山核桃免耕经营的经济效益和生态效益

摘要：免耕经营能够有效的提高经济和生态效益,防止水土流失,保护林下植被和增加土壤有机质。浙江杭州地区山核桃长期免耕,取得良好的经济和生态效益。本文调查了主产区临安市、淳安县4个重点乡镇,5个重点村和215户的亩产及人均山核桃收入,分析免耕经营前后地壤肥力变化情况。结果表明：4个重点乡镇成林平均亩产山核桃74.68Kg,亩产值2987元,人均山核桃收入7028元;5个重点村平均亩产95.1kg,亩产值2800元,人均山核桃收入14818.9元; 215户近4年平均亩产125.03Kg,亩产值5001元,投入产出之比达1:8以上。土壤分析表明,施肥前25年土壤有机质含量、土层厚度保持不变,而全氮、全磷、水解氮、速效磷均缓慢上升;免耕加施肥后,土壤肥力显著提高,产量成倍增加,产量年变异系数由施肥前的39.76%下降到19.60%。由于重点产区山核桃纯林过于集中连片,水源涵养功能下降,病虫害日趋严重;同时存在施肥过量,肥料配比失调,林地土壤含氮量全部超标,含钾量严重不足的问题,今后施肥必须注意“控氮、稳磷、增钾”。     

低覆盖度固沙林的乔木分布格局与防风效果

低覆盖度植被是我国干旱、半干旱区经过漫长的自然演替过程逐步发育形成且广泛分布的植被类型。前人研究认为,植被覆盖度达到40%为固定沙地,40%-20%为半固定-半流动沙地。但在实践观察中发现:在低密度(或覆盖度)时,灌丛的水平分布格局对固定流沙和阻止风沙流的作用差异显著。在干旱区、半干旱区,存在着大量天然的乔木疏林,其覆盖度均在低于40%,地表处于半流动状态,而配置成行带式后,即使覆盖度降低到20%时,地面也不会出现风蚀现象。因此,在内蒙古浑善达克沙地,针对覆盖度在20%左右的乔木疏林,同时测定了随机与行带式两种分布格局的防风阻沙效果。结果表明:(1)在不同的对照风速下,行带式配置的林内的相对风速均低于随机分布,其中在200 cm高度处行带式配置的平均相对风速比随机分布的低53.89%,在50 cm高度处低36.82%;(2)行带式林内的水平风速流场变化有一定规律,而随机分布林内风速流场变化主要受树冠在空间的分布影响,变化非常复杂;(3)随机分布的疏林内出现风速超过旷野对照的现象,在50 cm和200 cm的两个观测高度上分别有约27.45%和22.55%的风速测定值超过对照风速,说明出现明显的局部风速"抬升"现象,形成了强的涡流;(4)行带式配置林内的平均地表粗糙度达到1.01 cm,比随机分布的疏林内增大约5倍之多;(5)总体而论,行带式分布格局第1带降低风速的作用最显著,第2带及其以后各带间的风速均比第1带后的风速小,但逐带降低的叠加效益不明显;(6)由于乔木基本(枝下高)没有枝条对风的阻碍,乔木行带式固沙林在迎风面的第1林带的基部有一定的风力"抬升"作用,对林带基部地面产生较强的侵蚀作用,多数第1带树木的根系被侵蚀裸露,过境的风沙流只能在林带后树冠外侧堆积;(7)随机分布林内在许多位置出现了非常低的地表粗糙度,地表粗糙度低的位置基本与风速"抬升"区相吻合,这种"抬升"区形成的强的涡流是疏林内出现风蚀坑的重要因素,这也是浑善达克沙地出现榆树与风蚀坑相间分布的主要原因。     

生态效益评价内容和评价指标筛选

生态效益评价的重要性已经广为人知,但评价内容和指标不统一,大大影响了评价结果的可信度。基本上是各说各有理,很难相互比较。在分析国内外相关生态系统评价方法基础上,提出生态效益评价框架,强调生态效益与经济效益和社会效益共同构成了人类社会的价值判断标准和决策依据,是经济效益和社会效益的基础,应该包括生态系统整体贡献,考虑与生态系统的动态变化的关系;并探讨了生态效益评价指标筛选的原则(关联性、灵敏性、层级性、决策导向性、代表性、可行性、独立性及经济适用性和社会可接受性);提出了生态效益指标筛选的多准则综合法和生态效益评价指标检验的3个标准(可定量化、专一化和震撼性)。本研究将为生态效益指标体系的构建提供重要参考。     

互花米草人工植被生态效益和经济效益的初步研究

前言在我国海涂中被日潮淹没的中、低潮带,天然生长的高等植物种类比较贫乏,分布面积也较小,许多中低潮带海滩为光滩裸地。为了绿化海滩、保护海滩,提高海滩生态系统的初级生产力,我国在1963年和1978年分别从英国     

低覆盖度行带式固沙林对土壤及植被的修复效应

在我国干旱、半干旱地区由于水分条件的制约,经过漫长的自然演替过程,逐步发育形成了广泛分布的低覆盖度植被,这些低覆盖度植被类型中存在大量的天然乔木疏林或稀疏灌丛,地表处于半流动状态,而配置成行带式后,能够完全固定流沙,并且不同配置模式下行带式固沙林土壤与植被自然恢复程度不同.因此,通过对不同带宽的低覆盖度行带式固沙林对土壤及植被修复的影响研究,揭示了不同带宽行带式固沙林带间土壤因子与植被因子的变化过程,从而阐明行带式固沙林对带间植被自然恢复和土壤发育的促进作用.结果表明,行带式杨树固沙林能够明显的促进带间土壤与植被修复;带间距离的宽窄影响植被恢复及土壤发育效果;宽带间距固沙林带间植被多样性指数高,地上生物量大,根系生物量,总长度及表面积均高,土壤水分养分条件好,微生物数量大植物残体分解快,有利于植被的生长;模糊综合评估结果表明,不同带间距行带式固沙林土壤植被恢复程度不同,宽带间距20m的恢复效果＞带间距15m＞带间距10m.行带式固沙林通过带间宽度的变化可以调节植被与土壤之间的相互作用,窄带间距固沙林土壤与植被的相互作用则由于造林密度大而受到抑制.宽带间距可以明显加快土壤及植被修复的速度,进而缩短土壤及植被修复的时间.     

多年生能源禾草的产能和生态效益

多年生禾草作为能源植物具有许多优良特性,特别是具有很高的生物质产量和多方面的生态功能,可以通过燃烧、气化和液化等方式进行能源生产.自从20世纪80年代中期以来,欧美等国对多年生能源禾草的兴趣就不断增加,并从中选取了柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum L.)、芒(Miscanthus spp.)、草(Phalaris arundinacea L.)和芦竹(Arundo donax L.)等4类根茎型禾草加以重点突破,以求达到快速应用和示范的目的.综述了这4类能源禾草在欧美国家的研发现状,介绍了它们的一般生物学和生态学特征及产能效益,重点强调了其在土壤和水体污染治理、土壤理化特性改良、CO2气体减排和促进生物多样性改善等方面的生态效益.进而认为,只有根据中国的土地资源国情,在非农业用土地上发展非粮能源植物,才是我国生物质能产业的真正出路.     

森林群落物种多样性变因及与生态效益和经济效益的关系

一、发展的物种多样性概念物种多样性是群落组织水平的生态学特征之一,也是生态系统的生态学特征之一。关于物种多样性的研究,是群落生态学家最为关心的课题之一。早期对群落物种多样性的研究,仅仅是一般的描述和简单的种数和个体数的统计。Fisher(1943)首先提出物种多样性(speciesdiversity)一词,并创用α、β、γ指数来研究群落的物种多样性,使物种多样性研究定量化,极大地推动了这方面的研究发展。此后,研究物种多样性更为广泛深入。度量群落物种     

北方寒旱区白菜型冬油菜的越冬安全性及经济效益和生态效益

为了进一步明确白菜型冬油菜在北方寒旱区的越冬安全性、扩大冬油菜的种植区域,本研究通过2008—2013年57点18个白菜型冬油菜品种的多点试验,统计分析不同生态区不同品种越冬率的变化情况.结果表明： 研究期间,北方旱寒区白菜型冬油菜的越冬率在70%～90%,且年份间、品种间变化不明显,稳定性高,经济效益显著.以甘肃天水为起点,含甘肃全部,西藏拉萨、林芝以南,青海民和以东,至新疆乌鲁木齐、拜城,阿勒泰、塔城以南,喀什以东;向东沿黄河一线到宁夏、内蒙古临河以南、陕北、山西祁县周边、河北大名、天津、北京、山东潍坊以北、辽宁葫芦岛南部、吉林延边南部等地为白菜型冬油菜安全越冬地区.陇油6号、陇油7号、陇油8号、陇油9号为安全越冬白菜型冬油菜品种.     

遥感和GIS支持下的城市植被生态效益评价

在综合国内外的城市植被生态效益研究的基础上,指出运用遥感和GIS技术将能更有效地进行植被生态效益的评价。文中介绍了美国AMERICAN FORESTS协会在进行城市和区域的植被生态效益研究中所采用的城市生态系统分析法（UEA）,以及在ARC/VIEW地理信息系统软件基础上开发的City-green模块的基本特点及其应用,以期促进遥感和GIS技术在我国城市植被生态效益定量评价中的应用,以及区域的可持续发展和生态建设。     

建立公立医疗机构公益性评价工具的必要性和理论思考

围绕公立医疗机构公益性评价,通过对相关文献的评阅以及对当前改革进展的分析,明确建立公立医疗机构公益性评价工具的理论意义及必要性。在结合治理相关理论的基础上,就公立医疗机构公益性的外部环境、公益性的多维特征、主观能动性和服务对象的主观感受进行了初步探讨。     

樟子松固沙林动力效应的研究

在人工林生态系统中,植被与大气之间以湍流的形式不断地进行动量、热量和水分交换,交换过程与下垫面的某些空气动力特征有关。为确定植被与大气之间能量和物质的交换强     

Evapotranspiration of Maize Plant in the Northern Part of the Linze Oasis

Evapotranspiration (ET) of maize plant during the developmental stages was measured with electronic weighing lysimeters. The results show that the crop ET varied with watering conditions and reached its maximum in the blooming-grouting period. The ratio ground evaporation to maize transpiration is 1:4. Influence of field micro-climate to crop ET is comprehensive, and solar radiation plays a leading role. Stomatal diffusion resistance is negative correlateff with the rate of crop ET . Leaf water potential decreases along with the acceleration of crop ET. Our preliminary conclusion is that stomatal diffusion resistance and leaf water potential would be the two important parameters of soil-plant-atmospheric water circulation.     

黄塘小集水区生态经济型防护林林种布局研究

１黄塘小集水区概况１．１社会经济概况集水区总面积３２７ｋｍ２,有村民小组１１个,村民２５０户,人口１０１８人,人均耕地００８７ｈａ,其中水田００６７ｈａ。区内共有劳动力４８６人,劳动力资源丰富,每年农闲时期外出打工的人数多达３００人左右,有９４...     

子午岭林区白桦-辽东栎混交林光合生理生态特征研究

对黄土高原子午岭次生林区白桦林、辽东栎林和白桦-辽东栎混交林3种林分的土壤物理特性和叶片光合特性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)白桦-辽东栎混交林地的土壤水分明显改善,其土壤容重最小、土壤孔隙度最大,且均优于纯林,即混交林地有深层次的土壤水分可供利用,并改善了土壤的物理结构;(2)辽东栎林的光合速率和气孔导度最大,其次为白桦-辽东栎混交林,水分利用率(WUE)为混交林白桦>混交林辽东栎>辽东栎林>白桦林;(3)混交林中白桦、辽东栎的Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo值均较大,与纯林差异不显著;白桦林和辽东栎林的qP和NPQ值均大于混交林。     

Metals in Northern Forest Ecosystems: Role of Vegetation in Sequestration and Cycling,and Implications for Ecological Risk Assessment

Mass estimates of phytoaccumulated trace metal contaminants and transfers to soils are necessary to properly evaluate the impact of historic and continued anthropogenic metal deposition to northern forest ecosystems. An investigation of Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn mass balances in plant communities subject to metal contamination from smelter emissions in Canada, found that accumulation of metals differed significantly among plant vegetation compartments (foliage, fine roots, bark, trunk, and branches). Analysis of plant community biological accumulation factors (BAFs), calculated using total soil metal and free soil metal ion (Me²⁺) found that free soil metal BAFs were more similar among locations than total soil metal BAFs, but that disparity still existed. Fine roots were found to dominate annual vegetation transfer of Cu, Ni, and Pb to soils, relative to foliage; fine root mortality played a smaller role than foliage for Zn plant-soil transfer. Plant-associated metal inputs were found to rival or exceed current estimates of atmospheric metal deposition, suggesting that potential benefits of future reductions in emissions to forests need to be evaluated within the context of phytocycling of metals already present.     

Economic Injury Level and Economic Threshold as required by Forest Stewardship Council for management of leaf-cutting ants in forest plantations

1. The most commonly used method to control insect pests, such as leaf-cutting ants (LCA) in forest plantations, is the application of chemical insecticides, but their use was forbidden in plantations certified by the Forest Stewardship Council because of their negative effect on the environment.
2. A 5-year derogation of their prohibition was obtained in 2016 in Argentina, on the condition that forestry companies reduce pesticide doses by 5% per year and inform the Economic Injury Level (EIL).
3. The EIL and the Economic Threshold (ET) were estimated for the first time for the Acromyrmex genus in a Salicaceae forestation. As a model, we used the damage caused by the most detrimental LCA species of Argentina (Acromyrmex lundii) in the first, most critical year of a willow plantation (Salix nigra) in the lower basin of the Paraná River.
4. The EIL (8–15 nest/ha) was useful to demonstrate the real magnitude of the damage caused by A. lundii, which justified the need for its control. The ET for profitable production (∼3 nests/ha) would not be operatively applicable in a long-term management program in our study site. This methodology could be extrapolated to other Neotropical forest plantations attacked by Acromyrmex species.

     

改造辽西山地人工油松纯林为混交林的探讨

改造辽西山地人工油松纯林为混交林的探讨雷启迪刘明久刘景彦（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）（辽宁省喀左县林业局,１２２３００）ＡｎＡｐｐｒｏａｃｈｏｆＴｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍｉｎｇｔｈｅＡｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌＦｏｒｅｓｔｏｆＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＰｉｎｅ...     

油松侧柏混交林及其纯林枯枝落叶生态效益的研究

枯枝落叶作为森林生态系统中净第一性生产力的重要组成部分,是物质循环过程中的一个物质库,起着涵养水分,减少地表蒸发,改善土壤肥力,防止水土流失的重要作用。油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和侧柏(Platicladus orientalis)是我国北方山区防护林的主要造林树种,目前多为人工纯林。这种针叶纯林一般生长缓慢,郁闭较迟,保持水土的能力也较差,并易受自然灾害的影响,从而不能有效地     

桤柏混交林的氮素积累与生物循环

桤柏混交林的氮素积累与生物循环石培礼杨修（中国科学院自然资源综合考察委员会,北京１００１０１）钟章成（西南师范大学生命科学系,重庆６３０７１５）ＴｈｅＡｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｙｃｌｉｎｇｏｆＮｉｔｒｏｇｅｎｉｎｔｈｅＡｌｄ...     

Paludification and Forest Retreat in Northern Oceanic Environments

Examination of temperature variations over the past centuryfor Europe and the Arctic from northern Norway to Siberia suggeststhat variations in the North Atlantic Oscillation are associatedwith an increase in oceanicity in certain maritime regions.A southward depression of the treeline in favour of wet heaths,bogs and wetland tundra communities is also observed in northernoceanic environments. The physiological basis for this changein ecological succession from forest to bog is discussed inrelation to the long-term effects of flooding on tree survival.The heightened values currently detected in the North AtlanticOscillation Index, together with rising winter temperatures,and increased rainfall in many areas in northern Europe, presentsan increasing risk of paludification with adverse consequencesfor forest regeneration, particularly in areas with oceanicclimates. Climatic warming in oceanic areas may increase thearea covered by bogs and, contrary to general expectations,lead to a retreat rather than an advance in the northern limitof the boreal forest. High water-table levels are not automaticallydetrimental to forest survival as can be seen in swamp, bottomlandand mangrove forests. Consequently, the inhibitory effects offlooding on tree survival and regeneration in northern regionsshould not be uncritically accepted as merely due to high waterlevels. Evidence is discussed which suggests that physiologicaland ecological factors may interact to inhibit forest regenerationin habitats where there is a risk of prolonged winter-floodingcombined with warmer winters and cool moist summers.