中国外来归化植物的编目现状及有关问题

在简要讨论外来植物相关定义的基础上, 对中国外来归化植物的调查和编目现状进行了概述; 并对近年发表的两篇文章中外来归化植物数据进行了订正。     

Plant knowledge of the Shuhi in the Hengduan Mountains, Southwest China

The Shuhi are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group of around 1,500 people living exclusively in the Shuiluo Valley, southwest China. We documented their plant knowledge concerning wild collected species, and analyzed food, medicine, and ritual uses. Overall, uses, collection sites, and use frequencies of 136 plant species were documented. The plants were divided in fodder (46 spp.), food (43 spp.), medicine (27 spp.), ritual plants (20 spp.), fuelwood (17 spp.), plants used for construction (8 spp.), ornamentals (2 spp.), and "others" (34 spp.). Food plants mainly consist of fruits and leafy vegetables, and the uses are comparable with those of other ethnic groups in the area. Knowledge about medicinal plants is relatively limited, since traditional Shuhi healers use ritual and other healing methods instead of medicinal plants. Ritual plants play an important role relative to human well-being. Villagers and ritualists use them to keep the environment clean of malevolent spirits and to maintain a good relationship with the deities. All habitats, from the dry shrub vegetation at the valley bottom up to the alpine shrub, are used for plant collection, but 87% of all species are collected in the near vicinity of the villages around the fields and in the dry shrub vegetation. Finally, we postulate two main factors influencing wild plant use among the Shuhi: cultural values and accessibility.     

The Interrelationships of Land Plants and the Nature of the Ancestral Embryophyte

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Ethnopharmacological Survey of Plants Used for the Treatment of Stomach,Diabetes, and Ophthalmic Diseases in Sudhan Gali,Kashmir , Pakistan

The present paper represents the ethnopharmacological survey of Sudhan Gali, Kashmir, Pakistan. The study revealed that 12 plant species belonging to 11 families were used for the treatment of stomach, diabetes and ophthalmic diseases by the local people in Sudhan Gali. Achillea millefolium , Aconitum heterophyllum, Berberis lycium, Polygonum amplexicaule, Mentha longifolia, Paeonia emodi, Plantago lanceolata were locally used for stomach related problems treatment; Berberis lycium, Skimmia lareola, Solanum dulcamara for diabetes and Geranium wallichianum, Artemisia vulgaris, Solanum dulcamara, and Corydalis crassifolia used for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. Two species Berberis lycium and Solanum dulcamara have multipurpose value. Former is used to treat stomach as well as diabetes while latter is used to treat not only to diabetes but also ophthalmic diseases. According to IUCN categories , out of these 12 plant species collected and marketed, Polygonum amplexicaule and Paeonia emodi are endangered, Aconitum heterophyllum; Berberis lycium species are vulnerable while Plantago lanceolata and Skimmia lareola species are rare.The availability of these medicinal plants has decreased during the past 20 years and these are facing a drastic biotic pressure due to their extensive usage and non-scientific methods of collection. It is quite evident that these valuable native medicinal plants species are going to decline in number and ultimately will become extinct if no timely proper conservation strategies are adopted.     

Thermal insulation and accumulation of heat in the downy inflorescences of Saussurea medusa (Asteraceae) at high elevation in Yunnan,China

Himalayan snowball plants, which are considered to be an extreme form of downy plants, have very dense trichomes on well-developed bracts that surround the inflorescences. It has been postulated that the downy inflorescences of these plants might serve to keep the interior of inflorescences warmer than the outside and, thus, to protect reproductive cells from low temperatures in their Himalayan habitat. In the present study, we examined the downy inflorescences of Saussurea medusa Maxim. in native habitats in the high alpine zone of the Henduan Mountains in Yunnan, China, and we analyzed the temperature within inflorescences after absorbance of light energy. S. medusa is pollinated by bumblebees and we found that its inflorescences accumulated heat not on the inside, but, rather, on the upper surfaces. The thick hollow stems and the overlapping bracts with obvious epinasty might serve not only to retain heat, but also as an insulator to protect the inside against overheating, with apparent local warming of flowers that are located at the tops of plants, which are cone-shaped. We made a model that mimicked the warming of inflorescences, providing support for the hypothesis that the downy bracts of S. medusa have two functions: thermal insulation to protect the inside of flowers and the accumulation of heat on the upper surfaces of the inflorescence. Such a system might be effective in attracting pollinators and also in protecting tissues from extreme variations in temperature. Electronic Publication     

干旱能源植物的发掘与应用策略

随着人类社会的快速发展和对化石能源的不合理开采,化石能源整体可开采量锐减;另一方面,化石能源的大量使用造成日益凸显的环境污染问题,发展生物质能源对解决能源危机、促进社会可持续发展具有重要意义。囿于人口持续增长和粮食需求不断增加,发展能源植物的重要突破口在于大力开发不与粮食作物争地争水的干旱能源植物。因此,从能源植物概念及其意义入手,论述国内外干旱能源植物应用现状和在实际种植生产过程中存在的问题,综合分析适合作为干旱能源植物的新类型,进而提出干旱能源植物的应用策略。     

四种荒漠植物的光合响应

研究了胡杨（Populus euphratica Oliv）、疏叶骆驼刺（Alhagi sparsifolia B.Keller et Shap)、多枝柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima Lbd)和头状沙拐枣（Calligonum caput-medusae Schrenk)等四种塔克拉玛干荒漠植物的光合响应曲线,结果表明：（1）四种植物中,疏叶骆驼刺光呼吸（Rp)和CO2补偿点（Г）最高,净光合速率（An）以及水分利用效率（WUE）最低;而C4植物头状沙拐枣无论Rp还是Г都最低,它的An、光补偿点（LCP）及光饱和点（LSP）都显著高于其它3种植物（P≤0．05）,而且因为非常低的蒸腾速率（E）,沙拐枣的WUE也较高。（2）4种植物都为喜光植物,但仍然表现出一定的差异。根据它们光曲线中LCP以及暗呼吸速率（Rd),4种喜光植物的喜光顺序为：头状沙拐枣,疏叶骆驼枣刺,多枝柽柳,胡杨。（3）柽柳光合响应曲线与日变化中的An,gs等值差异较大,可能是该植物的温度生态位较其它三种植物范围较窄,设置的25℃不在其最适温度范围内,或者是在这个温度下气孔对光强变化的不敏感。（4）综合前人的结果表明,在特定的环境条件,发育阶段以及经过一定的诱导处理,胡杨可以因诱导而表现出一些C4植物特征。     

The nitrogen supply from soils and insects during growth of the pitcher plants Nepenthes mirabilis, Cephalotus follicularis and Darlingtonia californica

This study investigated the nitrogen (N) acquisition from soil and insect capture during the growth of three species of pitcher plants, Nepenthes mirabilis, Cephalotus follicularis and Darlingtonia californica. ¹⁵N/¹⁴N natural abundance ratios (δ¹⁵N) of plants and pitchers of different age, non-carnivorous reference plants, and insect prey were used to estimate proportional contributions of insects to the N content of leaves and whole plants. Young Nepenthes leaves (phyllodes) carrying closed pitchers comprised major sinks for N and developed mainly from insect N captured elsewhere on the plant. Their δ¹⁵N values of up to 7.2‰ were higher than the average δ¹⁵N value of captured insects (mean δ¹⁵N value = 5.3‰). In leaves carrying old pitchers that are acting as a N source, the δ¹⁵N decreased to 3.0‰ indicating either an increasing contribution of soil N to those plant parts which in fact captured the insects or N gain from N₂ fixation by microorganisms which may exist in old pitchers. The δ¹⁵N value of N in water collected from old pitchers was 1.2‰ and contained free amino acids. The fraction of insect N in young and old pitchers and their associated leaves decreased from 1.0 to 0.3 mg g⁻¹. This fraction decreased further with the size of the investigated tiller. Nepenthes contained on average 61.5 ± 7.6% (mean ± SD, range 50–71%) insect N based on the N content of a whole tiller. In the absence of suitable non-carnivorous reference plants for Cephalotus, δ¹⁵N values were assessed across a developmental sequence from young plants lacking pitchers to large adults with up to 38 pitchers. The data indicated dependence on soil N until 4 pitchers had opened. Beyond that stage, plant size increased with the number of catching pitchers but the fraction of soil N remained high. Large Cephalotus plants were estimated to derive 26 ± 5.9% (mean ± SD of the three largest plants; range: 19–30%) of the N from insects. In Cephalotus we observed an increased δ¹⁵N value in sink versus source pitchers of about 1.2‰ on average. Source and sink pitchers of Darlingtonia had a similar δ¹⁵N value, but plant N in this species showed δ¹⁵N signals closer to that of insect N than in either Cephalotus or Nepenthes. Insect N contributed 76.4 ± 8.4% (range 57–90%) to total pitcher N content. The data suggest complex patterns of partitioning of insect and soil-derived N between source and sink regions in pitcher plants and possibly higher dependence on insect N than recorded elsewhere for Drosera species. Received: 14 April 1997 / Accepted: 18 August 1997     

盐性条件下植物内生真菌多样性及其生态学功能研究

<正>据统计,盐化土壤在地球上所占比例超过7%,我国盐渍土面积约9 900万hm2,土壤盐渍化对农业生产的影响已成为一个全球性的问题。盐生植物是盐渍化土壤中的天然植物类群,可显著降低土壤盐分,改善盐碱土壤肥力及土壤微生物种群结构。内生真菌生活在植物体内,可促进其宿主生长,增强宿主的抗干旱和抗病虫害能力。长期生活于盐渍化土壤中的盐生植物具有耐盐碱、耐旱等特性,其体内也因积累大量的Na+和Cl-成为一个高盐的微环境。有研究表明,内生真菌在盐胁迫条件下能促进盐生植物的生     

转基因植物发展状况及外源基因在后代中遗传分离研究进展

转基因植物近年来得到迅猛发展。本文综述了转基因植物 ,特别是转基因林木的的发展现状。并从单基因位点孟德尔遗传 ,多基因位点孟德尔遗传以及非孟德尔式遗传三个方面介绍了外源基因在转基因植物后代中遗传分离的研究进展。并就影响外源基因遗传分离的因素进行了讨论。     

Ethnopharmacological Survey of Plants Used for the Treatment of Stomach,Diabetes, and Ophthalmic Diseases in Sudhan Gali,Kashmir , Pakistan

The present paper represents the ethnopharmacological survey of Sudhan Gali, Kashmir, Pakistan. The study revealed that 12 plant species belonging to 11 families were used for the treatment of stomach, diabetes and ophthalmic diseases by the local people in Sudhan Gali. Achillea millefolium , Aconitum heterophyllum, Berberis lycium, Polygonum amplexicaule, Mentha longifolia, Paeonia emodi, Plantago lanceolata were locally used for stomach related problems treatment; Berberis lycium, Skimmia lareola, Solanum dulcamara for diabetes and Geranium wallichianum, Artemisia vulgaris, Solanum dulcamara, and Corydalis crassifolia used for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. Two species Berberis lycium and Solanum dulcamara have multipurpose value. Former is used to treat stomach as well as diabetes while latter is used to treat not only to diabetes but also ophthalmic diseases. According to IUCN categories , out of these 12 plant species collected and marketed, Polygonum amplexicaule and Paeonia emodi are endangered, Aconitum heterophyllum; Berberis lycium species are vulnerable while Plantago lanceolata and Skimmia lareola species are rare.The availability of these medicinal plants has decreased during the past 20 years and these are facing a drastic biotic pressure due to their extensive usage and non-scientific methods of collection. It is quite evident that these valuable native medicinal plants species are going to decline in number and ultimately will become extinct if no timely proper conservation strategies are adopted.     

Brazil and the development of international scientific biosafety testing guidelines for transgenic crops

Under the umbrella of the International Organisation of Biological Control (IOBC), an international working group of public sector scientists entitled on "Transgenic Organisms in Integrated Pest Management and Biological Control" has been organized. The group will develop scientific principles and detailed scientific guidelines for biosafety testing of transgenic crops. The key elements of this project are: (1) An international initiative including expert scientists from leading research institutions in developed and developing countries; (2) coordination of the development and implementation of the guidelines as a dynamic process, which will include scientific and technical capacity building and communication among scientists and between scientists and policy makers; (3) rapid serial publication of sections of the guidelines as they are completed; and (4) rapid and timely revision of previously published sections. The guidelines will be constructed on a case-by-case basis and will have no regulatory legitimacy themselves.     

中国西南地区珍稀濒危及国家保护植物区系地理

根据《中国植物红皮书》(第一册)和1999年《国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)》,对分布于中国西南地区的珍稀濒危及国家保护植物进行了调查和统计分析,并探讨了其区系成分特点及地理分布特征,结果表明:西南地区有珍稀濒危及国家保护植物共计95科195属275种;其植物区系具有明显的热带亚热带性质,种子植物热带分布型的属数占总数的48.57%,热带分布型的科数占总数的46.91%;特有性强,共有52种中国特有植物;起源古老,有41种古老孑遗植物;此外,这些种的地理分布不均匀,主要集中分布在省与省或国与国交界的边境地区以及中、低山地区。     

Molecular cloning and functional expression in bacteria of the potassium transporters CnHAK1 and CnHAK2 of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa

The cDNAs CnHAK1 and CnHAK2, encoding K⁺ transporters, were amplified from the leaves of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. None of these transporters suppressed the K⁺ deficiency of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant, but both suppressed the equivalent defect of an Escherichia coli mutant. Overexpression of the transporter CnHAK1, but not CnHAK2, mediated very rapid K⁺ or Rb⁺ influxes in the E. coli mutant. The concentration dependence of these influxes demonstrated that CnHAK1 is a low-affinity K⁺ transporter, which does not discriminate between K⁺ and Rb⁺. CnHAK1 expressed in E. coli worked in reverse when the external K⁺ concentrations were low, and we established the condition of a simple functional test of K⁺ loss for transporters of the Kup-HAK family. In comparison with its homologue barley transporter HvHAK2, CnHAK1 was insensitive to Na⁺.     

丛枝菌根对紫茎泽兰和黄花蒿地上地下养分分配的竞争调控策略

紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）入侵喀斯特生态系统导致群落多样性和稳定性降低是该区域面临的重要生态问题,丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM）通过根系外延菌丝互联不同物种个体影响植物养分竞争,但如何调控入侵种与乡土种地上地下资源竞争分配尚不清楚。以入侵种紫茎泽兰和乡土种黄花蒿（Artemisia annua）为研究对象,使用由1个竞争室和2个种植室所组成的微生态系装置。针对两物种对竞争室养分资源利用,采用20 μm和0.45 μm尼龙网设置共同竞争（CC）、单一利用（SU）和对照（CK）处理,并对上述处理进行AM真菌接种（M⁺）与不接种（M^-）,分析不同处理下紫茎泽兰与黄花蒿地下地上生物量及氮磷养分分配。结果表明：就地上部分而言,比较M⁺与M^-,三种竞争方式的紫茎泽兰磷吸收量均显著表现为M⁺ > M^-,但黄花蒿在M⁺与M^-间无显著差异;比较3种竞争方式,M⁺下紫茎泽兰氮吸收量和黄花蒿生物量及氮磷吸收量表现为SU>CK,黄花蒿地上生物量、氮磷吸收量则表现为CCSU;M⁺下CC处理紫茎泽兰地上氮吸收量显著高于黄花蒿;M^-下黄花蒿氮磷吸收量显著表现为CC和SU>CK,但紫茎泽兰在CC、SU和CK间无显著差异。就地下部分而言,三种竞争方式的紫茎泽兰地下生物量、氮磷吸收量显著表现为M⁺ > M^-,但黄花蒿在M⁺与M^-间无显著差异;比较三种竞争方式,M⁺下紫茎泽兰氮吸收量在CC与SU间无显著差异,但SU>CK;比较植物间,M⁺条件下,CC和SU处理的紫茎泽兰氮磷吸收量均显著高于黄花蒿,而M^-条件下紫茎泽兰与黄花蒿生物量和氮磷吸收量在三种竞争方式间均无显著差异。研究表明,AM真菌通过菌根网络调控入侵种和乡土种的竞争能力,影响公用土壤养分资源在植株地上地下的资源分配并提高入侵植物从菌根共生体中获得收益促进其入侵。     

中国外来植物数据集

搞清楚中国外来植物种类有哪些, 从哪里来, 如何进入中国, 属于什么性质的类群, 它们的生物学特征和生态学特性如何等问题, 是中国外来入侵植物预防和预警机制研究的重要基础。《中国植物志》、Flora of China、各省级植物志书等记载的外来植物信息由于种种原因非常有限, 且目前我国尚没有完整体现中国外来植物信息的数据库。本文通过整合近几年外来植物相关的资料, 并通过文献考证增补外来植物原产地、习性等信息, 利用计算机网络、数据库及大数据分析技术手段, 经信息化处理和分类学校正, 进行分类体系重建, 最终确定中国外来植物的物种名录数据集。该数据集共有数据14,710条, 记载中国外来植物283科3,233属14,710个类群(含13,401原种332杂交种2嵌合体458亚种503变种14变型)。每个类群包括类别、中文科名、科名、中文属名、属名、中文名、别名、学名、命名人、生存状态、生存时间、生活型、原产国家或地区和中国引入省份等基础信息。数据集显示, 外来植物已在中国的植物种类构成中占据了相当大的比例(高达28.19%, 中国境内有维管植物52,177个类群, 其中本土37,464, 外来14,710, 上述数字包含种下等级, 统计截至2021年12月31日); 就生存状态而言, 栽培植物占所有外来植物的比例高达91%, 逃逸植物占7.36%, 归化植物占6.69%, 入侵植物占2.66%; 对于生活型的分析显示, 多年生类群占据了外来植物的绝大多数(13,625种, 约占总数的92.6%), 草本植物(8,937种, 约占总数的60.8%)相较于乔木(2,752种, 约占总数的18.7%)、灌木(4,916种, 约占总数的33.4%)及其他生活型数量要更多; 中国的外来植物大多来自北美洲(4,242种)、非洲(3,707种)、南美洲(3,645种)、亚洲(3,102种), 欧洲(1,690种)和大洋洲(1,305种)相对较少; 而中国具有外来植物最多的前10个省份分别为台湾(6,122种)、北京(5,244种)、福建(3,667种)、广东(3,544种)、云南(3,404种)、上海(2,924种)、江苏(2,183种)、江西(1,789种)、浙江(1,658种)和湖北(973种)。本数据集是第一次对中国外来植物进行全面系统整理, 可供从事外来植物相关研究工作参考, 也可作为植物多样性研究的基础资料, 还可作为农业、林业、草业、园林、草药及自然保护和环境保护人士及高等院校师生的参考数据。     

入侵植物藿香蓟与常见伴生杂草的生态位特征

基于传统生态位理论的生物入侵机制假说认为外来种和土著种生态位的差异是决定入侵成功与否和危害程度的关键。藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides L.)是一种在我国南方快速蔓延的恶性入侵种。为了了解藿香蓟与其他杂草在群落中的生态关系,探究造成藿香蓟成功入侵的可能机制及危害,在浙西南的丽水市开展了杂草群落调查,计算了藿香蓟和16种常见本地杂草的生态位宽度、生态位重叠和种间相关系数,并对主要物种进行典范对应分析(CCA)排序。结果表明(1)藿香蓟与常见本地杂草间的生态位重叠度显著高于本地杂草间的生态位重叠度,这与藿香蓟具有最大的生态位宽度有关;(2)藿香蓟与常见本地杂草的Pianka生态位重叠指数介于0.04-0.296之间,重叠度处于中下水平;(3)常见本地杂草对于藿香蓟的n-维超体积生态位重叠值显著高于藿香蓟对于常见本地杂草的n-维超体积生态位重叠值;(4)藿香蓟在CCA排序图上处于较中心的位置,说明其具有较高的中生性;不仅如此,外来杂草和本地杂草在排序图上充分混杂,说明外来种相对于本地种并无明显特化;(5)群落中大多数常见杂草间未出现显著种间负相关,仅7个种对显著正相关,大多数种对不相关。总的来说,丽水农村的杂草群落稳定较差,资源相对充足,种间生态位重叠较低,本地植物对于藿香蓟的竞争阻抗较小,加上藿香蓟本身较大的生态位宽度,导致了藿香蓟在本地区广泛而严重的入侵。     

Weeds and the monitoring of biodiversity in Australian rangelands

Abstract Monitoring the biodiversity of Australian rangelands has been identified as a means of informing policy and supporting funding decisions in relation to the conservation of biodiversity. Australian rangelands are subject to invasion by alien plants that have the potential to have major impacts on ecosystem function and biodiversity, although there has been little quantitative documentation of these effects. Research is needed to improve our understanding of how and to what extent alien plants affect biodiversity in Australian rangelands so that this relationship can be considered when developing and implementing programmes to monitor biodiversity. It is also important to consolidate existing efforts to quantify the extent of alien plant invasions and monitor their progress, thus documenting a process that threatens biodiversity. Information on the presence and abundance of alien plant species should be considered for inclusion as a component of biodiversity monitoring programmes that are undertaken. Monitoring components of biodiversity can itself provide a basis for evaluating weed management strategies.