Adoptions expérimentales de larves entre des fourmis de genres différents (II):Myrmica laevinodis Nylander etAnergates atratulus Schenck

Résumé Nous avons fait élever des larves d'Anergates atratulus par des ouvrières deMyrmica laevinodis à 22°C. Pour y parvenir, il n'est pas utile de faire hivernerensemble les larves d'Anergates et les ouvrières deMyrmica. La présence de larves autochtones n'empêche pas lesMyrmica d'élever des larves d'Anergates. Dans toutes les expériences lesMyrmica ont été soumises au fridavant de recevoir des larves d'Anergates. Aucune reine deMyrmica n'a été utilisée dans ces expériences.Sur les 64 larves d'Anergates que nous avons utilisées, 38 se sont transformées en imagos. C'est au début de l'adoption et au moment des métamorphoses que périrent la plupart des 26Anergates perdus. Les femelles vécurent en général 2 ou 3 jours et cherchèrent très tôt à quitter le nid natal. Les mâles vécurent 2 à 3 semaines.

---

Summary Larvae ofAnergates atratulus were experimentally reared by workers ofMyrmica laevinodis, at 22°C. An overwintering of both larvae ofAnergates and workers ofMyrmica is not necessary for the success of that experiment. The presence of larvae ofMyrmica does not keep theMyrmica from rearing larvae ofAnergates. The workers ofMyrmica have been cooled, in all the experiments, before receiving larvae ofAnergates. No queen ofMyrmica have been used in that experiments.38 of the 64 larvae ofAnergates used became imagos. Most of the 26 lostAnergates died at the beginning of the adoption and during the metamorphosis. The females lived generally 2 or 3 days and tried, very early, to leave their native nest. The males lived 2 or 3 weeks.

---

Anergates atratulus Myrmica laevinodis, 22 . bmecme Anergates Myrmica. Myrmica Anergates. Myrmica Anergates. Myrmica . 64 Anergates , 38 . 26 Anergates 2 3 . 2 3 .

     

Isolation of α and β Brain Tubulin Subunits after Alkaline Treatment of the Protein

We demonstrate here that brain purified tubulin can be dissociated into and subunits at pH > 10 and that the subunits can be separated by using the Triton X-114 phase separation system. After phase partition at pH > 10, tubulin but not tubulin behaves as a hydrophobic compound appearing in the detergent rich phase. After three extractions of the alkaline aqueous phase with Triton X-114, about 90% of the tubulin was recovered in the detergent rich phase. The hydrophobic behavior observed for tubulin after its dissociation at pH 11.5 was not due to an irreversible change of the protein, because when the detergent rich phase containing tubulin was diluted with a buffer solution at pH 7.3 and the solution allowed to partition again, -tubulin is recovered in the aqueous phase. The detergent in the aqueous phase of the and tubulin preparations can be removed up to 90% by 12 h dialysis. The and subunits of tubulin from kidney and liver behave, in this phase separation system, like those of brain tubulin.     

Light and electron microscopic study of adenosine triphosphatase activity of anuran tadpole musculature

Summary The histochemical activities of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and Ca⁺⁺-activated ATPase (pHs 7.4 and 9.4) were studied in the larval tail musculature of Rana japonica, Rana catesbeiana and Rana ornativentris. The ATPase reaction product was detected by both light and electron microscopy. Red and white muscle fibres, as distinguished by SDH, showed high and low Ca⁺⁺-ATPase reaction, respectively, at pHs 7.4, 9.4 and following preincubation in cold K₂-EDTA solution. The ultrastructural investigation of CA⁺⁺-ATPase reaction at pH 7.4 by the Ca⁺⁺-citrophosphate technique demonstrated electron-dense reaction product in association with A, I and Z bands, intermyofibrillar (SR) compartment and the mitochondrial inner chamber. However, Pb⁺⁺ precipitation technique demonstrated Mg⁺⁺-activated myosin ATPase activity at pH 9.2 ultrastructurally. The present histochemical data suggest that the anuran larval tail red muscle fibres are possible slow, and emphasize a possible lack of correlation between the speed of contraction with their ATPase activity. Moreover, red muscle fibres of the anuran tail musculature are not equivalent to Type I fibres of higher chordates.     

Evaluation of an exotic maize population adapted to a locality

Summary An exotic Zea mays L. population (Tuxpeno) was adapted to North Carolina conditions by first introducing genes for adaptability from two North Carolina varieties ([(Jarvis X Indian Chief)Tuxpeno]Tuxpeno) including four generations of intermating, and then selecting for adaptability using maturity as the primary measure. The study evaluated selection for adaptability and the diversity available between adapted Tuxpeno and the local varieties, Jarvis and Indian Chief. Analytical procedures were developed to quantify the diversity between populations and the complementation of local varieties by introduced germ plasms. The analyses utilized the specific effects available from the diallel mating design.Three replicate selections responded similarly under simple recurrent mass selection (1/10) for the earliest disease-free plants initially and additionally for plant types (primarily height) in the final generation. The 1/4 local germ plasm permitted rapid adaptation of Tuxpeno gene pool to local conditions. The adapted Tuxpeno populations yielded similarly to the local populations with an average heterosis for grain yield of 28% when crossed to the local populations used as source of genes for adaptability. The diversity found between adapted Tuxpeno lines and these local varieties based on genes affecting grain yield was 1.5 to 2.5 times that measured between the local varieties (Jarvis and Indian Chief). Diversity lost through intergradation with local material was a reasonable investment. Yield genes introduced from Tuxpeno complemented local gene pools through nonadditive, primarily dominance-associated, gene effects. Reassortment of major gene blocks apparently occurred leading to significant divergence among replicate selections involving both additive-associated and dominance-associated gene effects.Paper No. 6355 of the North Carolina Agri. Res. Ser., Raleigh, NC. Research supported in collaboration with the Rockefeller Foundation and CIMMYT, D.F. (Mexico)     

Synthesis of Gal-β-(1→4)-GlcNAc-β-(1→6)-[Gal-β- (1→3)]-GalNAc-α-OBn oligosaccharides bearing O-methyl or O-sulfo groups at C-3 of the Gal residue: specific acceptors for Gal: 3-O-sulfotransferases

Our recent studies have revealed the existence of two distinct Gal: 3-O-sulfotransferases capable of acting on the C-3 position of galactose in a Core 2 branched structure, e.g., Gal14GlcNAc16(Gal13)GalNac1OBenzyl as acceptor to give 3-O-sulfoGal14GlcNAc13(Gal13)GalNAc1OB 20 and Gal14GlcNAc16(3-O-sulfoGal13)GalNAc1OB 23. We herein report the synthesis of these two compounds and also that of other modified analogs that are highly specific acceptors for the two sulfotransferases. Appropriately protected 1-thio-glycosides 7, 8, and 10 were employed as glycosyl donors for the synthesis of our target compounds.     

Monitoring watercourse vegetation, a synecological approach to dynamic gradients

Changes in vegetation under reduced control measures over 3 to 5 years in watercourses in a rural environment in The Netherlands were evaluated. A method to deal with slow changes on a steep gradient is presented. The gradient with various vegetation types between the middle of the watercourse and the bank-top was split up into zones. Species composition of each zone was evaluated using literature on syntaxonomy. Cover of character species, multiplied by the width of the zones, was used to quantify the contribution of various syntaxa in the vegetation. Changes in these contribution data were used to evaluate changes over the years. The method was applied to two experiments in which cleaning frequency was reduced. Submerged vegetation of Callitriche-Ranunculetum penicillati in one and of Potamogetonetalia pectinati in the other case, hardly changed. Emergent vegetation of Nasturtio-Glycerietalia or Sparganio-Glycerietum fluitans tended to expand into the submerged zone. Bank vegetation began to show signs of development into ruderal vegetation, as a shift from Molinio-Arrhenatheretea into Artemisietea was detected. The method allowed the conclusion that conditions were too eutrophic in both experiments for a diverse brook vegetation development without additional habitat improvement.     

Oxygen free radicals induced release of lysosomal enzymes in vitro

Summary The effect of oxygen free radicals, generated by xanthine and xanthine oxidase, was studied on the release of lysosomal hydrolase from rat liver lysosomes in vitro. A lysosomal enriched subcellular fraction was prepared, using differential centrifugation technique, from the homogenate of rat liver. The biochemical purity of the lysosomal fraction was established by using the markers of different cellular organelles. Oxygen free radicals were generated in vitro by the addition of xanthine and xanthine oxidase. The release of lysosomal hydrolase (-glucuronidase) from the lysosomal fraction was measured. There was a 3 to 4 fold increase in the release of -glucuronidase activity in the presence of xanthine and xanthine oxidase when compared to that in the absence of xanthine and xanthine oxidase. In the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD), a scavenger of oxygen free radicals, the xanthine and xanthine oxidase system was unable to induce the release of -glucuronidase activity from the lysosomes. Sonication (2 bursts for 15 sec each) and Lubrol (2 mg/10 mg lysosomal protein) treatment, which are known to cause membrane disruption, also induced the release of -glucuronidase from lysosomal fraction. This release of -glucuronidase by sonication and lubrol treatment was not prevented by SOD. These data indicate that lysosomal disruption is a consequence of oxygen free radicals, generated by xanthine and xanthine oxidase.Abbreviations HEPES N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid - EGTA Ethylene Glycol Bis-(-aminoethyl ether)N,N,-N,N-tetracetic acid - Tris Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane - SOD Superoxide Dismutase     

Immunofluorescence localization of the epidermolytic toxin target in mouse epidermal cells and tissue

Summary An epidermolytic toxin target was observed in keratohyalin granules of sectioned epidermis by a direct fluorescence procedure using FTC-toxin, but not by an indirect procedure using sequential reaction with toxin, anti-toxin and FTC-secondary antibody. The investigation of the two procedures was extended to keratinocytes. A dispase digestion procedure yielded three fractions which corresponded to basal, spinous and granular cells according to biochemical and morphological criteria. It was shown that the direct and indirect procedures both detected the toxin target in the keratohyalin granules of granular cells, but that the indirect procedure was very insensitive. In control experiments, the profilaggrin of keratohyalin granules was detected readily in cells by a direct procedure using FTC-antiprofilaggrin but only weakly by an indirect double antibody procedure. Insensitivity to indirect procedures thus appears to be a particular property of the keratohyalin granule site. It was shown that the toxin target was readily accessible in permeable (trypsin-isolated) granular cells but inaccessible in impermeable (dispase-isolated) cells.     

Molecular mapping of a new gene Rrs4 CI 11549 for resistance to barley scald (Rhynchosporium secalis)

Doubled haploid (DH) progeny from a cross between the scald susceptible barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar Ingrid and the resistant accession CI 11549 (Nigrinudum) was evaluated for resistance in the pathogen Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem) J.J. Davis. Two linked and incompletely dominant loci confer resistance CI 11549 against isolate 4004. One is an allele at the complex Rrs1 locus on chromosome 3H close to the centromere; the other is located 22 cM distally on the long arm. The latter locus is designated Rrs4. In BC₃-lines into Ingrid from CI 2222 (another Nigrinudum) resistance seems governed by one locus close to the telomeric region of chromosome 7H, probably allelic to Rrs2. In neither case did we find any trace of the recessive gene rh8 reported to be present in Nigrinudum. Various resistance donors of Ethiopian origin designated as Nigrinudum, Jet or Abyssinian were identical to a great extent with respect to markers, but differed in resistance to different isolates of scald or in barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) resistance. The implications for their use as differentials in scald tests and screening of germplasm collections are discussed.     

The assignment of a Thinopyrum distichum (Thunb.) Löve-derived translocation to the long arm of wheat chromosome 7D using endopeptidase polymorphisms

Summary Endopeptidase zymograms of the translocation line Indis revealed the presence of several major and minor bands that had differential expression in coleoptile and seed tissues. While Indis lacks Ep-D1a, which is present in the parental cultivar Inia 66, it also may not express any of the Th. distichum bands. The Indis zymogram was found to be identical to that of an isogenic line of Inia 66 possessing Lr19. Since the absence of an Ep-D1a product appears to be linked to the 7DL translocation, it is possible to use the null condition as a marker for both the Lr19 or Indis translocations. The Indis translocation also did not show recombination with the cn-D1 chlorophyl mutant on 7DL, confirming that a part of 7D was involved. The results of a telocentric mapping experiment involving the 7D telosomes indicated that in Indis a chromosome segment from Th. distichum replaced a large section of 7DL of Inia 66.     

Effect of triparanol (Mer 29) on rat liver lysosomes: cytochemical and biochemical study

Summary Rats treated with triparanol (MER-29) develop numerous membranous inclusions-myeloid bodies in the cytoplasm of liver cells. The myeloid bodies did not show cytochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase. Instead diffuse activity was observed throughout the cytoplasm. Biochemically, acid phosphatase was found in the liver lysosomal fraction obtained from triparanol treated rats. This fraction, however, did not show the structure-linked latency of acid phosphatase which is characteristic of normal lysosomes. It is suggested that myeloid bodies are lysosomes with altered membranes.     

Multiple shoot regeneration from root organ cultures of Populus alba x P. grandidentata

Excised roots of various ages from Crandon and Hansen clones of Populus alba x P. grandidentata were tested for their regeneration capacity. Sixty-day-old excised roots that contained root tips were found to be most suitable. The highest number of shoots (an average of 111 shoots/root segment with Crandon and 98 with Hansen) was obtained by adding 22M and 14M zeatin to the medium, respectively. The two clones of hybrid poplar responded similarly to growth regulator treatments; however, the number of shoots produced was greater from the root organs derived from Crandon clones. Regenerated shoots were rooted in basal Woody Plant Medium without any growth regulators. Successful transplantation into soil and growth was achieved with all plants.     

X-ray microanalysis of colloidal-gold-labelled lysosomes in rat liver sinusoidal cells after incubation for acid phosphatase activity

Summary The lysosomal apparatus of the Kupffer and endothelial cells of the sinusoidal lining of the rat liver was found to take up colloidal-gold particles with a mean diameter of 5 nm, prepared according to a modified method. After incubation of the glutaraldehyde-perfusion-fixed tissue in a lead-containing medium for the demonstration of acid phosphatase activity, a reaction product was observed in the gold-loaded lysosomes. By X-ray microanalysis of such lysosomes, the presence of osmium, gold and lead was detected qualitatively in the unstained sections from the tissue, which after the incubation had been post-fixed with an OsO₄-solution to which K₄Fe(CN)₆ had been added to enhance the contrast. The quantitative computer-assisted processing of the X-ray microanalytical data from such lysosomes enabled to determine the gold-to-lead ratio and the individual gold and lead peak intensities derived from both the M and L values in the spectra. On the basis of these results and those obtained similarly in control lysosomes containing either only gold or only lead phosphate precipitate, it was found that only the L values were reliable, whereas the M values from the same lysosomal spectra were unrealistic, due to deconvolution problems in the computer programs applied. Based upon the L values it was found that among the population of lysosomes in single Kupffer cells, studied after a 60-min interval between the injection of the gold colloid and fixation, three types of lysosomal contents could be quantitated by X-ray microanalysis, viz. one type with only gold, one with only lead, one with gold and lead, in various ratios. This quantitative approach might make it possible to detect variations in lysosomal composition associated with ageing.The unit for analytical electron microscopy was established by collaboration between: the Erasmus University of Rotterdam (W.C. de Bruijn), the University of Leiden, and the Organization for Health Research TNO. The analytical electron microscope was purchased with funds from the Netherlands Organization for Pure Scientific Research (ZWO)     

Specific DNA-labelling by exogenous thymidine-5''-monophosphate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Summary Strain 211-1aM of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found to specifically incorporate into its nuclear and mitochondrial DNA exogenous 5-dTMP when it is incubated in a synthetic medium N rich in inorganic phosphate. 3-digestions of DNA from cells labelled with ³²P-5-dTMP revealed that the 5-dTMP molecules pass through cell walls and membranes to the sites of DNA synthesis without being broken down. It is possible in medium N to generate DNA which almost totally derives its thymine-contents from external sources when rather high concentrations of 5-dTMP (approx. 100 g/ml) are offered.     

Protocol-dependence of equivalent circuit parameters of toad urinary bladder

Summary Determinations of current-voltage relationships are widely employed in the characterization of epithelial sodium transport. In order to determine the protocol dependence of transport parameters in the toad urinary bladder, studies were carried out in the presence and absence of amiloride, an inhibitor of active sodium transport. With symmetric positive and negative perturbations of the transepithelial electrical potential difference (0±100 mV) for 30 sec, the amiloride-sensitive current-voltage (i ^a -) relationship was near linear over the range –75+100 mV, indicating constancy of the conductance ^a and the apparent electromotive force E _Na, lumped parameters of the standard electrical equivalent circuit model of the active transport system. With a reverse protocol (±1000 mV) or 15 min perturbations thei ^a - relationships were highly nonlinear. Nonlinearity reflected voltage dependence of parameters: perturbations that increased active transport decreased E _Na and increased ^a, as evaluated from 10 sec perturbations of ; slowing of active transport produced the converse changes. These effects are usefully analyzed in both quasi-steady states and true steady states by means of a detailed equivalent circuit incorporating the significant ionic currents across each plasma membrane. Precise understanding of the significance of ^a and E _Na will require characterization of the partial ionic conductances on perturbation of .     

Regulation of guanylate cyclase activity by atrial natriuretic factor and protein kinase C

Summary The putative second messenger of certain atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) signal transductions is cyclic GMP. Recently, we purified a 180-kDa protein, apparently containing both ANF receptor and guanylate cyclase activities, and hypothesized that this is one of the cyclic GMP transmembrane signal transducers. The enzyme is ubiquitous and appears to be conserved. Utilizing the 180-kDa membrane guanylate cyclase, we now show that the 180-kDa guanylate cyclase is regulated in opposing fashions by two receptor signals—ANF stimulating it and protein kinase C inhibiting it. Furthermore, protein kinase C phosphorylates the 180-kDa enzyme. This suggests a novel switch on and switch off mechanism of the cyclic GMP signal transduction. Switch off represents the phosphorylation while switch on the dephosphorylation of the enzyme.     

Formation of nucleoside 5′-phosphoramidates under potentially prebiological conditions

Summary Adenosine 5-phosphoramidates form when solutions containing adenosine 5-polyphosphates p_nA (n 3) or P₁, P₂-diadenosine 5-diphosphate and amines are allowed to dry out. Mg ions catalyze these reactions. We have studied systems containing ammonia, imidazole, glycine, ethylenediamine and histamine. The yields of adenosine 5-phosphoramidates range from 10–50 % based on the nucleotide. The prebiotic significance of the reactions is discussed.Abbreviations Im imidazole - hist histamine - gly glycine - en ethylenediamine - CDI 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride - EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid - A adenosine - P_n (n = 1, 2 ) linear polyphosphate containing n phosphate residues - p_nA adenosine 5-polyphosphate containing n phosphate residues - ADP adenosine 5-diphosphate - ATP adenosine 5-triphosphate - AppA P₁, P₂-diadenosine 5-diphosphate - gly-pA adenylyl-(5N)-glycine - ImpA adenosine 5-phosphorimidazolide - NH₂-pA adenosine 5-phosphoramidate - en-pA adenylyl-(5N)-ethylenediamine - hist (NH) - pA adenosine 5-phospho-[2-(4-imidazolyl)-ethylamide] - hist(Im)-pA adenosine 5-phospho-[4-(2-aminoethyl)-imidazolide] - enP_1,2 phosphoramidates of ethylenediamine derived from H₃PO₄ and H₄P₂O₇     

Different ζ globin gene deletions among Black Americans

Summary Four types of chromosomes with a deletion between the human embryonic and globin genes were identified among 2.8% of 321 Black Americans from Georgia. Two deletions of approximately 11 kb which differed by about 300 bp occurred on chromosomes with or without a polymorphic Xba I site 5 to the globin gene [(X⁺) or (X^-)]. The deletions are identifiable in Xba I digests of genomic DNA using an or a globin gene probe which yield fragments of 23 kb from (X⁺)–^* chromosomes or 27 kb from (X^–)–^* chromosomes. Digestion with other enzymes and probing with both and probes gave fragments typical of the two globin gene deletions previously identified in Polynesians. Among Black Americans, these globin gene deletions have been found in combination with globin gene deletions in trans but not in cis. Homozygotes have not been found. Hematologic data on carriers of the globin gene deletions in association with Hb AS, SS, and SC suggest that these deletions have no effect on the function of the adult globin genes.     

Cytochemical evidence for the leakage of acid phosphatase through ultrastructurally intact lysosomal membranes

Synopsis Fixation under improper conditions ofin vitro cultivated cells results in an extensive diffusion of the lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase because of the influence of a low effective osmotic pressure. In the present investigation, advantage was taken of this predictable diffusion in order to establish whether or not leakage of acid phosphatase could take place through ultrastructurally intact lysosomal membranes.In order to reveal small holes in the lysosomal membranes, secondary lysosomes were labelled with thorium dioxide particles, which were presumed to appear free in the cell sap if ruptures in the membranes larger than about Ioo Å were created.The experiments revealed that following the fixation ofin vitro cultivated human glia cells under improper conditions, mitochondria and ground cytoplasm show considerable swelling artifacts, while secondary lysosomes appear to be essentially unaffected. The lysosomes, nevertheless, apparently lost most of their content of acid phosphatase, as judged from enzyme cytochemical studies. These findings indicate that leakage of acid phosphatase from ultrastructurally intact lysosomes is possible.