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1.
The lignite and pyrite containing spoil substrates of the Lusatian mining district are marked by very high acidity and salt
concentrations due to pyrite oxidation and by a very low content of pedogenic organic matter and nutrients. The effects of
fly ash application to neutralize the produced acid and of organic waste material application to improve the ecological soil
functions were studied considering the carbon and nitrogen cycling. Nineteen, 38 and 57 t ha−1 sewage sludge and 22, 44 and 66 t ha−1 compost were applied to ameliorated lignite and pyrite containing substrate. An automated soil microcosm system was used
to analyse the solid, gaseous and liquid phases. Almost 9% of total N applied with sewage sludge (620, 1240 and 1860 t N ha−1 applied) were lost over a period of 150 days mainly as NO3-N. The total N losses from compost treatments were three times lower (2.8–3.1% of applied Nt) and occurred in similar quantities
as NH4-N and NO3-N. Only sewage sludge treatments showed slightly increased N2O emissions at the beginning of the experiment. CO2 emissions determined the carbon losses of all treatments. The C losses amounted to 3.2–4.7% and 1.5–2.7% of Ct applied with sewage sludge and with compost, respectively.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
On a study site in the Lusatian lignite mining region (Germany), sandy mine spoil was ameliorated with either sewage sludge,
compost or mineral fertilizer. Plots were sown with the grass Secale multicaule and planted with pine seedlings except for
a control that was not meliorated and not revegetated. Pitfall catches of ground beetles in 1996/97 yielded high numbers of
species and individuals directly after revegetation. The dominant beetles were xerophilic species, known to prefer open sandy
sites. Catches in different plots were positively correlated with the amount of vegetation cover and declined as follows:
amelioration with sewage sludge > compost > mineral fertilizer > untreated control. Even beetles characteristic of open sandy
sites showed a distinct preference for plots with high vegetation cover treated with organic waste. For the dominant species,
an attraction to shelter and a more balanced, humid microclimate is assumed. A year-to-year comparison showed an increase
in beetles typical of dry grasslands and ruderal sites in the second year, while characteristic species of open sandy sites
decreased. Application of organic waste combined with revegetation led to an immediate increase in beetle numbers. In the
long term, revegetation would be expected to reduce suitable habitats for endangered ground beetles which prefer open sites
with poor sandy soils.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Due to a large reclamation (recultivation) demand in the Lusatian lignite mining district, efficient strategies for the rehabilitation
of abandoned mine sites are needed. A field study was conducted for comparing the effects of three different fertilizer treatments
(mineral fertilizer, sewage sludge and compost) on soil solution chemistry of both a lignite and pyrite containing spoil as
well as a lignite and pyrite free spoil. The lignite and pyrite containing spoil was ameliorated with fly ash from a lignite
power plant (17–21 t ha−1 CaO), whereas the lignite and pyrite free site received 7.5 t ha−1 CaO in form of limestone. Fertilizer application rates were: mineral fertilizer 120 N, 100 P and 80 K kg ha−1. 19 t ha−1 sewage sludge and 22 t ha−1 compost were applied. Soil solution was sampled in 20, 60 and 130 cm depth for the period of 16 months. Solution was collected
every fortnight and analysed for pH, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Fen+, Aln+, Mn2+, Zn2+, NO3
−, NH4
+, SO4
2−, Cl−, PO4
3−, Cinorg and DOC. Lignite and pyrite containing spoil differed clearly from lignite and pyrite free spoil regarding soil solution
concentrations and composition. Acidity (H+) produced by pyrite oxidation led to an enhanced weathering of minerals and, therefore, to at least 10 fold higher soil solution
concentrations compared to the lignite and pyrite free site. Major ions in solution of the lignite and pyrite containing site
were Ca2+, Mg2+, Fen+, Aln+ and SO4
2−, whereas soil solution at the lignite and pyrite free site was dominated by Ca2+, Mg2+ and SO4
2−. At both sites application of mineral fertilizer led to an immediate but short term (about 1 month) increase of NO3
−, NH4
+ and K+ concentrations in soil solution down to a depth of 130 cm. Application of sewage sludge caused a long term (about
16 months) increase of NO3
3
− in the topsoil, whereas NO3
− concentrations in the subsoil were significantly lower compared to the mineral fertilizer plot. Compost application resulted
in a strong long-term increase of K+ in soil solution, whereas NO3
− concentrations did not increase. Concentrations of PO4
3− in soil solution depend on solution pH and were not correlated with any treatment.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
Greenhouse experiments were conducted in order to determine for carboniferous and non-carboniferous mine spoil substrates
from the Lusatian lignite mining area (i) the suitable extraction method for plant available P, (ii) the soil capacity for
immobilisation of P and (iii) the impact of sewage sludge and compost on P availability. Ca-lactate extraction (DL) and NH4F-extraction (Bray) were both suited equally well for the determination of plant available P as they extracted similar amounts
of P on both spoils, they showed a close correlation with each other (R=0.97 2) and they showed a close relation with plant P uptake (R2=0.63 and R2=0.66, respectively). Phosphorus recovery from limed carboniferous mine spoil five days after mineral fertiliser application
was only 50%, and decreased to 30% after 54 days. As pH was increased from 3.0 to 5.0 the amount of P immobilised decreased
only by about 5%. Several pH dependent processes of P immobilisation and release could occur concurrently counteracting each
other. One process could be P sorption to newly formed hydroxy-Al-surfaces but P desorption could also take place as pH increases
by decreasing surface positive charge. Finally, due to high Ca concentrations in spoil solution formation of Ca-phosphates,
even at lower pH values, cannot be excluded as a possible mechanism of P immobilisation. As part of the P is bound in organic
matter, application of P with organic matter resulted in a lower P recovery compared to mineral P-fertiliser. However, the
amount of P recovered did not differ between carboniferous and non-carboniferous mine spoil, if P was applied in the form
of organic matter, indicating that the application of P with organic matter might be a measure to overcome P immobilisation
in carboniferous mine spoils.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Soils disturbed by long-term opencast mining were treated with organic waste materials for reclamation. Humic substances were
extracted from waste and soil samples and analysed using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and electrofocusing.
Furthermore, analytical pyrolysis permits to study all starting materials in situ. According to structural similarities, the
statistical evaluation of the pyrolysis results clearly indicates three sample groups. The first group, called compost, implies
the waste materials compost and composted sewage sludge. Moreover, pyrolysis revealed that coal humic substances are predominant
in brown coal sludge, pure mine soils and mine soils treated with the different organic waste materials. They constitute the
second group. The sewage sludge contains a high nitrogen potential, as expected, and represents the third group. Finally,
pyrolysis generally showed the specific structural characteristics of humic and fulvic acids, respectively. Electrofocusing
yielded for all samples a signal pattern that is typical of humic substances. However, number and ratio of the signals differ
according to the special structural features of the samples.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
On the basis of long-term field experiments, the impact is demonstrated of the periodic application of organic fertilizers
on the accumulation of organic matter and the development of the micro-pollutant content of reclaimed loess soils of the Rhineland
lignite mining area under agricultural use. The oldest of these experiments (‘Berrenrath Humus Accumulation Experiment’) was
begun in 1969. The results show that the regular input of organic matter (e.g. manure, waste compost, sewage sludge) favors
the accumulation of soil organic matter (SOM). However, the type of organic material applied seems to be less important to
the long-term accumulation process than the application rate. This is also true for composted and uncomposted manure, if the
decay of organic matter during the composting process is taken into account. Nevertheless, the application of similar amounts
of organic C in the form of manure resulted in a higher accumulation of SOM in a nitrogen-reduced farming system. Depending
on the treatment, accumulation rates were between 0.02 and 0.08% SOM per year with values decreasing with time. From these
results, it is estimated that reclaimed soils will take much longer to reach the former SOM level than was previously assumed.
However, it is important to determine which SOM level is adequate for different soil functions (e.g. production function,
filter and buffer function, transformation function), and whether the young SOM of reclaimed soils has the same properties
as older SOM in undisturbed topsoils. As was expected, long-term fertilization with sewage sludge and waste compost led to
an accumulation of some micro-pollutants in the topsoils treated. Nevertheless, the observed concentrations are quite low
compared to background levels in topsoils of rural regions in North Rhine-Westphalia.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
Impact of application of organic waste materials on microbial and enzyme activities of mine soils in the Lusatian coal mining region 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
C. Emmerling C. Liebner M. Haubold-Rosar J. Katzur D. Schr?der 《Plant and Soil》2000,220(1-2):129-138
The objective of the present work was to study the short-term stimulation of microbial and enzyme activity in mine soils by
application of organic waste materials in lysimeter and mesocosm studies. The mine soils derived from tertiary and quaternary
deposits were ameliorated with brown coal filter ash (tertiary deposits) and lime (quaternary deposits). At the beginning
of recultivation the soils were treated with varying amounts of sewage sludge, coal sludge, composted sewage sludge and compost
to a depth of 30 cm. In the first 2 years after application of organic waste materials we found a very low level of microbial
properties especially in the sandy materials from quaternary deposits but a significant increase in microbial respiration,
substrate induced respiration and enzyme activities like invertase and alkaline phosphatase with increasing application rates
of sewage sludge, compost and sewage sludge mixed with coal sludge. This can be explained by an increase in organic matter
and nutrient content of the soils and an improvement of soil physical properties such as water and nutrient retention capacity.
Additionally it can be assumed, that constituents of the coal admixtures of tertiary deposits can be mineralised or converted
by the soil microorganisms. In the tertiary materials ameliorated with brown coal ash the highest amounts of microbial and
enzyme activities were measured after application of nitrogen-rich sewage sludge or very high amounts of mature compost mainly
consisting of green waste. Compared with sewage sludge the stimulating effects of composted sewage sludge were quite lower
because of organic matter fragmentation and a reduced energy and nutrient supply to soil microorganisms.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
El-Mashad Hamed M. van Loon Wilko K.P. Zeeman Grietje Bot Gerard P.A. Lettinga Gatze 《Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology》2003,2(1):53-66
Agricultural wastes represent an important source of bio-energy and valuable products. In Egypt, 18% of the agricultural wastes
is used directly as fertiliser. Another 30% is used as animal food. The remainder is burnt directly on the fields or is used
for heating in the small villages, using low efficiency burners. These wastes can be used more efficiently as a source of
energy and as organic fertiliser. The anaerobic bioconversion of these materials will result in a net energy production. The
utilisation of agricultural wastes for the production of energy and compost, combined with using solar energy will save fossil
fuel, improve health conditions and the general life quality in the villages.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
The role of compost microflora in the suppression of salmonella regrowth in composted sewage sludge was investigated. Microbial inhibition studies of salmonella growth were conducted on nutrient agar, in composts that had been subjected to different temperatures in compost piles, and in radiation sterilized composts inoculated with selected fractions of the compost microflora. Agar assays of inhibition indicated that bacteria and actinomycetes were not suppressive to salmonellae, but a few fungi were. However, compost inoculation assays showed consistently that fungi were not suppressive, but bacteria and actinomycetes were. In compost inoculation assays, microbial antagonists, when present, either killed salmonellae or reduced their growth rate. No suppression of salmonellae occurred in compost taken from 70°C compost-pile zones despite the presence and growth of many types of microbes. With greater numbers and kinds of microbes in 55°C compost, salmonella growth was suppressed 100–10,000-fold. Salmonellae died when inoculated into compost from unheated zones (25–40°C) of piles. Prior colonization of compost with only noncoliform gram-negative bacteria suppressed salmonellae growth 3,000-fold. Coliforms when inoculated prior to salmonellae accounted for 75% of salmonella die-off. Mesophilic curing to allow colonization of curing piles in their entirety by gram-negative bacteria, especially coliforms, should be an effective way to prevent repopulation by salmonellae. 相似文献
10.
The individual-based combined forest model EFIMOD including the soil-sub model SOMM has been used for the simulation of Scots
pine stand growth and soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation on a humus-free bare mineral surface. The growth of Scots pine
plantation, with an initial density of 10 000 trees ha−1 and average tree biomass of 0.01 kg was simulated for 50 yr under Central European climatic conditions (i) with varying atmospheric
nitrogen inputs and (ii) different rates of initial application of raw undecomposed organic material or compost, on humus-free
parent material. The accumulation of typical raw humus was simulated in all cases. The accumulation was most intensive in
the simulation of high atmospheric nitrogen input. The humus pool in the mineral topsoil was small but achieved its maximum
value with compost application. SOM nitrogen accumulation was scant in all cases, except the compost applications with low
atmospheric nitrogen input. No statistically significant differences of SOM and stand parameters were found between variants
without organic matter and those with low input of organic manure. However, the maximum relative rate of SOM and nitrogen
accumulation was found in the scenario without organic manure, under slowly growing unstable Scots pine plantation.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
The microbial population of a sludge amended leaf compost material utilized for treatment of artificial acid mine drainage was studied by culture-independent molecular methods. Iron-rich and sulfurous wastewater (artificial acid mine drainage) was circulated through a column bioreactor for 16 months. After 12 months the column was inoculated with a mixed culture from an acidic pond receiving acid mine drainage from a tailings impoundment at a decommissioned site in Kristineberg, North Sweden. Hydrogen sulfide odor and the formation of black precipitates indicated that sulfate-reduction occurred in the column. 16S rDNA gene analysis by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, cloning, and sequencing as well as fluorescent in situ hybridization confirmed the presence of microorganisms closely related to sulfate-reducing bacteria and microorganisms from the genera Pseudoxanthmonas, Dechlorosoma, Desulfovibrio, Agrobacterium, Methylocapsa, Rhodococcus, Sulfobacillus, and some unidentified bacteria. Sulfate-reducing bacteria were found in the column bioreactor 2 weeks after inoculation, but not thereafter. This suggests they were in low abundance, even though sulfate remediation rates were significant. Instead, the population contained species similar to those previously found to utilize humic substances released from the compost material. 相似文献
12.
Application of compost to agricultural soils may be beneficial for crop production by increasing soil fertility and supplying
plant nutrients, however, any raise of the soil organic matter content may increase the potential for unintended groundwater
contamination by nitrate leaching. In this paper, the effect of long-term compost applications on nitrate leaching, soil organic
matter content, and crop production is analyzed using results of simulation scenarios for agricultural sites with loamy and
sandy soils. Simulations were carried out using the Danish Nitrogen Simulation System (DAISY) which describes the nitrogen
balance in a one-dimensional soil-plant-atmosphere system and considers compost type and application rate as well as management
and cropping practice. Estimations of hydraulic and solute transport parameters are based on pedotransfer functions. Data
from a 4.5-year period of field experiments with compost applications in northern Germany as well as from laboratory experiments
with compost amended soil are used for model calibration. Simulation results suggest that: (i) with respect to nitrogen turnover
the differences between compost types (i.e., non-matured and matured) are small compared to site-specific properties (i.e.,
soil temperature and water balance) and management practices (i.e., crop rotation) when considering a compost application
period of 50 years; (ii) with respect to nitrate leaching the effect of different compost application scenarios is highly
sensitive at the sand and relatively small at the loam site; and (iii) relatively high crop yields and acceptably low nitrate
concentrations in the drainage water are obtained at the sand site when applying a combination of 10 t compost/ha/yr and soil-
Nmin adjusted mineral nitrogen additions of about 20 kg/ha/yr to a winter-grain dominated crop rotation. Further optimization
may be possible by applying reduced rates of the (economically interesting) non-matured compost.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
A chemolithoauthotrophic, acidophilic, sulfur-oxidizing strain was isolated from sewage sludge and identified as Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. The morphology and physiology of the isolate grown in mineral medium or sterilized sewage sludge were investigated. Morphological and ultrastructural differences between cells grown in mineral medium and sewage sludge were clearly visible. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed some changes in the protein expression profiles in the periplasmic fraction as well as a lower level of cytochromes. Adaptation of A. thiooxidans to sewage sludge was not only a physiological process but also included genetic changes. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using pulsed field gel electrophoresis showed structural changes in chromosomal DNA of such bacteria. Most of the restriction fragments were highly conserved and shared by strains grown under different conditions. Cultivation in mineral medium did, however, lead to the appearance of an additional restriction fragment. In combination, the obtained results provide evidence of adaptive responses by A. thioxidans during growth in sewage sludge and confirm that this bacteria can be useful in biotechnologies of heavy metal bioleaching from different environments polluted with hazardous compounds. 相似文献
14.
Monitoring species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in planta and in soil by nested PCR: application to the study of the impact of sewage sludge 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Nested PCR is a highly sensitive procedure for monitoring species of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and for determining
their abundance in planta and in soil. DNA sequence variability in the D1 and D2 domains of the large ribosomal subunit is sufficient to design primers
which discriminate between AM fungi at the species level. The usefulness of this molecular approach is illustrated in the
present study on the differential impact of sewage sludges on a community of three AM fungi (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices, Gigaspora rosea). Nested PCR was applied to trypan blue-stained mycorrhizal root fragments and soil mycelium from pot cultures of Medicago truncatula inoculated with the three fungi separately or together, and grown in sand containing sewage sludge that had been enriched
or not with metallic or organic pollutants. G. intraradices and Gig. rosea varied in behaviour depending on whether they were inoculated alone or as a mixed community. G. mosseae showed a similar sensitivity towards each sewage sludge whether in community or alone, making it a potential candidate for
ecotoxicological tests using M. truncatula to evaluate the quality or potential toxicity of sewage sludges which are widely used as fertilizers in agricultural lands.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
A commercially available soil conditioning agent prepared from a brown marine alga, Ascophyllum nodosum, was tested for its ability to effect leaching rates of nitrate from two soil types. The use of the material led to a significant
(p < 0.05) reduction of nitrate leaching from a soil composed of sand and compost (50:50).
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
Reuse of waste materials as growing media for ornamental plants 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
The use of different waste materials: pine bark, coconut fibre and sewage sludge as substrates in the production of ornamental plants was studied, with an special interest on the suitability of coconut fibre as growing substrate for conifer plants. The plant species tested were Pinus pinea, Cupressus arizonica and C. sempervirens and the substrate mixtures were: (1) pine bark, (2) pine bark with 15% of sewage sludge compost, (3) pine bark with 30% of sewage sludge compost, (4) coconut fibre, (5) coconut fibre with 15% of sewage sludge compost and (6) coconut fibre with 30% of sewage sludge compost. Substrates were physically and chemically well characterized, and 75-cm plants were grown on them for one year. Plant and substrate status were periodically tested along the experiment. As biosolid recycling is the main objective of the present work, the mixtures with 30% of composted sewage sludge will be the most convenient substrate to use. For C. sempervirens and C. arizonica, a mixture between pine bark or coconut fibre and 30% of biosolid compost in volume gave the best results, but the lower cost of the pine bark than the coconut fibre substrate indicated the use of the PB+30% CSS. For P. pinea the research of new combinations between waste products is recommended to attain better results. 相似文献
17.
The influence of compost as inoculum during continuous anaerobic digestion of fodder beet silage was studied over 330 days. Two simultaneously driven mesophilic fermentors (Inoc-1/Inoc-2) were inoculated with manure and sewage sludge. Only the digester Inoc-2 was inoculated additionally with compost. After 160 days fermentor Inoc-2 reached a hydraulic retention time (HRT) around 15 days whereas Inoc-1 remained at a HRT of 40d. After changing the substrate feed from one to three times a day both digesters stabilised at a shorter HRT; Inoc-2 at 10 days and Inoc-1 around 20 days. An additional inoculation of fermentor Inoc-1 by compost shortened the HRT to 10 days and revealed a minor increased gas production of about 6%. Fluorescence in situ hybridization indicated that probably an archaeal population shift was responsible for the observed stimulations. An addition of compost induced a methanogenic community change towards hydrogenotrophic methanogens. 相似文献
18.
Characteristics of Mesophilic Bacteria Isolated during Thermophilic Composting of Sewage Sludge 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
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Kiyohiko Nakasaki Masayuki Sasaki Makoto Shoda Hiroshi Kubota 《Applied microbiology》1985,49(1):42-45
The degree of inactivation by UV irradiation was different between vegetative cells and spores of bacteria isolated from sewage sludge composting at 60°C. By using this property, a method to estimate the spore ratio of a mixture of vegetative cells and spores was presented. This UV irradiation method was applied to the estimation of the spore ratio of sewage sludge compost samples collected at several stages of composting. The spore ratio of mesophilic bacteria in the samples obtained at the thermophilic stage of 60°C was 40% at most. The vegetative form of mesophilic bacteria showed a thermotolerance property at 60°C by forming colonies but showed no respiratory activity at that temperature. 相似文献
19.
A new and rapid procedure has been developed for the isolation of the bacteriochlorophyll a-containing Fenna—Matthews—Olson (FMO)-protein from green sulfur bacteria. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the FMO-protein of Chlorobium (Chl.) tepidum were employed in the preparation of an antibody column utilizing immobilized protein A as the matrix. The antibody column afforded essentially a one-step purification process, resulting in preparations that were free from contaminating pigments and proteins. This was evidenced by absorption spectroscopy, SDS—PAGE, and fluorescence emission.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
Effects of sewage sludge application on heavy metal leaching from mine tailings impoundments 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Column experiments were conducted to investigate the removal of heavy metals from two mine tailings (El Arteal and Jaravías) using sewage sludge as a reactive material. When sewage sludge is used as a reactive material on the El Arteal tailings (sample SA), Fe, Mn, Zn and Pb are removed and Cu and Ni are mobilized. The experiments carried out on the Jaravías tailings give similar results, showing the retention of Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn and the mobilization of Ni and Zn. An analysis performed using the PHREEQC numerical code suggests that the retention of Fe in the sewage sludge may be caused by the precipitation of Fe(OH)2.7Cl0.3 and possibly pyrite, and that the retention of Pb at high pH may be caused by the formation of stable phase minerals such as Pb(OH)2 and PbS in these conditions. Ni mobilization in the column experiments with the two tailings samples may be caused by the presence of significant amounts of leachable Ni in the sewage sludge. The complexation of metals with dissolved organic matter, calculated with the Minteq model, may be moderate. 相似文献