果园间作模式下杏树与苜蓿的根系分布特征及其土壤理化性质研究

该研究采用田间小区试验,设计杏树(Prunus armeniaca)下清耕(CK)和杏树间作紫花苜蓿(T)2个处理,实地采集测定各样地不同土层紫花苜蓿的根系生物量以及杏树的侧根系生物量,并测定土壤pH、电导率及其土壤有机质和速效氮含量,分析果园间作模式下紫花苜蓿对果树侧根系垂直分布特征及其土壤理化性质的影响,为果园间作苜蓿模式的推广提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)CK与T处理下的杏树侧根生物量在土壤中的垂直分布都主要集中在20~60cm土层,其生物量分别为750.8g和737.6g,分别占总侧根生物量的64.4%和64.5%;紫花苜蓿根系生物量分布呈倒金字塔型,且主要分布在0~40cm土层(166.3g),其中0~20cm土层的根系生物量最高(97.4g),占根系总生物量的35.8%。(2)与CK处理相比,T处理可有效增加果园表层土壤的有机质含量、速效态氮含量、硝态氮含量和铵态氮含量,其中,在0~20cm土层分别显著增加17.1%、40.8%、28.5%和40.8%,在20~40cm土层分别显著增加36.1%、23.1%、60.2%和23.8%,并显著降低了表层土壤电导率,但对土壤pH无显著影响。研究认为,杏园间作牧草紫花苜蓿虽然杏树与苜蓿根系会发生较小资源的竞争,但有利于改善林下土壤的理化性质和养分状况,能够有效促进果树的生长发育。     

间作茶树光合作用生理生态的初步研究

在春、夏茶期间,间作茶树日平均净光合速率为7.35mgCO_2dm~(-2)h~(-1),比对照高出8.4％。光照强度是影响茶树净光合作用的主导生态因子,自然条件下其最适光强约为40～50 klx。强光、高温和低湿地区,茶树适度遮荫是必要的措施。     

林茶间作下的光照条件与茶树生理生态研究综述

林茶间作下的光照条件与茶树生理生态研究综述周志翔（华中农业大学林学系,武汉４３００７０）ＲｅｖｉｅｗｏｎＬｉｇｈｔＶａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｉｎＴｅａａｎｄＯｔｈｅｒＷｏｏｄｙＰｌａｎｔｓＩｎｔｅｒｃｒｏｐｐｅｄＰｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄＥｃｏ－ｐｈｙｓｉ...     

松茶间作茶树叶片的解剖构造和气孔活动

本文利用光镜技术和MK-3型自动气孔计对松茶间作和单作茶园茶树叶片的解剖构造和气孔传导力进行了比较研究。研究表明,间作茶园茶树叶片的上表皮、栅拦组织和全叶均比单作茶树薄,分别为单作茶树的82.7％,78.2％和67.2％,叶质柔嫩。叶片气孔传导力比单作茶园低。嫩叶传导力>老叶;1芽5叶新梢按叶序3叶>2、4叶>1、5叶;按树冠垂直分布,冠上叶(0—5cm)>冠中叶(10—15cm)>冠下叶(30cm左右)。说明气孔传导力不仅受生态条件影响,与自身的叶龄、叶位等生理机能也有密切关系。     

根系分泌物对紫云英油菜间作的响应

根系分泌物是植物与土壤进行物质交换和信息传递的重要载体,也是间作体系中作物-土壤-微生物互作的重要调控者。为进一步揭示间作体系中作物之间的互作机制,本研究通过紫云英单作、油菜单作和紫云英油菜间作,重点分析了紫云英油菜间作下根系分泌物的响应特征。结果表明: 共检测到紫云英和油菜根系分泌物391种,定性93种,包括了9种代谢物类型,其中有机氧化物含量最高,主要是以核糖醇的形式存在。不同种植模式中,紫云英、油菜的根系分泌物含量差异显著,紫云英油菜间作时根系分泌物特征与油菜单作相似,与紫云英单作差异较大。不同种植模式的差异根系分泌物中,仅9-芴酮1与其他差异分泌物间呈负相关关系。不同种植模式的差异根系分泌物主要为苯系物、脂类和类脂分子、有机酸及其衍生物、有机氧化物等,其中苯系物、脂类和类脂分子是表征紫云英、油菜根系分泌物变化的重要类型。可见,紫云英油菜间作改变了作物的根系分泌物特征,其变化特征与苯系物、脂类和类脂分子关系密切。     

茶树根系生长及其影响因子研究进展

本文主要综述茶树根系的结构、特点、功能与生长营养特性,以及近些年来影响和调控茶树根系生长的非生物和生物因子的研究进展,并对进一步研究进行展望。     

供肥对小麦间作蚕豆群体产量及根系的调控

利用田间,池栽,盆栽等方法,对不同N,P水平下小麦间作蚕豆群体根系的时空分布及产量效应进行了研究。结果表明,供P对小麦-蚕豆间作系统有明显的增产作用,与不供P相比,田间试验中供P处理间作小麦和蚕豆分别提高了48.39%和16.69%,池栽试验中群体产量增产幅度为20.07%-43.14%。间作蚕豆经济产量增幅为58.46%-78.78%,小麦间作蚕豆多作系统2种作物根密度生长高峰期交错出现,小麦的峰值出现早于蚕豆,其中,小麦和蚕豆根干重最大值分别出现在抽穗期和成熟期,而根长的最大值分别出现在拔节期和成熟期,这在一定程度上减轻了共生期2种作物对水肥的竞争,也是此群体增产增效的原因之一,施P处理间作小麦的根重,根长和根表面积分别比不施P处理提高54.33%,48.88%和47.00%;施N处理间作小麦的根重,根长和根表面积分别比不施N的增加15.25%,11.61%和11.46%。间作小麦根重的57.61%和蚕豆的69.20%分布在0-30cm土层,随施P水平的提高,总根干重及根密度都趋于增加,且深层土壤中根系增加明显。     

冬小麦根系各种参数垂直分布实验研究

本文根据田间实测资料研究了冬小麦根系各种参数(长度、重量、活性表面和根径)的垂直分布。结果表明,在所观测地区的土壤条件下,冬小麦根系的长度、重量、表面积和体积随深度呈指数分布,而累积根系的长度、重量和表面积随深度呈双曲线型分布。根据作者的观测资料和国内外其它观测资料分析研究表明,对于不同土壤,根区各层土壤中累计根重及根长的百分比随相对深度的变化都符合下列双曲线函数形式:这一研究结果可为根系生态研究和作物对水分吸收的模拟工作提供参考。     

小麦与蚕豆间作体系根系形态与磷吸收的定量解析

豆科与禾本科作物间作能够改变作物根系生长,但不同施磷水平下间作-根系形态-磷吸收之间的关系尚未明确.本研究通过田间定位试验和根箱模拟试验,研究不同种植模式(小麦单作、蚕豆单作和小麦-蚕豆间作)和不同磷水平下小麦和蚕豆的产量、生物量、磷吸收及根系形态特征,分析探讨不同施磷条件下小麦-蚕豆间作对根系形态和磷吸收的影响.结果...     

Botrytis Disease of Tea in Turkey

Botrytis disease of tea was reported for the first time from Rize, Turkey. The causal agent was identified as Botrytis cinerea based on morphological and cultural characteristics. Also, the species‐specific PCR assays confirmed the identification of all B. cinerea isolates. The pathogen caused blight of shoots, buds, flowers and young leaves, shoot canker and leaf spots. The disease was observed in Rize central district and Derepazar?, Çaml?hem?in, Çayeli, Pazar, Hem?in, ?kizdere, Arde?en and ?yidere districts.     

Factors affecting germination and conversion frequency of somatic embryos of Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]

The cause of poor and abnormal germination of tea somatic embryos was investigated with respect to (a) the different factors that affect reserve mobilisation viz. chilling, desiccation or GA₃ and (b) those that affect the maturation process and reserve accumulation viz. ABA.

Tea somatic embryos were sensitive to desiccation and their normal development or germination could not be evoked by external agents like chilling and GA₃. Supplementation with external sources of nutrient precursors and readily available forms of carbohydrates like sucrose or maltose together with trans-cinnamic acid improved the germination of the somatic embryos significantly.     

杉木观光木混交林细根的分布

对27年生混交比例为2行杉木和1行观光木的混交林和杉木纯林群落细根分布的研究表明,杉木和观光行间的杉木细根密度虽比极木行间的低8．5％,但观光木细根密度则高152．09％,其细根总密度比杉木与杉木行间的大10．43％。混交林中杉木各径级活动根密度呈单峰型分布,均以5－10cm土层最大,而观光木各径级各活细根主要分布在0－10cm土层内。纯林杉木各径活细根密度亦基本呈单峰型分布,但峰值出现在10－20cm或20－30cm土层。不同树种不同径级死细根的分布均与其各自的活细根分布相似。混交林中灌木细根密度在30－40cm的土层最大,而纯林中的灌木细根集中于0－10cm的表土层;混交林和纯林中的草木细根均集中在0－5cm土层。与纯林的相比,混交林中杉木细根主要分布的土层明显上移,表层土壤细根所占比重增大,有利于更好利用土壤养分和提高群落生产力。     

Tea Plantation Frost Damage Early Warning Using a Two-Fold Method for Temperature Prediction

As the source and main producing area of tea in the world, China has formed unique tea culture, and achieved remarkable economic benefits. However, frequent meteorological disasters, particularly low temperature frost damage in late spring has seriously threatened the growth status of tea trees and caused quality and yield reduction of tea industry. Thus, timely and accurate early warning of frost damage occurrence in specific tea garden is very important for tea plantation management and economic values. Aiming at the problems existing in current meteorological disaster forecasting methods, such as difficulty in obtaining massive meteorological data, large amount of calculation for predicted models and incomplete information on frost damage occurrence, this paper proposed a two-fold algorithm for short-term and real-time prediction of temperature using field environmental data, and temperature trend results from a nearest local weather station for accurate frost damage occurrence level determination, so as to achieve a specific tea garden frost damage occurrence prediction in a microclimate. Time-series meteorological data collected from a small weather station was used for testing and parameterization of a two-fold method, and another dataset acquired from Tea Experimental Base of Zhejiang University was further used to validate the capability of a two-fold model for frost damage forecasting. Results showed that compared with the results of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and multiple linear regression (MLR), the proposed two-fold method using a second order Furrier fitting model and a K-Nearest Neighbor model (K = 3) with three days historical temperature data exhibited excellent accuracy for frost damage occurrence prediction on consideration of both model accuracy and computation (98.46% forecasted duration of frost damage, and 95.38% for forecasted temperature at the onset time). For field test in a tea garden, the proposed method accurately predicted three times frost damage occurrences, including onset time, duration and occurrence level. These results suggested the newly-proposed two-fold method was suitable for tea plantation frost damage occurrence forecasting.     

云南普洱茶原料晒青毛茶的化学成分

从云南临沧地区生产普洱茶的原料晒青毛茶中分离到 2 1个化合物 ,通过波谱分析分别鉴定为 :(- )表儿茶素、 (- )表没食子儿茶素、 (- )表没食子儿茶素 - 3-O -没食子酸酯、 (- )表儿茶素 - 3-O -没食子酸酯、 (- )表阿福豆素 - 3-O -没食子酸酯、 ( )儿茶素、 (± )没食子儿茶素、槲皮素、槲皮素 - 3-O - β -D -葡萄吡喃糖甙、芦丁、山奈酚、山奈酚 - 3-O - β -D -葡萄吡喃糖甙、山奈酚 - 3-O -芦丁糖甙、小木麻黄素 (strictinin)、 1,6 -O -二没食子酰基 - β -D -葡萄吡喃糖、茶倍素、绿原酸、 3α ,5α -二羟基 - 4 -α -O -咖啡酰基金鸡纳酸、松柏醇甙、没食子酸和咖啡因     

Studies on the Aroma Constituents of Fuiien Ti Kuan Yin Tea,Se Chung Tea,Wu-I Shui Hsien Tea and Wu-I Chi Chung Tea in China

This paper reports, for the first time, the aroma constituents of the famous Fujian Oolong tea—Ti kuan Yin Tea, Se Chung Tea, Wu-I Shut Hsien Tea and Wu-I Chi Chung Tea. 70 aroma concentrates of tea samples were identified by the use of (IC-MS, SCOT capillary coumn GC standard sample addition method and IR. Among which benzyl alcohol, translinalooloxide (furanoid), cis-linalooloxide (fuconoid), 3,7-dimeihy-l,5, 7-octatrien-3-ol, β-phenylethanol, translinalooloxide (pyranoid), geraniol, indole, eisjasmone, pasmine laetone, nerolidol and mthyl jasmonate are the typical character the aroma constituents. Consequently the aroma is varied by different varieties of the tea, different regions of their growth and different processing.     

Increased Plasma Concentration of Epigallocatechin in Mice after Orally Administering a Green Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Extract Supplemented by Steamed Rice

We attempted to improve the bioavailability of green tea catechins by using food ingredients. The catechin bioavailability of a green tea extract administered to mice was significantly (p<0.05) increased by supplementing with steamed rice. This enhanced bioavailability was due to the increased concentration of plasma non-gallated catechins, especially epigallocatechin (EGC).     

Polyphenols as Potential Indicators for Drought Tolerance in Tea (Camellia sinensis L.)

Plant polyphenols have gained prominence in quality of plant products and in human health. An experiment was conducted to determine the association of tea polyphenols with water stress and their suitability as indicators for drought tolerance. The experiment was conducted in a ‘rain-out’ shelter, and consisted of six tea clones (BBK 35, TRFK 6/8, TRFK 76/1, TRFK 395/2, TRFK 31/30, and TRFK 311/287) and four levels of soil water contents (38, 30, 22, and 14% v/v), which were maintained for a period of 12 weeks. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design and replicated three times. Plant growth was monitored over 6 weeks, and a water stress index was calculated to determine water-stress tolerant clones. Total polyphenols in tea shoots was analyzed and a regression analysis done. The results indicate that declining soil water content (SWC) reduced both growth and content of polyphenols in tea. Tolerant clones maintained a high polyphenol content at low SWC, and also showed less fluctuation in phenolics when subjected to changes in SWC. There was significant (P<0.001) correlation of total polyphenol content with shoot growth and WSI of tea, and a linear relationship (r²=0.97) between SWC for tea and both, water stress index and shoot polyphenol content. We report that there is a potential to use polyphenols as indicators for selection of drought-tolerant tea cultivars.     

Metabolomic and Pathway Changes in Large-Leaf,Middle-Leaf and Small-Leaf Cultivars of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze var. niaowangensis

As an economically important crop, tea is widely cultivated in more than 50 countries and has numerous health benefits. Metabolomics has considerable advantages in the analysis of small molecules and has been widely used in tea science. We applied a metabolomic method to evaluate the dynamic changes in metabolites and pathways in the large-, middle- and small-leaf cultivars of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze var. niaowangensis grown in the same area from Yunwu Mountain. The results indicate that flavonoid biosynthesis, stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), and propanoate metabolism may play important roles in the differences among cultivars. The levels of tea polyphenols, flavonoids and amino acids may impact the sensory properties of teas of different cultivars. Our results may help to elucidate the mechanism underlying the difference in tea quality and offer references for the breeding of high-quality tea cultivars.