拟南芥高迁移率族蛋白B族基因表达模式分析

为了解高迁移率族蛋白B族(HMGB)基因在拟南芥中的表达模式及作用方式,该研究克隆了拟南芥中5个编码HMGB的基因:AtHMGB1、AtHMGB2、AtHMGB3、AtHMGB4、AtHMGB5,并运用荧光实时定量PCR方法检测野生型拟南芥中以上5种基因在不同器官中的表达及在外源植物激素(ABA、2,4-D)处理前后的表达差异,选取AtHMGB2、AtHMGB4和AtHMGB5分别转化拟南芥并筛选出超表达株系,随即检测ABA诱导下超表达AtHMGB的转基因拟南芥的表型。研究证实:在野生型拟南芥中AtHMGB2在拟南芥各个器官中的表达量远高于其它家族成员,AtHMGB4和AtHMGB5在花、果荚和根中的表达略高于茎和叶;在ABA处理前后AtHMGB家族成员的表达水平有显著差异,其中AtHMGB2的表达被ABA显著负调控;ABA诱导下超表达AtHMGB2的转基因拟南芥与野生型相比出现萌发及生长迟缓现象,但超表达AtHMGB4与AtHMGB5的转基因拟南芥在ABA诱导下的种子萌发和幼苗生长与野生型相比差异不大。研究发现,AtHMGB家族成员在转录水平上响应ABA的方式各有不同,对理解AtHMGB家族成员的生物学功能提供了新的基础。     

黄梁木NcEXPA8基因提高拟南芥种子萌发速度的研究

为探究NcEXPA8基因的分子功能,该文以在黄梁木形成层区域中高表达的扩展蛋白基因NcEXPA8为研究对象,研究其在黄梁木种子萌发过程中的表达及其过表达对拟南芥种子萌发的影响。该文以黄梁木和拟南芥野生型(WT)(Col-0)种子以及转NcEXPA8基因的拟南芥T3代纯合体种子为实验材料,利用实时荧光定量RT-qPCR分析NcEXPA8基因在黄梁木种子萌发不同阶段的表达量,并分析NcEXPA8基因和拟南芥种子萌发内源相关基因在拟南芥WT和转基因不同株系萌发种子中的表达量,且对拟南芥WT种子和转基因T3代纯合体种子在不同处理和不同时间的萌发率进行比较。结果表明:NcEXPA8基因在黄梁木种子萌发不同阶段的表达量存在差异,在种壳破裂时表达量最高,随后降低。与拟南芥WT相比,过表达NcEXPA8基因不仅显著提高了种子的萌发速度,而且提高了对赤霉素的敏感性,降低了对脱落酸的敏感性,但未影响拟南芥内源相关结构基因的表达。该研究初步分析了黄梁木NcEXPA8基因在种子萌发中的功能,但其最终确定还需在黄梁木中进行验证。     

拟南芥GH3.9基因的过表达及其表型分析

为研究GH3.9基因在植物生长发育过程中的作用,利用RT-PCR成功克隆到GH3.9基因,该基因全长为1 750bp。通过构建pEGAD-GH3.9过表达载体转化拟南芥,获得过表达GH3.9基因纯系转基因株系GH3.9ox-3和GH3.9ox-7。对拟南芥野生型(WT)和转基因株系(GH3.9ox-3和GH3.9ox-7)幼苗用不同光强和光质进行处理,结果显示:在蓝光、红光、远红光等不同光照强度下培养,过表达株系幼苗下胚轴的生长均明显受到抑制,且较野生型明显;采用不同光周期处理拟南芥幼苗,过表达幼苗下胚轴的伸长明显低于野生型;对成年植株表型进行观察,发现过表达株系植株矮小、雄蕊变短、果荚短小。研究表明:GH3.9基因参与了拟南芥生长发育调控,过表达GH3.9基因对拟南芥生长有抑制作用。     

芥菜型油菜BjuA09DFR基因及其启动子的克隆与转化和表达

该研究利用实时荧光定量(qRT-PCR)检测了BjuA09 DFR基因的时空表达特异性,并通过克隆BjuA09 DFR基因启动子片段,构建该基因的启动子GUS融合表达载体,利用农杆菌介导法将重组质粒转入野生型拟南芥,最后对拟南芥转基因材料不同发育时期的不同组织部位进行GUS组织化学染色,分析BjuA09 DFR基因启动子的表达模式,为BjuA09 DFR基因启动子功能的进一步研究提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)BjuA09 DFR基因在芥菜型油菜的多个组织部位都有表达,尤其是在叶、花、角果和授粉后15d种子中表达量较高。(2)成功构建了BjuA09 DFR基因启动子和GUS基因融合表达载体(pBjuA09 DFR∷GUS),采用农杆菌介导法将重组质粒转入野生型拟南芥,经卡那霉素筛选和PCR检测抗性苗,获得转基因拟南芥阳性苗。(3)GUS组织化学分析结果显示,转基因拟南芥材料的GUS活性具有明显的时空特异性,在叶、花、角果和种子中的染色较深,具有很强的GUS活性。     

拟南芥钙调素结合蛋白参与胁迫响应的研究

采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR和Northern blotting技术检测了野生型拟南芥中CBP60g基因对丁香假单胞菌和非生物胁迫的响应,并对丁香假单胞菌接种后,野生型拟南芥、cbp60g-1突变体和CBP60g过表达转基因植物中抗逆相关基因的表达变化进行检测。结果显示:(1)在野生型拟南芥中CBP60g基因的表达能被丁香假单胞菌、高盐、冷和机械损伤所诱导。(2)经丁香假单胞菌诱导后病程相关基因PR5和AIG1的表达在过表达转基因植物中明显高于野生型。(3)受干旱和ABA诱导的AtMYB2基因的表达在过表达转基因植物中也高于野生型。研究表明,CBP60g同时参与了拟南芥对生物和非生物胁迫响应。     

AtPIN2基因通过影响根尖抗氧化能力参与拟南芥耐铝响应

PIN2是根尖生长素运输的重要蛋白,PIN2基因的差异表达是否影响植物耐铝性并不清楚。本文以不同At PIN2表达水平的拟南芥为材料,研究了At PIN2差异表达对拟南芥耐铝性的影响。结果表明,铝处理明显增强拟南芥根尖0~5 mm区域At PIN2基因的转录表达,与对照相比,其表达量增加了80%。铝能诱导PIN2蛋白在根尖细胞膜水平方向累积,并且呈束状分布。通过分析不同At PIN2表达材料的耐铝性,发现在铝处理条件下,PIN2缺失突变体(pin2-ko)的根系伸长速率显著小于PIN2超表达(PIN2-OX)和野生型材料(Col);并且,pin2-ko累积较多的活性氧;pin2-ko的SOD、CAT和APX活性以及GSH含量均显著低于PIN2-OX。上述结果表明,At PIN2表达差异影响拟南芥耐铝性,敲除At PIN2导致其对铝毒更敏感,其机理可能是At PIN2通过影响根尖抗氧化能力参与拟南芥耐铝响应。     

拟南芥ASK基因研究进展

泛素-蛋白酶体系统(ubiquitin-proteasome system,UPS)是广泛存在于真核生物中的一种重要的蛋白降解系统。拟南芥ASK(Arabidopsis SKP1-LIKE)基因编码拟南芥E3连接酶SCF复合物的一个亚蛋白,在拟南芥SCF复合物中起到连接器的作用。近年来,人们对ASK基因及其同源基因进行了很多表达规律、基因功能方面的研究。本文从ASK基因表达方式、对生理发育过程的调节、与F-box相互作用及ASK基因的进化方式4个方面对这些进展进行总结。已有的研究结果表明,ASK基因在拟南芥中广泛地表达并表现出各自不同的表达水平和表达方式,它们在很多发育和生理过程中起到重要作用。     

AtNHX5基因过量表达对拟南芥耐盐性的影响

为了研究AtNHX5基因在植物耐盐中的作用,构建了植物过量表达载体pROKⅡ-AtNHX5,并转化拟南芥。结果显示:(1)RT-PCR检测表明,转基因拟南芥中AtNHX5基因的表达大幅提高。(2)对转基因纯合株系进行耐盐性分析显示,AtNHX5过量表达提高了植株在种子萌发和苗期的耐盐性。(3)转基因植株在盐处理下的干重、鲜重以及地上部分Na+、K+含量均高于野生型对照。在200mmol/L NaCl处理下,以转基因株系a1-4为例,其地上部分单株鲜重、单株干重、K+含量分别是野生型的1.27、1.54、1.16倍,较野生型显著升高。研究表明,过量表达AtNHX5基因促进了盐胁迫下转基因植株对K+的吸收,转基因拟南芥的耐盐性明显提高。     

拟南芥BAK1基因转化及防御作用

将拟南芥BAK1基因采用Gateway方法连接到植物表达载体,通过侵花粉管进行转化,从基因和蛋白表达水平检测转化是否成功。以不同BAK1表达水平植株作为试验材料,分析BAK1在芜菁缩叶病毒(Turnip crinkle virus,TCV)-拟南芥(Col-0)亲和互作系统中对植株防御的影响。结果显示,在接种TCV后,BAK1缺陷型植株对TCV较为感病,衰老相关基因表达水平增加,表明BAK1能够增强宿主对病毒的防御作用。     

Protein identification and Peptide expression resolver: harmonizing protein identification with protein expression data

Proteomic discovery platforms generate both peptide expression information and protein identification information. Peptide expression data are used to determine which peptides are differentially expressed between study cohorts, and then these peptides are targeted for protein identification. In this paper, we demonstrate that peptide expression information is also a powerful tool for enhancing confidence in protein identification results. Specifically, we evaluate the following hypothesis: tryptic peptides originating from the same protein have similar expression profiles across samples in the discovery study. Evidence supporting this hypothesis is provided. This hypothesis is integrated into a protein identification tool, PIPER (Protein Identification and Peptide Expression Resolver), that reduces erroneous protein identifications below 5%. PIPER's utility is illustrated by application to a 72-sample biomarker discovery study where it is demonstrated that false positive protein identifications can be reduced below 5%. Consequently, it is recommended that PIPER methodology be incorporated into proteomic studies where both protein expression and identification data are collected.     

鹿瓜多肽注射液与补肾壮骨胶囊对膝关节骨性关节炎患者血清BALP、BGP、TRACP-5b及CTX-I水平的影响

目的:研究鹿瓜多肽注射液联合补肾壮骨胶囊对膝关节骨性关节炎的临床疗效及对血清骨特异性碱性磷酸酶(BALP)、骨钙素(BGP)、抗酒石酸盐酸性磷酸酶异构体5b(TRACP-5b)、I型胶原C端肽(CTX-I)水平的影响。方法:选取2015年4月至2016年3月我院收治的84例膝关节骨性关节炎患者,根据患者入院顺序分为观察组和对照组,42例每组。对照组使用鹿瓜多肽注射液,观察组在此基础上加以补肾壮骨胶囊。比较两组患者临床疗效,治疗前后血清BALP、BGP、TRACP-5b、CTX-I水平、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)的变化。结果:治疗后,观察组临床总有效率显著高于对照组[90.48%(38/42)比64.29%(27/42)](P0.05);两组患者血清BALP、BGP水平均较治疗前显著升高(P0.05),血清TRACP-5b、CTX-I水平、VAS评分均较治疗前显著降低(P0.05),且观察组的血清BALP、BGP水平显著高于对照组(P0.05),血清TRACP-5b、CTX-I水平、VAS评分明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:鹿瓜多肽注射液联合补肾壮骨胶囊治疗膝关节骨性关节炎的临床疗效明显优于鹿瓜多肽注射液单药治疗,其能显著升高患者的血清BALP、BGP水平,降低血清RACP-5b、CTX-I水平,改善患者骨代谢。     

Peptide substrates rapidly modulate expression of dipeptide and oligopeptide permeases in Candida albicans

Previous studies showed that peptide transport activity in Candida albicans was completely repressed by NH4+, and that growth on amino acids as sole nitrogen source stimulated transport to a basal level. Here we show that addition of peptide mixtures to culture media gives a further 5-fold increase in transport of dipeptides and oligopeptides; the effect is specific for peptide transport, amino acid uptake being unaffected. Presence of peptides but not amino acids overrides NH4+ repression of peptide transport. Step-up activation of transport activity, caused by addition of peptides to incubation media, and step-down inhibition that accompanies removal of peptides, occurs rapidly (within 30 min at 28 degrees C). Step-up is independent of de novo protein synthesis. This substrate-induced regulation is compatible with a rapid, reversible activation of plasma membrane-bound peptide permease(s), or a mechanism of endocytosis involving a cycle of insertion and retrieval of preformed permease components. These results are considered in relation to the expression of peptide permeases in vivo, and the development of synthetic anticandidal peptide carrier prodrugs designed to exploit these systems.     

Comparative genomics in salt tolerance between Arabidopsis and aRabidopsis-related halophyte salt cress using Arabidopsis microarray

Salt cress (Thellungiella halophila), a halophyte, is a genetic model system with a small plant size, short life cycle, copious seed production, small genome size, and an efficient transformation. Its genes have a high sequence identity (90%-95% at cDNA level) to genes of its close relative, Arabidopsis. These qualities are advantageous not only in genetics but also in genomics, such as gene expression profiling using Arabidopsis cDNA microarrays. Although salt cress plants are salt tolerant and can grow in 500 mm NaCl medium, they do not have salt glands or other morphological alterations either before or after salt adaptation. This suggests that the salt tolerance in salt cress results from mechanisms that are similar to those operating in glycophytes. To elucidate the differences in the regulation of salt tolerance between salt cress and Arabidopsis, we analyzed the gene expression profiles in salt cress by using a full-length Arabidopsis cDNA microarray. In salt cress, only a few genes were induced by 250 mm NaCl stress in contrast to Arabidopsis. Notably a large number of known abiotic- and biotic-stress inducible genes, including Fe-SOD, P5CS, PDF1.2, AtNCED, P-protein, beta-glucosidase, and SOS1, were expressed in salt cress at high levels even in the absence of stress. Under normal growing conditions, salt cress accumulated Pro at much higher levels than did Arabidopsis, and this corresponded to a higher expression of AtP5CS in salt cress, a key enzyme of Pro biosynthesis. Furthermore, salt cress was more tolerant to oxidative stress than Arabidopsis. Stress tolerance of salt cress may be due to constitutive overexpression of many genes that function in stress tolerance and that are stress inducible in Arabidopsis.     

Peptide enrichment and protein fractionation using selective electrophoresis

In recent times, the analysis of the peptidome has become increasingly valuable to gain a better understanding of the critical roles native peptides play in biological processes. Here, we show a technique using a novel electrophoretic device named MF10, for the fractionation of proteins and peptides based on size and also pH in low volume liquid phase under an electric field. A 1 microM, 7-protein and peptide standard mix ranging from 1 to 25 kDa has been used to show peptide migration into a fraction contained by 1-5 kDa membranes. Simultaneous fractionation of the higher mass protein standards to the correct fraction also occurred. To assess the MF10's ability to fractionate more complex samples, human plasma was used to enrich for the peptidome below 5 kDa in the presence of the proteome. Peptide enrichment was achieved while simultaneously fractionating higher mass proteins to three other mass restricted fractions. The utility of this approach is demonstrated with the identification (with at least 2 ppm mass accuracy) of 76 unique peptides, equating to 22 proteins enriched to the 1-5 kDa fraction of the MF10.