浙江天童国家森林公园景观的遥感分类与制图

利用Landsat-TM多时相数据,采用非监督分类方法,对浙江省天童国家森林公园的景观进行分类。并利用野外实地调查的数据进行检验和校正。结果表明,天童国家森林公园范围内的景观可分为常绿阔叶林、成熟常绿阔叶林、次生常绿-落叶阔叶林、山脊常绿-落叶阔叶林、谷地常绿-落叶阔叶林、林缘灌丛、次生灌丛、针叶林(杉木)、竹林、生长作物的农田／菜园地、旱地、裸土、居住区、水体14个类型,这14个景观类型,根据植物群落学分类的群落复合体(cammunity complex)和群落复合体的地-综合群落学(Geo-synsociology)的方法,归并为山坡常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、人工林(针叶林、竹林)、农田、水体、居住区6个景观单元。在景观分类和合并的基础上,对天童国家森林公园的景观进行了制图。     

草原模式植物群落监测方法应用样例

模式植物群落是指能够反映某种植被分类单元基本特征, 并可作为准确描述该植被类型“标准”的典型植物群落。草原模式植物群落监测是中国生物多样性监测与研究网络——草原/荒漠植物多样性监测网的核心内容, 已初步确定了一套监测方法。本文应用这套方法分别建立了克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)群系和百里香(Thymus mongolicus)群系模式植物群落监测固定样地, 作为中国生物多样性监测与研究网络——草原/荒漠植物多样性监测网的样例。介绍了这两个模式植物群落监测样地选取与设置的过程、群落调查方法和数据分析结果。通过实际观测和案例分析, 验证了“中国草原/荒漠植物多样性监测网模式植物群落监测方案”中监测方法的可行性, 同时根据监测中出现的问题, 提出了模式植物群落样地、监测频率和监测日期的选择原则, 以及监测过程中的操作规范等, 完善了模式植物群落监测内容、方法和指标体系的建议, 为开展草原模式植物群落监测提供了可借鉴的实例与技术储备。     

天童国家森林公园植被碳储量估算

以典型木荷-栲树群落、含苦槠的木荷-栲树群落、含杨梅叶蚊母树的木荷-栲树群落、披针叶茴香-南酸枣群落、枫香-马尾松群落、黄毛耳草-毛竹群落6种群落类型样地实测数据为基础,结合文献资料汇总,采用生物量相对生长方程法,研究了天童国家森林公园森林生态系统的植被碳储量、碳密度及其组分和空间分布特征.结果表明：野外调查的6种群落类型中,含苦槠的木荷-栲树群落碳储量（12113.92 Mg C）和碳密度（165.03 Mg C·hm^-2）均最高,披针叶茴香 南酸枣群落碳储量最低（680.95 Mg C）,其碳密度为101.26 Mg C·hm^-2.各群落类型中,常绿树种的碳储量均显著高于落叶树种,其碳密度范围分别为76.08～144.95和0.16～20.62 Mg C·hm^-2.各群落类型的乔木层各组分中,植株干的碳储量均最高.各林分类型中,常绿阔叶林碳储量最高,为23092.39 Mg C,占天童林区森林生态系统碳储量的81.7%,碳密度为126.17 Mg C·hm^-2.天童国家森林公园植被总碳储量为28254.22 Mg C,碳密度为96.73 Mg C·hm^-2.     

天童常绿阔叶林样地中优势鸟类食性与采食地点植物的关系

2010年10月至2011年9月,在浙江天童国家森林公园内的天童20 hm2样地中对鸟类食性进行观察,并对鸟类与植物物种间分布关系进行研究。调查观察到鸟类5目12科32种3 130只次,其中优势种类为灰眶雀鹛(Alcippe morrisonia)、红头[长尾]山雀(Aegithalos concinnus)、大山雀(Parus major)、栗背短脚鹎(Hemixos castanonotus)和白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)。采用Sorensen相似性指数和Spearman相关性分析对优势种鸟类与植被分布的关系进行分析,结果显示鸟类分布与植物分布呈对应关系:大山雀和红头[长尾]山雀在同一时期与浙江柿(Diospyros glaucifolia)有相关性,白头鹎同时期与刺毛越橘(Vaccinium trichocladum)和青皮木(Schoepfia jasminodora)相关,栗背短脚鹎在不同时期与同种植物格药柃(Eurya muricata)相关。     

天童国家森林公园废弃采石场植被自然恢复早期阶段的种群动脉及 …

对天童国家森林公园废弃采石场植被自然恢复早期阶段的种群动态及生物量研究表明,采石废弃地植被自然恢复早期阶段的群落种类组成非常简单,只有木荷,马尾松两个种;两种群的密度动态趋势和先升后降,最大密度分别出现在３龄,４龄;马尾松地上部分生长速度明显高于木荷;群落中马尾松总生物量是木荷的１２倍多,木荷分配到叶和根中的生物量比例高于马属于尾松,而马尾松分配到茎中的比例高于木荷。     

北京西北部山地两个垂直样带内主要植被类型的群落特征

样方数据是揭示植物群落物种组成和结构等群落特征的重要凭证,也是深入研究植物群落动态变化规律和植被志等植被专著编研的重要基础数据.前人对北京山地植物群落的研究工作多停留在文字描述阶段,缺乏附配翔实样方数据的凭证描述(任宪威等,1991;崔国发等,2000).仅有文字描述的文献限制了植物群落学研究成果在植被专著编研和群落动态研究中的应用.北京市喇叭沟门自然保护区和松山自然保护区是北京市自然植被保护最完好和生物多样性最丰富的两个地区,具有重要的生态屏障作用.量化描述这两个保护区内主要植物群落的组成和结构特征,对揭示北京乃至华北地区的植被特征、服务于生物多样性保育与管理等具有重要意义.我们在这两个自然保护区内设置了两条垂直样带,调查了样带中的主要植被类型,以样方数据为凭证,描述了主要植被类型的群落特征,为该地区植被研究提供基础数据.     

汶川地震滑坡迹地植物群落与环境的关系

为了加快汶川地震滑坡迹地人工恢复植被的进程,探讨地震诱发的滑坡迹地植物群落与环境的关系。在5·12地震重灾区北川境内选取29个样地进行植被调查,采用10个环境指标刻画植物群落的地形、空间位置和土壤养分特征;利用TWINSPAN、CCA、DCA和DCCA,分析植物种、植物群落和植物生活型与环境的关系。结果显示:1)研究区的植物群落可划分为9个类型。2)研究区环境变量对植物种的解释量为21.96%,第一排序轴与pH值、海拔、土壤质地相关,反映的是植物种从次生植物群落向原生植物群落变化。通过DCCA分析得出,环境变量对植物群落的排序解释了25.7%,第一排序轴与pH值、海拔、土壤质地的相关较强,反映植物群落按照耐旱、耐贫瘠→人工或先锋植物→未受损的植被变化;第二排序轴与土壤有机质、全氮含量、坡向的相关,反映的是植物群落从草本植物→乔灌草或者灌草植物变化。3)滑坡迹地的植物群落与未受损林地的植物群落物种存在较大差异。     

天津市大港区盐碱地的植被类型及其指示性

大港滨临渤海,土壤含盐量较高,植被类型比较简单。为了摸清植被与土壤的关系,我们于1979年至1980年,对该区植被的分布情况进行了调查,试图通过植物与土壤含盐量相互关系的研究,利用植物群落来指示土壤含盐量。     

塔里木河下游生态输水对植物群落组成、多样性和稳定性的影响

维持干旱区植物群落结构与稳定性对当地环境保护具有重要意义。本研究以塔里木河下游典型的4个断面内的植被为对象,采用样带调查技术,对其植被的群落特征进行了调查。选取2000、2004、2008、2012、2016年调查数据,对离河不同距离的植物群落的物种组成变化进行了分析,并运用物种多样性指数、均匀度指数以及生态优势度等对调查区域群落物种多样性与均匀性进行了分析,综合评估植物群落的稳定性。结果表明:随着生态输水工程的实施,植物群落的物种由输水前的17种增加到输水后的31种;乔灌木所占的比重有所下降,林下草本所占的比重逐渐增加,群落中乔灌草物种搭配更为均衡;总体而言,植物群落的物种多样性指数、均匀度指数均有显著升高,而生态优势度有所降低,因而植物群落更加丰富与均匀;生态输水以来,植物群落的稳定性逐渐升高,但目前仍处于不稳定状态。     

天山中段山地植被的生态梯度分析及环境解释

 本文通过对天山中段植物群落的DCA排序和TWINSPAN等级制分类及其与3个土壤变量的CCA典范对应分析,定量地研究了该区域植被分布与环境之间的相互关系。结果表明：天山山脉中段植物群落沿着温度和湿度两个梯度方向呈现以天山中段内部湿润植被为中心向北坡干冷荒漠植被和南坡干热砾石荒漠植被两个极点方向发展的分布格局。进一步研究发现,天山山脉中段南北坡植物群落,从大的宏观尺度上看,其类型与分布主要由降水量和温度所决定,而在中小尺度范围上,植物群落的分布与类型却与土壤湿度和土壤养分密切相关。该结果较好地解释了天山山脉中段内部,在地形地貌基本一致的情况下,植物群落类型分异很大的原因。建立了天山山脉中段植物群落梯度环境解释的数学模型和植物群落地理分布的数学模型。     

An outline for data analysis in phytosociology: past and present

As vegetation science develops its formalized methodology increased in importance. At the beginning of the century traditional European schools of phytosociology applied an intuitive classification and ordering scheme to establish vegetation units. The introduction of computer-supported data analysis into vegetation science accelerated the formalization. The present paper presents a formal outline for phytosociology and community analysis. In this scheme we distinguish different data states which are connected by active data handling. Data sampling and subsequent analysis can be understood as filtering processes, making theoretical assumptions in vegetation science very important. The model implied provides a basis for discussing potential problems and possibilities in vegetation science.Abbreviations PCA = Principal Component Analysis     

Spatial-temporal character of vegetation cover and its influence factors in the Shule River Basin China,during 1985–2011

Abstract

Vegetation coverage is an important indicator of the terrestrial ecosystems, and it provides crucial significance for evaluation and analysis of vegetation change. The Shule River Basin is a typical ecological fragile region in the inland of Northwest China. We used vegetation coverage index as given in Technical Specifications for Assessment of Ecological Environment. Geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis was used to analyze the temporal and spatial features of vegetation cover in the Shule River Basin and its influencing factors from 1986 to 2011. The results showed that vegetable cover is very low in most areas of Shule River Basin with only the upstream parts of the oasis and watershed haven high vegetation cover. The average vegetation coverage index increased from 6.78 to 8.31 during 1986–2011. An area of 59,998?km² in the Shule River Basin has unchanged vegetation coverage index and this account for 51.7% of watershed areas for the period of the study. Also, an area of 31,721?km² recorded an increased vegetable cover, accounting for 27.3% while an area of 24,372?km² decreased vegetation cover which accounts for 21.0%. There was different correlation between vegetation cover and annual precipitation in the Shule River Basin.     

Environmental relationships of vegetation patterns in saltmarshes of central Argentina

We describe vegetation-environment relationships in the saltmarshes of central Argentina. Gradient analysis (Detrended canonical correspondence analysis, DCCA) was performed involving 14 parameters of the groundwater that account for most of the variation in plant communities. We used a stepwise multivariate procedure to classify the vegetation data into 8 clusters, named according to the most abundant characteristic species:Chloris canterai, Cynodon dactylon, Distichlis, spicata, Spartina densiflora andPaspalum vaginatum clusters, containing relevés of tall grassland communities, andAtriplex undulata, Cyclolepis genistoides andHeterostachys ritteriana clusters, containing relevés from scrub. Our interpretation of DCCA ordinations suggests that vegetation pattern is primarily related to a salinity-moisture gradient. There is a strong relationship between vegetation type and the amount of salt in the groundwater and the pattern of its variation during the year. The depth of the groundwater and the conditions of submersion are also related to the compositional variation of the vegetation. Although flooding causes some differences between sites, the most important discriminant variable, and therefore the best predictor of floristic variation, is salinization.     

Woodland vegetation composition and prehistoric human fuel collection strategy at the Shannashuzha site,Gansu Province,northwest China,during the middle Holocene

Charcoal analysis is a useful tool to gather information about the diversity of vegetation as well as human behaviour towards the environment and the diversified management of natural plant resources. Here we present the taxonomic identification of charcoal and calculate the percentage of each diameter class of the pieces excavated from the Shannashuzha archaeological site, Gansu Province. We discuss the implications of the data for the composition of the past woodland vegetation and prehistoric human fuel collection strategy. Twenty-two taxa were identified from 2,241 charcoal fragments with a further 50 fragments unidentified. Picea, Pinus, Bambusoideae, Salix, Populus, Quercus and Betula were abundant in many samples, although Bambusoideae is probably over-represented due to its high chance of being preserved. The vegetation around the Shannashuzha site had a typical mountain character and the main vegetation types reflected by the charcoal records included conifer woods, mixed broadleaved/conifer woods and riverbank broadleaved woods. This vegetation is similar to the modern vegetation and therefore the climate at that time is deemed to have been similar to or slightly warmer than today. Abundance was probably an important factor in the fuel collection strategy of the people. Collection of wood with a small diameter was a purposeful choice by prehistoric people, probably because it was less time-consuming in the study area, which was rich in wood resources. We conclude that in this region, prehistoric people selected firewood depending not on its type, but rather on its size (diameter). Charcoal from fruit trees found at this site and at many others nearby indicates that there was a common and long history of fruit utilization by prehistoric people in the western Loess Plateau. These results provide valuable information and a new insight into the interaction between human activities and plant resources in the Neolithic period.     

Macrophytic vegetation of the River Swale, Yorkshire

SUMMARY. An account is given of the distribution down the River Swale in summer 1976 of 132 species of photosynthetic plants which are recognizable macroscopically. Some environmental data are included. The river may be regarded as falling into three zones, both with regard to its physical features and its type of vegetation. The upper zone has rocky substrata, fast flows and a macrophytic vegetation largely of bryophytes; the middle zone has unconsolidated substrata and the macrophytic vegetation is relatively sparse; the lower zone is silted and the macrophytic vegetation consists largely of angiosperms. The flora of the Swale is compared with that of the Tees, since eventually the former is likely to receive water from the latter as part of a major water transfer scheme. Eleven species of 'river' angiosperm which are present in the Tees above the projected abstraction point are absent from the Swale above the inflow point.     

三江源区草地植被返青及其与气候因子的关系

为厘清三江源地区草地植被返青及其与气候因子的关系。以三江源地区为研究对象,选取该区2003—2012年日照时数、平均气温和降水以及草地植被返青资料,采用线性倾向率和Pearson相关分析法,较为系统地分析探讨了近10年三江源地区气候变化趋势及其与草地植被返青的相关关系。结果表明:(1)近10年来,三江源地区草地植被返青呈"提前—推迟—再提前—再推迟"的变化趋势。(2)海拔4000 m以上的地区草地植被返青期极差较大,相差约40 d;且高寒草原和高寒荒漠草地植被返青时间突变最为显著。(3)三江源地区草地植被返青日期与返青期前30 d光、温、水的相关性较好。除局部地区草地植被返青与光、温、水呈显著负相关外,其余地区均显著正相关。以上研究结果表明,三江源地区草地植被返青期不是由单一因素决定,而是光照、气温和降水等因素综合作用的结果。     

Oviposition site selection of the Alcon blue butterfly at the northern range margin

Female oviposition decisions in insects may strongly affect offspring growth and survival, and thus determine population performance. In this study, we examined oviposition site selection in the xerophilous ecotype of the endangered myrmecophilous butterfly Phengaris (=Maculinea) alcon (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) in Estonia, at the northern distribution margin of both the butterfly and its host plant, Gentiana cruciata L. Egg distribution on individual host plants appeared to be highly uneven: plants carrying high egg loads contrasted to a high proportion of host plants without any or with a few eggs. Host plant use for oviposition was strongly dependent on plant characteristics and environmental context. Host plant height relative to the surrounding vegetation rather than the absolute height of host plants was a key factor determining the use of particular host plant individuals for oviposition. In particular, plants protruding above surrounding vegetation had a higher probability of being used for oviposition, and carried more eggs. Additionally, the number of eggs laid on individual host plants was positively associated with the presence of flowers and the number of shoots. More aggregated host plants received fewer eggs than those with less conspecifics around. Feeding damage by wild herbivores, found in a substantial proportion of the butterfly’s host plants, strongly reduced the number of eggs on individual plants. Our results underline the need to assure that butterfly’s host plants do not become overgrown by surrounding vegetation. Best practices for opening vegetation around host plants may need further studies that explicitly account for butterfly’s host ants—their abundance in relation to vegetation height and their response to opening vegetation.     

Establishment and development of Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae) seedlings in a semideciduous tropical forest under management, Pacific coast of Mexico

We evaluated the effect of soil "scarification" and vegetation clearing treatments on the natural regeneration and initial development of Tabebuia rosea (Bertold) DC. seedlings in a moderate sized semideciduous tropical forest subjected to wood harvesting on the coast of Jalisco, Mexico. The treatments were applied under "seed" trees, and the number of germinated seedlings and their development were evaluated for nine months. Soil "scarification" promoted seed germination and initial seedling development, while the control of the competing vegetation increased the seedling growth and reduced their mortality. These results should be taken into account for the natural regeneration of this species, after clearing, to improve wood production, and should be incorporated into the silvicultural techniques currently developed in the region.     

Combining point‐process and landscape vegetation models to predict large herbivore distributions in space and time—A case study of Rupicapra rupicapra

Aim

When modelling the distribution of animals under current and future conditions, both their response to environmental constraints and their resources’ response to these environmental constraints need to be taken into account. Here, we develop a framework to predict the distribution of large herbivores under global change, while accounting for changes in their main resources. We applied it to Rupicapra rupicapra, the chamois of the European Alps.

Location

The Bauges Regional Park (French Alps).

Methods

We built sixteen plant functional groups (PFGs) that account for the chamois’ diet (estimated from sequenced environmental DNA found in the faeces), climatic requirements, dispersal limitations, successional stage and interaction for light. These PFGs were then simulated using a dynamic vegetation model, under current and future climatic conditions up to 2100. Finally, we modelled the spatial distribution of the chamois under both current and future conditions using a point‐process model applied to either climate‐only variables or climate and simulated vegetation structure variables.

Results

Both the climate‐only and the climate and vegetation models successfully predicted the current distribution of the chamois species. However, when applied into the future, the predictions differed widely. While the climate‐only models predicted an 80% decrease in total species occupancy, including vegetation structure and plant resources for chamois in the model provided more optimistic predictions because they account for the transient dynamics of the vegetation (?20% in species occupancy).

Main conclusions

Applying our framework to the chamois shows that the inclusion of ecological mechanisms (i.e., plant resources) produces more realistic predictions under current conditions and should prove useful for anticipating future impacts. We have shown that discounting the pure effects of vegetation on chamois might lead to overpessimistic predictions under climate change. Our approach paves the way for improved synergies between different fields to produce biodiversity scenarios.

     

元谋干热河谷植被的类型研究 Ⅰ.群丛以上单位

本文主要用法瑞植物社会学学派的方法对元谋干热河谷植被的群丛以上单位进行划分和研究。经分析,确定了从群目(order)到群丛(association)的一个分类等级系统。整个河谷区的植被可以归入到扭黄茅、坡柳群目(Dodonaeo-Heteropogonetalia contorti)中,下面再分出两个群属(alliance)和九个群丛。经使用模糊聚类分析数学方法验证,分类基本合理。 经研究表明元谋干热河谷1600米以下地区的气候及植被特点与热带的稀树草原(savanna)十分相似,可以称为半自然稀树草原或次生性稀树草原(semi-natural savanna or secondarysavanna)。