天然赤松个体生物量的研究

对延边地区不同密度天然赤松林中不同生长势的赤松个体地上部生物量进行了研究。结果表明,不同生长势赤松生物量变化受密度影响的顺序为：优势木〈平均木〈被压木;各器官生物量分配比例受密度影响的顺序为：干〉枝〉叶〉皮。不同生长势赤松的生物量垂直分布虽然各具特点,但都表现为：树干和树皮生物量主要分布在６ｍ树高范围内,树枝则集中在６～１０ｍ范围,针叶在上、中、下３层林冠中均分,上层林冠的枝叶量受密度影响最小。     

赤松纯林林分特征对昆嵛山鳃扁叶蜂发生量的影响

为探讨昆嵛山鳃扁叶蜂的发生与天然赤松纯林的林分特征及其自然分布的关系,依托昆嵛山森林生态定位研究站所设立的40块永久性样地,比较了群落自然演替13 a的赤松种群特征以及林内灌草多样性指数,并分析了虫口密度与赤松林分特征的关系。结果表明,13 a自然生长,赤松种群的径级分布和高度结构出现显著变化。赤松种群中占总数60%的林木径级为5 cmDBH≤25 cm,比1996年高51%;而约占67%的赤松个体高度在2 m到10 m之间,比1996年高57%。同时种群密度从1996年的平均超过13000株/hm2降到了2008年的平均2377株/hm2。赤松林内灌草Shannon多样性指数(H)和均匀度指数(JS)分别为2.50和0.79,分别低于1996年的(H)2.69和(JS)0.85,暗示赤松纯林生物多样性有降低的趋势。昆嵛山鳃扁叶蜂的虫口密度与赤松林分的郁闭度和赤松分布的海拔高度呈极显著相关关系、相关系数分别为R=0.931、P=0.002和R=0.924、P=0.003;与林分密度(R=0.780,P=0.038)、林木胸径(R=0.816,P=0.025)呈显著相关关系,而与树高以及树龄关系不显著。昆嵛山鳃扁叶蜂虫口密度的分布格局似乎非常符合"资源集中"假说。     

山东赤松种群直径结构及其动态研究

利用维泊尔（Weibull)分布函数对山东赤松种群直径的分布规律及其动态进行了初步研究。结果表明,赤松种群直径分布的概率密度分布曲线,由幼龄阶段到成熟阶段,其峰值由左向右移动,由左偏单峰分布过渡为非偏单峰近似正态分布,最后趋于右偏单峰分布,针对不同林型的直径结构,探讨了赤松林的保护和管理。     

天然赤松个体生物量的研究

对延边地区不同密度天然赤松林中不同生长势的赤松个体地上部生物量进行了研究.结果表明,不同生长势赤松生物量变化受密度影响的顺序为:优势木<平均木<被压木;各器官生物量分配比例受密度影响的顺序为:干>枝>叶>皮.不同生长势赤松的生物量结构在林分密度达到Ⅲ级时发生显著变化,其中平均木的变化与林分基本相同.不同生长势赤松的生物量垂直分布虽然各具特点,但都表现为:树干和树皮生物量主要分布在6m树高范围内,树枝则集中在6～10m范围,针叶在上、中、下3层林冠中均分,上层林冠的枝叶量受密度影响最小.     

昆嵛山天然赤松种群的数量特征及更新动态

1　前　言赤松(ＰｉｎｕｓｄｅｎｓｉｆｌｏｒａＳｉｅｂ.ｅｔＺｕｃｃ.)天然分布于朝鲜、日本和中国,它在我国的天然分布从黑龙江东南部(宁安、东宁)、吉林东部(长白山)、辽东半岛经山东半岛(昆嵛山、崂山、沂山东部)到江苏东北部云台山区,是我国暖温带沿海地区温性针叶林的主要建群种之一[1]。昆嵛山地处山东半岛东端,位于Ｎ37°16′,Ｅ121°43′附近,是赤松在山东半岛的最集中分布地。赤松林在该地区从山麓一直到海拔800ｍ左右都有分布,并与落叶栎林共同组成该地区的地带性天然次生森林植被[2],在调节生态系统结构与功能方面起到重要作用…     

海南植被净初级生产力时空分布特征研究

海南是一个相对独立地理单元, 生态环境优越, 植被NPP是判定生态系统健康状况和可持续发展水平的重要指标。基于2000—2015年海南省MODIS NPP数据集, 采用趋势线分析法和相关分析法对海南被净初级生产力时空分布特征研究。结果表明: (1)2000—2015年海南省植被净初级生产力(NPP)呈现整体微弱的上升趋势, 植被年平均NPP变化范围为794.5—998.3 gC·m–2, 年平均值886.2 gC·m–2。(2)从空间分布看, 海南2000—2015年平均NPP分布呈现中高四周低的趋势, 其中年平均NPP>1000 gC·m–2主要分布在海南的中部山区, 年平均NPP<600 gC·m–2区域主要分布在海南的西部和北部的海岸带附近。(3)其中气候变化和人类活动是NPP变化的主要驱动因素, 但在不同区域影响的因子的影响程度存在差异。以上研究可为海南生态环境保护和评估提供参考。     

中国东北产“樟子松”的核型研究

作者研究了中国东北所产的"樟子松"的核型。结果表明,大兴安岭山地生长的樟子松与欧洲赤松的核型类似,而沙地生长的樟子松的核型则有明显的变异。根据核型比较研究,作者认为,把山地樟子松视为欧洲赤松的原变种,沙地樟子松应视为另一变种。"樟子松"分布于黑龙江大兴安岭海拔400-900米山地及大兴安岭以西、西南一带沙地。因为它生长迅速,成材期短,能耐贫瘠干旱,为石质山地和草原沙地主要造林树种之一,在我国东北、内蒙、华北地区营林事业中占有重要的地位。多年来,在植物分类学上对于"樟子松"的归属问题还存在着一些分歧:V.L.Komarov(1901)、北川政夫(1939、1979)、竹内亮(1958)等人认为,中国东北产的"樟子松"与分布于欧亚大陆的欧洲赤松(Pinus sylvestris)同属一种;D.I.Litvinov(1905)及陈嵘(1937)、刘慎谔(1955)、吴仲伦(1956),郑万钧等(1961、1978)的研究认为东北 的樟子松均为欧洲赤松的变种(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica LitV.);近来又有的作者认为中国东北地区的"樟子松"根据产地不同可分为山地樟子松(分布于大兴安岭山地)与沙地樟子松(分布于大兴安岭以西的呼伦尔草原之沙地上)两种类型,并认为前者为欧洲赤松原变种,而后者则为欧洲赤松之另一变种。     

科尔沁沙地赤松和樟子松根系生物量分配与构型特征

沙地赤松(Pinus densiflora)在科尔沁沙地南缘区已有50年的引种历史,但其生长表现和根系生物量分配与构型特征还很少被报道。本研究以同龄(40 a)樟子松为对照,在生长指标测定基础上,采用分层分段全挖法采集根系,对沙地赤松不同径级根生物量分配规律进行研究,测定根长、连接数量、平均连接长度等指标,同时计算分形维数和分形丰度。结果表明:与樟子松相比,沙地赤松具有较大生长量和生物量,其根生物量显著高于樟子松,是其1.96倍,细根(直径≤0.2 cm)生物量更显著高于樟子松,是其4.76倍;沙地赤松根系生物量占总生物量的29.0%,细根生物量占总根系生物量的1.1%,细根长度占根总长度的44.3%;樟子松根系生物量占总生物量的25.6%,细根生物量占总根系生物量的0.4%,细根长度占根总长度的28.8%;从根系垂直分布看,沙地赤松地下0~180 cm均有细根分布,且40~180 cm范围内细根生物量占总细根生物量的65.2%;樟子松几乎全部细根分布于0~100 cm范围内,此范围细根生物量占总细根生物量的99.2%,且0~40 cm土层细根生物量占63.4%;虽然两树种根系平均连接长度没有显著差异,但沙地赤松细根及部分中根(0.2~2.0 cm)连接数量显著高于樟子松;沙地赤松根系分形维数为1.548±0.251,是樟子松(1.293±0.190)的1.2倍,并且分形丰度是樟子松的1.3倍;与樟子松相比,沙地赤松根系具有较强的吸收能力,能够利用较大范围的深层水分和养分,根系分支多,拓扑结构更加复杂。     

山东赤松种群的数量动态

通过静态生命表分析赤松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｄｅｎｓｉｆｌｏｒａ Ｓｉｅｂ．ｅｔ Ｚｕｃｃ．）种群的生命结构与数量动态。结果表明,赤松种群具有不同年龄等级结构,死亡高峰出现在５～１５年,此时正是幼龄期向成年期的过渡阶段,度过此阶段的赤松个体大多能达到生理寿命。由此看出,赤松种群静态生命表能较精确地反映赤松种群的数量动态规律。     

三化螟世代分布、发生期与温度的关系

为进一步提高防治三化螟的质量,我们在前人研究的基础上对广西三化螟的世代分布、发生期与温度的关系,作了一些研究。 一、三化螟的世代分布与年平 均有效积温的关系 三化螟一般完成一个世代需要16℃以上的有效积温是450日度。我们对广西三化螟进行了年有效积温的统计,共统计90个县、市气象站的逐日平均气温资料(资料年度长的由1950—1970年,年度短的由1965—1970年),取得年平均有效积温(表1)。以一个世代需要的有效积温数值为间距,绘年平均有效积温等值线图(图1)。     

Biomass Expansion Factors of Natural Japanese Red Pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus densiflora</Emphasis>) Forests in Korea

Biomass expansion factors, which convert the timber volume (or dry weight) to biomass, are used to estimate the forest biomass and account for the carbon budget at the national or regional level. This study estimated the biomass conversion and expansion factors (BCEF), root to shoot ratio (R), biomass expansion factors (BEF) of natural Japanese Red Pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) forests based on direct field measurements and publications in Korea. This study attempted to fit the non-linear relationships between the biomass expansion factors (BCEF and BEF) and main stand factors [stand age, tree height, and diameter at breast height (DBH)]. The relationship between BEF and each main stand factor was expressed as a simple logarithmical equation. The BCEF was also expressed as a logarithmical equation of the tree height, DBH, and stand volume, whereas there was no significant relationship between BCEF and stand age. The mean value for BCEF, BEF, and R was 0.5821 Mg m⁻³ (n = 22, SD = 0.1196), 1.4465 (n = 22, SD = 0.2905), and 0.2220 (n = 17, SD = 0.0687), respectively. The values of the biomass expansion factors in this study may indicate much representativeness to estimate forest biomass in natural Japanese Red Pine forests of Korea than the default values given by the IPCC (2003, 2006).     

呼伦贝尔沙地天然樟子松种子扩散机制研究

通过对沙地樟子松母树种子落种时空格局的观测,发现沙地樟子松种子大部分在高峰期集中飞散在母树周边,与母树距离的增加种子数量减少,在距离母树4m左右处,落种密度达到最大,且母树北侧和东侧的落种密度要高于南侧和西侧.此外文章还探讨了落种密度和距离与母树本身的关系,如树高和冠幅等,推算出了树高和扩散距离之间的量化关系,计算得出在已知风速的情况下沙地樟子松种子的最大扩散距离公式.最后将沙地樟子松种子更新过程分为母树、种子和幼苗阶段3个阶段和母树的结实与生产、种实扩散、种子萌发和幼树生长4个时期,从环境状况和母树自身特征角度分别探讨了沙地樟子松更新的影响因素,并在此基础上建立了沙地樟子松种子更新的时空模型.     

Understory development in canopy gaps of pine and pine-hardwood forests of the upper Coastal Plain of Virginia

Canopygaps are important in establishing a pool of natural regeneration in manytemperate forest ecosystems. Information on the role of gaps in loblolly pine(Pinus taeda L.) and pine-hardwood foreststands in the southeastern Coastal Plain of the United States is lacking.Accordingly, 12 small canopy gaps in mature pine and pine-hardwood standsin Petersburg National Battlefield, Virginia, were studied. Loblolly pineregeneration was significantly more abundant in canopy gaps as compared to theadjacent forest in both forest cover types. In four stands dominated by loblollypine, there were 750 saplings/ha in the gaps compared to only 125saplings/ha in the adjacent forest. Pine saplings dominated the regenerationspectrum in the gaps in the pine stands, while red maple (Acerrubrum L.) was more important in the adjacent forest. In fourpine-hardwood stands, regeneration in both the gaps and adjacent forestwas dominated by sweetgum (Liquidambar styracifluaL.) with importance values of 27% and 28%, respectively.There were no loblolly pine seedlings in the adjacent forest, but an average 313per ha in the gaps of the pine-hardwood stands. Within thegaps in both cover types, loblolly pine saplings were lower in stature thancompeting hardwood stems, leading to the conclusion that the gaps may form atemporary pool of pine regeneration. Without further stand disturbance, theprocess of gap closure may reduce the pine component to a secondary status, orperhaps eliminate it altogether.     

鼎湖山不同自然植被土壤动物群落结构时空变化

2001年10月~2002年8月采用大型改良干漏斗和手拣法对鼎湖山鼎湖山南亚热带典型常绿阔叶林、河岸常绿阔叶林、山地常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、沟谷常绿阔叶林和灌木草丛6种自然植被类型土壤动物群落结构时空变化进行初步调查。结果表明,蜱螨目(A carina)和弹尾目(Co llem bo la)为6种自然植被常年优势类群,缨翅目(T hysanoptera)、鞘翅目(Co leoptera)、膜翅目(Hym enoptera)和双翅目(D iptera)幼虫则为常年常见类群。土壤动物群落类群和个体数量的消长规律分别是:10月=6月=8月>4月>2月=12月和4月>10月>6月>8月>2月>12月。土壤动物个体数量总数依次为南亚热带典型常绿阔叶林>河岸常绿阔叶林>山地常绿阔叶林>沟谷常绿阔叶林>针阔混交林>灌木草丛;不同月份、不同植被类型以及不同月份和不同植被类型之间土壤动物群落的组成具有较大变化,组成差异极显著(F=5.63,α=0.0001;F=11.08,α=0.0001;F=2.97,α=0.0001),不同类群之间个体数量差异极显著(F=102.38,α=0.0001),但月份间类群数差异不显著(F=0.50,α>0.05)。多样性分析表明,类群多样性和均匀性指数除南亚热带典型常绿阔叶林、山地常绿阔叶林12月最高外,其它则2月最高,优势度指数则相反;山地常绿阔叶林土壤动物群落多样性指数和均匀性指数最大,针阔混交林则最小。     

Tolerance of Pinus taeda and Pinus serotina to low salinity and flooding: Implications for equilibrium vegetation dynamics

Questions: 1. Do pine seedlings in estuarine environments display discrete or continuous ranges of physiological tolerance to flooding and salinity? 2. What is the tolerance of Pinus taeda and P. serotina to low salinity and varying hydrologic conditions? 3. Are the assumptions for ecological equilibrium met for modeling plant community migration in response to sea‐level rise? Location: Albemarle Peninsula, North Carolina, USA. Methods: In situ observations were made to quantify natural pine regeneration and grass cover along a salinity stress gradient (from marsh, dying or dead forest, to healthy forest). A full‐factorial greenhouse experiment was set up to investigate mortality and carbon allocation of Pinus taeda and P. serotina to low‐salinity conditions and two hydrology treatments over 6 months. Treatments consisted of freshwater and two salinity levels (4 ppt and 8 ppt) under either permanently flooded or periodically flushed hydrologic conditions. Results: Natural pine regeneration was common (5–12 seedlings per m²) in moderate to well‐drained soils where salinity concentrations were below ca. 3.5 ppt. Pine regeneration was generally absent in flooded soils, and cumulative mortality was 100% for 4 and 8 ppt salinity levels under flooded conditions in the greenhouse study. Under weekly flushing conditions, mortality was not significantly different between 0 and 4 ppt, confirming field observations. Biomass accumulation was higher for P. taeda, but for both pine species, the root to shoot ratio was suppressed under the 8 ppt drained treatment, reflecting increased below‐ground stress. Conclusions: While Pinus taeda and P. serotina are commonly found in estuarine ecosystems, these species display a range of physiological tolerance to low‐salinity conditions. Our results suggest that the rate of forest migration may lag relative to gradual sea‐level rise and concomitant alterations in hydrology and salinity. Current bioclimate or landscape simulation models assume discrete thresholds in the range of plant tolerance to stress, especially in coastal environments, and consequently, they may overestimate the rate, extent, and timing of plant community response to sea‐level rise.     

Natural regeneration as a tool for large‐scale forest restoration in the tropics: prospects and challenges

A major global effort to enable cost‐effective natural regeneration is needed to achieve ambitious forest and landscape restoration goals. Natural forest regeneration can potentially play a major role in large‐scale landscape restoration in tropical regions. Here, we focus on the conditions that favor natural regeneration within tropical forest landscapes. We illustrate cases where large‐scale natural regeneration followed forest clearing and non‐forest land use, and describe the social and ecological factors that drove these local forest transitions. The self‐organizing processes that create naturally regenerating forests and natural regeneration in planted forests promote local genetic adaptation, foster native species with known traditional uses, create spatial and temporal heterogeneity, and sustain local biodiversity and biotic interactions. These features confer greater ecosystem resilience in the face of future shocks and disturbances. We discuss economic, social, and legal issues that challenge natural regeneration in tropical landscapes. We conclude by suggesting ways to enable natural regeneration to become an effective tool for implementing large‐scale forest and landscape restoration. Major research and policy priorities include: identifying and modeling the ecological and economic conditions where natural regeneration is a viable and favorable land‐use option, developing monitoring protocols for natural regeneration that can be carried out by local communities, and developing enabling incentives, governance structures, and regulatory conditions that promote the stewardship of naturally regenerating forests. Aligning restoration goals and practices with natural regeneration can achieve the best possible outcome for achieving multiple social and environmental benefits at minimal cost.     

松鼠生态学研究现状与展望

松鼠(Sciurus vulgaris)是一种广泛分布于欧亚大陆的树栖杂食性啮齿动物。在欧洲,由于入侵种北美灰松鼠(S.carolinensis)的引入,松鼠的数量急剧减少,松鼠的生态学研究受到广泛的关注。在中国,松鼠因贮食坚果的习性而受到重视。本文从个体生态学、种群生态学、种间关系和行为生态学的角度对松鼠生态学研究成果进行了综述。松鼠是哺乳动物生态学研究很好的模式种,以下5个方面的研究将成为松鼠生态学研究的新方向:(1)不同分布区松鼠的比较生态学;(2)与森林天然更新的关系;(3)集合种群动态及其对生境破碎化的响应;(4)分子系统地理学;(5)作为景观管理的实验种。     

Regeneration of different plant functional types in a Masson pine forest following pine wilt disease

Pine wilt disease is a severe threat to the native pine forests in East Asia. Understanding the natural regeneration of the forests disturbed by pine wilt disease is thus critical for the conservation of biodiversity in this realm. We studied the dynamics of composition and structure within different plant functional types (PFTs) in Masson pine forests affected by pine wilt disease (PWD). Based on plant traits, all species were assigned to four PFTs: evergreen woody species (PFT1), deciduous woody species (PFT2), herbs (PFT3), and ferns (PFT4). We analyzed the changes in these PFTs during the initial disturbance period and during post-disturbance regeneration. The species richness, abundance and basal area, as well as life-stage structure of the PFTs changed differently after pine wilt disease. The direction of plant community regeneration depended on the differential response of the PFTs. PFT1, which has a higher tolerance to disturbances, became dominant during the post-disturbance regeneration, and a young evergreen-broad-leaved forest developed quickly after PWD. Results also indicated that the impacts of PWD were dampened by the feedbacks between PFTs and the microclimate, in which PFT4 played an important ecological role. In conclusion, we propose management at the functional type level instead of at the population level as a promising approach in ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation.     

Development of secondary pine forests after pine wilt disease in western Japan

Abstract. The development of secondary Pinus densiflora (Japanese red pine) forests after pine wilt disease was studied through phytosociological analysis, estimation of forest structure before disease and size-structure, tree ring and stem analyses. Following the end of the disease, the growth of previously suppressed small oak trees was accelerated. This is quite different from the development of forests following fire, which starts with the establishment of pine seedlings. Pine wilt disease shifted the dominance of secondary forests from Pinus densiflora to Quercus serrata oak forest. In pine forests, disturbance by fire is important for forest maintenance. In contrast, disturbance by pine wilt disease leads to an acceleration of succession from pine forest to oak forest.