水域热影响与水生生物

1　热影响和热污染的概念当前 ,火 (核 )电站随工业发展不断增加 ,而许多电厂在发电过程中要产生冷却水 ,我们通常称温排水。温排水进入受纳水体会使水温超过自然水温 6～ 14℃ ,这直接或间接对水域中的生物产生有益或有害 2个方面的影响 ,统称热影响 (Thermal effects)。当温排水对水域环境产生不利效果时 ,也就会对水域中的生物资源产生伤害作用 ,这种情况称之热污染 (Thermal Pollution)。热污染是伴随电力工业大规模高速发展而出现的一个环境问题。2　热源目前我国的电力、冶金和化工等工业部门在生产过程中要产生大量的废热水 ,其中…     

梭鱼幼鱼热忍受温度的研究

自然界水体温度变化通常表现为缓慢的渐进过程,因而水生生物能长期适应并稳定地生活在其中。然而,随着热（核）电站的兴建,许多湖泊、水库、河流、沿海水域成为其冷却水源,温排水造成该水域水温升高,并不同程度地危害水生生物资源,形成热污染。国外早在５０年代已开...     

常温环境中产嗜热蛋白酶菌资源

通过计数、分离与筛选,对常温环境嗜热菌和产嗜热蛋白酶菌的分布及资源状况进行了研究。结果表明,常温环境中存在着一定数量的嗜热菌和产嗜热蛋白酶菌。土壤与水体相比,其嗜热菌资源相对丰富,且耕作肥沃的土壤中产嗜热蛋白酶菌多于贫瘠土壤;在水环境中,无论湖水、江水还是处理中的废水,在常温条件下均有一定比例的嗜热菌和产嗜热蛋白酶菌。在啤酒废水曝气阶段,产嗜热蛋白酶菌占嗜热菌的比例较大,达45％。本研究筛选的1株嗜热菌其产嗜热蛋白酶活性较高,该菌株在pH7．6、温度68℃条件下其蛋白酶活力达到642U·ml^-1。该项研究为开发产嗜热蛋白酶菌资源,在工业和环境治理等方面的应用提供重要科学依据。     

死鱼事件中污染源废水对鱼类急性毒性及诱变微核的研究

为了研究2006年9月广州郊区某鱼塘因化工企业污染源废水进入而导致大量死鱼事件中鱼类死亡原因,用斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)和蚕豆(Vicia faba)根尖对污染源废水及鱼塘水分别进行了鱼类急性毒性试验和蚕豆根尖微核试验。污染源废水和鱼塘水的96hLC₅₀分别为1.69%、23.95%,污染源废水和鱼塘水的微核率分别为27.8‰、13.7‰,污染源废水和鱼塘水的COD、BOD、石油类、氨氮、总磷等均出现超标情况,其中氨氮、苯胺、石油类污染物严重超标。监测结果表明,以氨氮污染为主的污染源废水是导致死鱼事件的主要原因,废水对蚕豆根尖微核率的形成具有显著性影响,可能存在潜在的致突变性危险。     

嗜酸嗜热浸矿微生物

随着人们对浸矿菌的研究不断加深,嗜热嗜酸菌的浸矿潜力及在微生物冶金中的作用和地位得到认识,利用嗜热菌对矿石进行高效浸出已成为微生物冶金领域的研究重点。嗜热微生物包括中度嗜热微生物和极端嗜热微生物,主要栖息于热泉、工厂高温废水排放区以及火山口等高温环境中。本综述总结了嗜热浸矿微生物种类,分析了嗜中温菌和极端嗜热菌等嗜酸菌种的生长习性、利用的能源物质、浸矿能力等,并进一步介绍了嗜热嗜酸微生物在高温生物冶金中的发展及应用。     

嗜热微生物

嗜热微生物任红妍（华中农业大学植保系武汉４３００７０）嗜热微生物是一类生活在高温环境中的微生物,如火山口及其周围区域、温泉、工厂高温废水排放区等。近３０年来,这一类微生物越来越广泛地引起了科学家们的重视和兴趣。特别是在水的沸点和沸点以上温度条件下能生...     

嗜热微生物及在高温生物冶金过程中的应用

嗜热微生物包括中度嗜热微生物和极端嗜热微生物,主要栖息于热泉、火山口、海底热液喷口、高温反应器以及工厂高温废水排放区等自然或人为产生的高温环境中。它们可以生活在40-80°C、甚至更高的温度中,其中有些具备嗜酸性及特殊的代谢类型,在高温生物冶金过程中具有应用潜力。高温生物冶金较传统中温生物冶金更具优势,其能浸出某些难处理矿、解决浸矿过程的钝化问题,以及提高浸出效率等,目前已引起了生物冶金工业的重视。本文概述了应用于生物冶金的主要嗜热微生物的生理特点、耐热机制以及对铁、铜和砷等离子的耐受机制,进一步介绍了嗜热微生物在高温生物冶金中的发展及应用。     

热损伤诱导单核细胞株Raw264.7凋亡及其分子机制的初步研究

为探讨热损伤诱导细胞死亡的模式与分子机制,采用流式细胞仪、DNA凝胶电泳、透射电镜观察热损伤诱导单核细胞株Raw264.7凋亡发生的动力学变化及分子机制。结果显示热损伤能显著诱导单核细胞株Raw264.7调亡;有效降低Bcl-2蛋白表达,而上调Bax蛋白表达。这说明细胞凋亡是离体细胞在热损伤作用下重要的死亡方式之一,bcl-2/bax比例减少可能是热损伤诱导单核细胞株Raw264.7细胞凋亡的分子机制之一。     

浅谈现代生物技术在各行业的使用现状

生物处理法不仅是现今水处理技术中最为主要的方法,它还将作为现代生物技术的重点被运用到水污染控制领域和技术手段中。本文在简述了现代生物技术的内容与特点的基础上,重点阐述了其在水热污染处理和生物修复水体以及微生物处理剂等个方面的现状与研究进展。并以此提出了现代生物技术今后在水污染处理的研究内容和重点规划方向。     

微藻处理废水的研究进展

微藻可以高效利用废水中的部分小分子有机质、氮和磷等污染物合成生物质,并达到处理废水的目的。近年来,利用微藻进行农业废水、工业废水、城市废水和含农药以及抗生素等有害废水的处理等有了一些新的尝试。本文中,笔者重点分析了微藻处理废水中藻种选育、藻菌共培养、藻菌絮体、工艺集成和反应器设计以及可持续综合开发等关键技术问题。其中,藻菌共培养可以发挥微藻和菌的各自优势,提高废水处理效率。藻菌絮体技术还具有便于采收的特点,具备进一步研究的潜力。针对不同废水的处理需求,笔者提出合理构建绿色可持续发展路线,推动微藻处理废水的更广泛应用。     

Fish cell lines: Two new cell lines derived from explants of trunk musculature ofCynoscion arenarius

Summary Two cell lines were established from explants of trunk musculature of healthy, males sand seatrout,Cynoscion arenarius. One of the lines, designated CyA-1, has been carried through 150 subcultures during 6 yr. The other, designated CyA-2, has been carried through 100 subcultures during 2 yr. Both lines grow well in L15 medium adjusted to 0.150M NaCl and supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Optimal growth occurs at temperatures between 24 and 30°C. The species of origin of both lines was confirmed by a cytotoxic antibody dye exclusion test. The karyotype of CyA-1 has not yet stabilized, showing a modal chromosome number of 120 at Passage 9, 89 at Passage 63, and 79 at Passage 100. The karyotype of CyA-2 is rather stable, with a modal chromosome number of 47 at Passage 1 and 49 at Passage 100. Chromosome morphology of CyA-2 is homogeneous (small, acrocentric), whereas the chromosomes of CyA-1 show considerable size variation (with small chromosomes possibly formed from fragmentation of original structures). Both lines were found to be free of bacterial or fungal contamination. Both lines supported replication of lymphocystis virus strains isolated fromBairdiella chrysura (the silver perch) and fromMicropogon undulatus (the Atlantic croaker) but were refractory to 11 other viruses (4 from fish, 1 from amphibians, and 6 from mammals). This study was supported in part by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Sea Grant No. 04-3-158-58.     

Histopathology, blood chemistry, and physiological status of normal and moribund striped bass (Morone saxatilis) involved in summer mortality ('die-off') in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California

Summer mortality ('die-off') is common in striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), in the San Francisco Bay-Delta region. Tissue and blood samples of moribund and healthy striped bass collected during the summers of 1986–1988 were analysed. Sixteen moribund and 25 healthy reference fish from the Carquinez Strait area and eight fish caught in the Pacific Ocean were studied. Moribund fish plasma was invariably yellow-orange; most of the moribund fish had discoloured livers with haemorrhagic regions, and approximately one-third had haemorrhagic intestines. Piasma levels of aspartale aminotransferase, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase and cortisol were significantly higher than in reference fish from Carquinez Strait and the Pacific Ocean, whereas cholesterol, sodium, chloride, triiodothyronine and glucose levels were significantly lower. Hepatic heavy metal concentrations and bacterial content were similar in moribund and reference fish. Gill Na.⁺, K⁺ -ATPase activity was significantly lower in moribund fish. Liver, kidney, intestine, and thyroid follicles of moribund fish displayed various histopathological changes, and corticosteroidogenic (interrenal) tissue could not be identified positively in moribund fish. These findings are discussed in relation to recent work on the chemical burdens (industrial and agricultural hydrocarbons) found in livers from some of the fish examined in this study.     

南海东沙岛及太平岛鱼类种类组成和动物地理学特点

就笔者等在南海之东沙岛及太平岛两处海域所调查记录到的珊瑚礁鱼类,连同自1975年以来之文献与数据库的记录作综合整理.结果表明,东沙岛有73科652种,太平岛有56科466种,两岛合计共有76科759种.太平岛所记录的总鱼种数较东沙岛为少,主要原因纯系因太平岛之礁域面积较小,且调查次数甚少之故.根据各鱼种地理分布范围之分析,发现在此二岛所记录到的鱼种几乎全部都是印度-太平洋、印度-西太平洋及西太平洋等广泛分布的鱼种,目前只有黄头刻齿雀鲷(Chrysiptera chrysocephala)1种是只在南海发现之鱼种.由此可推测南海的鱼类相应与周边海域或珊瑚三角的鱼类相充分交流,并未有明显隔离或种化的现象.东沙岛及太平岛鱼类相之Sφrensen相似性系数值虽已达85.69％,但其中仍有240种是只分布在东沙岛及台湾(165种),或太平岛及台湾(75种),而未在另一岛屿发现之鱼种,且其中只在太平岛及东沙岛发现的21种及20种鱼中,大多为稀有种,非常不容易被调查到.故推测目前在此二岛所作的调查频度相当不足,如果调查能更密集更长期,则两岛的鱼相会更相似.     

我国转基因鱼研制的历史回顾与展望

中国自从诞生了首例转基因鱼以来,在后续30多年里取得了一系列重要研究进展。全球范围的转基因鱼研究包括多种养殖鱼类,目标性状涉及快速生长、抗病抗逆和品质改良。现在已经初步建成转基因鱼育种技术体系和安全评估体系,为转基因鱼产业化奠定了重要基础。本文以转基因黄河鲤育种研究为主线,简要回顾了转基因鱼研究的发展历程,并对转基因鱼育种面临的问题和发展前景进行了分析和展望。     

Karyotypic diversity of the armoured catfish genus Hypostomus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) in the context of its occurrence and distribution

This study taxonomically reviewed the specimens studied by Artoni & Bertollo (1996) and assimilated species of Hypostomus into three groups according to their cytogenetic characteristics, vagility and occurrence environments.     

Polymorphism and heterogeneity of transferrins in some species of the fish family Cyprinidae

In fish of the family Cyprinidae extensive polymorphism and heterogeneity of serum transferrins were found. Ten variants of transferrins were detected in barbel, 9 in dace and bleak, 7 in chub and bream, 6 in rudd, 5 in roach, white bream, silver carp, big head and crucian carp, 3 in tench, and 2 variants in nase, ide and goldfish. All the variants observed bound radioactive iron. The phenotype patterns indicated a simple genetic determination, by a set of codominant alleles at one locus, and this even in tetraploid species. Transferrins of some species were partly isolated. The transferrins of all 22 species analysed were heterogeneous and homozygous pheno-types had 1 to 6 zones of various intensities, binding ⁵⁹Fe. In barbel both single-zone and two-zone variants were present and transferrins of roach had variable heterogeneity. Sialic acid was found only in transferrins of silver carp, big head and in the two-zone variants of barbel. The occurrence of phenotypes with single and double zones of transferrins in barbel indicates the possibility of genetic determination of the inability of single-zone variants to bind sialic acid.     

Fish cell lines: Establishment of a line from ovaries of channel catfish

Summary A cell line was established from the ovaries of a healthy, juvenile channel catfish,Ictalurus punctatus. These cells, designated CCO, have been passed 130 times during 3 years. The cells grow well in Eagle's MEM-10 at a temperature of 30°C. Species of origin of the cells was confirmed by a cytotoxic dye exclusion test. The cells were found to be free of bacterial and fungal contamination. A study of chromosome preparations indicated that the karyotype is still in a state of flux. The CCO line replicated channel catfish virus but was refractory to 12 other viruses, 4 from fish, 1 from birds, and 7 from mammals. This research was supported by the Southeastern Cooperative Fish Disease Project, Sport Fish Restoration Funds and Regional Research S-83 Funds.     

Ecological assessment of finfish as indicators of habitats in the Gulf of Nicoya,Costa Rica

Trawl samples of demersal fish populations within the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica were conducted during February and July, 1979 and April, 1980 in an attempt to define basic abundance, diversity and distributional patterns. Seventeen day and three night samples produced 6 441 fishes of 107 species during the February cruise. Twenty day and two night samples produced 9 220 individuals of 131 species during the July cruise. Twenty day samples produced 14 151 individuals representing 125 species taken during the April cruise. A total of 214 species were collected during this study.The Gulf may be divided into three zones on the basis of the physical characteristics of the stations (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, depth and distance from the mouth of the Gulf). Few changes in the position of these zones occurred during the study period indicating a relatively stable estuarine configuration from a biological perspective.The Gulf of Nicoya area is under the influence of a wet and a dry season. No significant seasonal changes in the number, biomass, percent occurrence, diversity of partitioning by size class of fishes were observed.Two major types of fish distributional patterns were observed. Several species were ubiquitous and were found throughout the Gulf in varying abundances. Other species were restricted to either the upper or lower Gulf. Dominant groups in the upper Gulf include the sciaenids, sea catfishes (Ariidae) and flatfishes (Soleidae, Cynoglossidae andSyacium ovale). These fishes tend to inhabit the warmer, shallower, less saline waters of the upper Gulf. Flounders (bothidae), gobies (Bollmannia spp.), morays and congers (Hildebrandia nitens, Priodonophus equatorialis andMuraenesox coniceps) and several other species dominated the deeper, cooler, more saline lower Gulf.     

Habitat use of the European mudminnow Umbra krameri and association with other fish species in a disconnected Danube side arm

Fish assemblages along the longitudinal course of an old, disconnected and modified side arm of the Danube floodplain downstream of Vienna, Austria, as well as habitat structure, hydro‐morphological and hydro‐chemical factors, were investigated in order to analyse the key environmental determinants of the European mudminnow Umbra krameri. Generally, U. krameri was the most abundant species in the system. It occurred in disconnected ditches, ponds and pools with dense reed belts and comparatively low nutrient content, indicating its natural association with marsh habitats. At infrequently disturbed sites it was associated with a small group of stagnophilious and highly specialized species with adaptations to strong oxygen fluctuations. At frequently flooded sites, the species was absent or occurred in low abundances, indicating its adaptation to water bodies in older successional stages and its low competitive power in permanently connected floodplain habitats.     

Patterns of Local Distribution of Labroides Dimidiatus in French Polynesian Atolls

Cleaning behaviour by fishes has been described to be either facultative or specialised. If being specialised in cleaning is more advantageous than to be a facultative cleaner, cleaner fishes would prefer to settle on reefs were ecological conditions promote specialisation. To test this hypothesis, we looked at the influence of physical and ecological factors on cleaner wrasse abundance, studying variations in L. dimidiatus density between 10 atolls of French Polynesia. We used a multiple regression method based on permutations of distance matrices. Our study reveals that L. dimidiatus are significantly more numerous at sites where ecological factors, such as the species richness of the fish community, may promote their cleaning activity. Moreover, they were significantly more abundant in atolls presenting a large number of sedentary fish species, few predators and few fishes living in large groups. Finally, physical factors, such as the distance between atolls, the lagoon surface, the mean percentage of hard substrate, the mean current index, and the mean depth, play a minor role in the occurrence of L. dimidiatus.