviews》2017,31(1):50-59
Melanins are dark polymers found in the cell wall of pathogenic fungi, including species from the genus Sporothrix that are causative agents of sporotrichosis. In vitro experiments strongly suggest that these pigments are important for fungal virulence and survival in the host. In S. schenckii, melanin biosynthesis occurs via three different common pathways, which generate dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin, DOPA-melanin or pyomelanin. Moreover, melanin biosynthesis can be enhanced when the fungus is in contact with some bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Melanin pigments have protective effects against antifungals in this genus. New scanning transmission electron tomography data indicates the accumulation of dark pigments in membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles (melanosomes) in S. schenckii yeasts. Here, we provide an up to date of review the biosynthesis and role of melanins and discuss its roles on the cell biology and pathogenesis of Sporothrix spp. 相似文献
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6.
Melanin pigments are substances produced by a broad variety of pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and helminths.
Microbes predominantly produce melanin pigment via tyrosinases, laccases, catecholases, and the polyketide synthase pathway.
In fungi, melanin is deposited in the cell wall and cytoplasm, and melanin particles (“ghosts”) can be isolated from these
fungi that have the same size and shape of the original cells. Melanin has been reported in several human pathogenic dimorphic
fungi including Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenckii, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Coccidioides posadasii. Melanization appears to contribute to virulence by reducing the susceptibility of melanized fungi to host defense mechanisms
and antifungal drugs. 相似文献
7.
Previous work on the composition of the extracellular matrix of germlings of the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea demonstrated the presence of carbohydrate, protein, and simple lipids; which, together, comprised 50-60% of the dry weight. Here we show that most of the remaining mass of the extracellular matrix consists of a chemically inert dark pigment with the electron paramagnetic resonance characteristics of a melanin. Scanning electron micrographs of the purified pigment, and transmission electron micrographs of thin sections made using the pigment indicate that it has a filamentous structure. We conclude that melanin is an important component of the extracellular matrix of germlings of B. cinerea. This is the first report of a melanin present in the extracellular matrix of a plant pathogenic fungus. 相似文献
8.
Genetic localization and in vivo characterization of a Monascus azaphilone pigment biosynthetic gene cluster 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bijinu Balakrishnan Suman Karki Shih-Hau Chiu Hyun-Ju Kim Jae-Won Suh Bora Nam Yeo-Min Yoon Chien-Chi Chen Hyung-Jin Kwon 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2013,97(14):6337-6345
9.
Decolorization of 1:2 metal complex dye Acid blue 193 by a newly isolated fungus, Cladosporium cladosporioides 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M.H. Vijaykumar Y. Veeranagouda K. Neelakanteshwar T.B. Karegoudar 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2006,22(2):157-162
Summary A fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides isolated from coal sample as a decolorizing microorganism. It decolorized five different azo and triphenylmethane dyes like acid blue 193, acid black 210, crystal violet, reactive black B(S) and reactive black BL/LPR both on solid and in liquid broth medium. Culture broth of this fungus decolorized completely 100 mg of acid blue 193 l−1 in 8 days. The extracellular enzyme of Cladosporium cladosporioides decolorized acid blue 193 on repeated addition to a total (out of 700 mg l−1) concentration of 564 mg l−1 within 168 h without significant decline in the activity, showing the resistant property of Cladosporium cladosporioides to a high concentration of the dye. The optimal temperature 40 °C, pH 5.6 and sugar concentration of 4% required for decolorization of acid blue 193. Cladosporium cladosporioides showed manganese peroxidase activity with 41 U l−1, laccase activity with 1413 U l−1 and lignin peroxidase activity was negligible after day 8 of incubation. 相似文献
10.
Zhi‐Hui He Gang Zhang Qin‐Xiang Yan Zhen‐Biao Zou Hong‐Xiu Xiao Chun‐Lan Xie Xi‐Xiang Tang Lian‐Zhong Luo Xian‐Wen Yang 《化学与生物多样性》2020,17(6)
A unique polyketide cladosporactone A along with eight known compounds were isolated from the deep‐sea‐derived Cladosporium cladosporioides. The structure of cladosporactone A was established by spectroscopic analyses, and the absolute configuration was clarified by the theoretical ECD calculation. Cladosporactone A is the first member of polyketide with the 7‐methylisochromen‐3‐one skeleton. 相似文献
11.
Kai Yang Jie Liang Qinfan Li Xiangya Kong Rui Chen Yimin Jin 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2013,29(5):933-938
The endophytic fungus XJ-AC03, which was isolated from the healthy roots of Aconitum leucostomum, produced aconitine when grown in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The presence of aconitine was confirmed by the chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses. The yield of aconitine was recorded as 236.4 μg/g by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mass spectrometry was shown to be identical to authentic aconitine. Further analysis with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to show the chemical structure of the fungal aconitine indicated that the fungal aconitine produced an NMR spectrum identical to that of authentic aconitine. Strain XJ-AC03 was identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides by its characteristic culture morphology and ITS rDNA sequence analysis. 相似文献
12.
Stephane Graziani Christelle Vasnier Marie-Josee Daboussi 《Applied microbiology》2004,70(5):2984-2988
We identified a polyketide synthase (PKS) gene, pksN, from a strain of Nectria haematococca by complementing a mutant unable to synthesize a red perithecial pigment. pksN encodes a 2,106-amino-acid polypeptide with conserved motifs characteristic of type I PKS enzymatic domains: β-ketoacyl synthase, acyltransferase, duplicated acyl carrier proteins, and thioesterase. The pksN product groups with the Aspergillus nidulans WA-type PKSs involved in conidial pigmentation and melanin, bikaverin, and aflatoxin biosynthetic pathways. Inactivation of pksN did not cause any visible change in fungal growth, asexual sporulation, or ascospore formation, suggesting that it is involved in a specific developmental function. We propose that pksN encodes a novel PKS required for the perithecial red pigment biosynthesis. 相似文献
13.
Gangming Zhan Yuan Tian Fuping Wang Xianming Chen Jun Guo Min Jiao Lili Huang Zhensheng Kang 《PloS one》2014,9(11)
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the causal fungus of wheat stripe rust, was previously reported to be infected by Lecanicillium lecanii, Microdochium nivale and Typhula idahoensis. Here, we report a novel hyperparasite on Pst. This hyperparasitic fungus was identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) GA de Vries based on morphological characteristics observed by light and scanning electron microscopy together with molecular data. The hyperparasite reduced the production and viability of urediniospores and, therefore, could potentially be used for biological control of wheat stripe rust. 相似文献
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15.
Putative Polyketide Synthase and Laccase Genes for Biosynthesis of Aurofusarin in Gibberella zeae 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
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Jung-Eun Kim Kap-Hoon Han Jianming Jin Hun Kim Jin-Cheol Kim Sung-Hwan Yun Yin-Won Lee 《Applied microbiology》2005,71(4):1701-1708
Mycelia of Gibberella zeae (anamorph, Fusarium graminearum), an important pathogen of cereal crops, are yellow to tan with white to carmine red margins. We isolated genes encoding the following two proteins that are required for aurofusarin biosynthesis from G. zeae: a type I polyketide synthase (PKS) and a putative laccase. Screening of insertional mutants of G. zeae, which were generated by using a restriction enzyme-mediated integration procedure, resulted in the isolation of mutant S4B3076, which is a pigment mutant. In a sexual cross of the mutant with a strain with normal pigmentation, the pigment mutation was linked to the inserted vector. The vector insertion site in S4B3076 was a HindIII site 38 bp upstream from an open reading frame (ORF) on contig 1.116 in the F. graminearum genome database. The ORF, designated Gip1 (for Gibberella zeae pigment mutation 1), encodes a putative laccase. A 30-kb region surrounding the insertion site and Gip1 contains 10 additional ORFs, including a putative ORF identified as PKS12 whose product exhibits about 40% amino acid identity to the products of type I fungal PKS genes, which are involved in pigment biosynthesis. Targeted gene deletion and complementation analyses confirmed that both Gip1 and PKS12 are required for aurofusarin production in G. zeae. This information is the first information concerning the biosynthesis of these pigments by G. zeae and could help in studies of their toxicity in domesticated animals. 相似文献
16.
Melanin and novel melanin precursors from Aeromonas media 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Many bacteria produce reddish brown to black pigments and some of these have been characterised. This report describes the isolation and characterisation of a diffusible brown melanin-like pigment from the bacterium Aeromonas media. Physico-chemical testing suggested that the pigment is a true melanin. New butanol-soluble yellow, red and brown pigments were isolated from the A. media strain under reducing conditions during melanogenesis and these pigments were shown to be unstable precursors of the polymeric brown melanin product. 相似文献
17.
Rodrigo Almeida-Paes Susana Frases Glauber de Sousa Araújo Manoel Marques Evangelista de Oliveira Gary J. Gerfen Joshua D. Nosanchuk Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2012,78(24):8623-8630
Sporothrix schenckii is the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, the main subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America. Melanin is an important virulence factor of S. schenckii, which produces dihydroxynaphthalene melanin (DHN-melanin) in conidia and yeast cells. Additionally, l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) can be used to enhance melanin production on these structures as well as on hyphae. Some fungi are able to synthesize another type of melanoid pigment, called pyomelanin, as a result of tyrosine catabolism. Since there is no information about tyrosine catabolism in Sporothrix spp., we cultured 73 strains, including representatives of newly described Sporothrix species of medical interest, such as S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii, and S. globosa, in minimal medium with tyrosine. All strains but one were able to produce a melanoid pigment with a negative charge in this culture medium after 9 days of incubation. An S. schenckii DHN-melanin mutant strain also produced pigment in the presence of tyrosine. Further analysis showed that pigment production occurs in both the filamentous and yeast phases, and pigment accumulates in supernatants during stationary-phase growth. Notably, sulcotrione inhibits pigment production. Melanin ghosts of wild-type and DHN mutant strains obtained when the fungus was cultured with tyrosine were similar to melanin ghosts yielded in the absence of the precursor, indicating that this melanin does not polymerize on the fungal cell wall. However, pyomelanin-producing fungal cells were more resistant to nitrogen-derived oxidants and to UV light. In conclusion, at least three species of the Sporothrix complex are able to produce pyomelanin in the presence of tyrosine, and this pigment might be involved in virulence. 相似文献
18.
In recent years strains previously grouped within Cryptococcus neoformans have been divided into two species C. neoformans and C. gattii, with Cryptococcus neoformans comprising serotypes A, D, and AD and C. gattii comprising serotypes B and C. Cryptococcus neoformans have also been subdivided into two varieties C. neoformans var. grubii, serotype A, and C. neoformans var. neoformans, serotype D. We analyzed the growth and pigment production characteristics of 139 strains of Cryptococcus spp. in L-tryptophan containing media. Nearly all strains of Cryptococcus, including each variety and serotype tested produced a pink water-soluble pigment (molecular weight of 535.2 Da) from L-tryptophan. Consequently, the partial separation of the species was based on whether the pink pigment was secreted into the medium (extracellular) or retained as an intracellular pigment. On L-tryptophan medium C. neoformans var. grubii and serotype AD produced a pink extracellular pigment. In contrast, for C. gattii, the pink pigment was localized intracellularly and masked by heavy production of brown pigments. Pigment production by C. neoformans var. neoformans was variable with some strains producing the pink extracellular pigment and others retained the pink pigment intracellularly. The pink intracellular pigment produced by strains of C. neoformans var. neoformans was masked by production of brown pigments. Cryptococcus laccase mutants failed to produce pigments from L-tryptophan. This is the first report that the enzyme laccase is involved in tryptophan metabolism. Prior to this report Cryptococcus laccase produced melanin or melanin like-pigments from heterocyclic compounds that contained ortho or para diphenols, diaminobenzenes and aminophenol compounds. The pigments produced from L-tryptophan were not melanin. 相似文献
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Lei Wang Nick W. Albert Huaibi Zhang Steve Arathoon Murray R. Boase Hanh Ngo Kathy E. Schwinn Kevin M. Davies David H. Lewis 《Planta》2014,240(5):983-1002