基于18S rRNA基因序列的直翅目主要类群系统发育关系研究

基于78种直翅目昆虫的18S rRNA基因全序列构建了直翅目各主要类群间的系统发育关系。本研究的结果支持直翅目的单系性,但不支持蝗亚目和螽亚目各自的单系性;直翅目下除蜢总科和蝗总科外各总科的划分多数与Otte系统相一致;蜢总科的单系性得不到支持;蝗总科的剑角蝗科、斑腿蝗科、斑翅蝗科、网翅蝗科和槌角蝗科5科均不是单系群,各物种间的遗传距离差异不大,应合并为一科,即蝗科;本研究支持将Otte系统中蚱总科和螽蟖总科下各亚科级阶元提升为科级阶元;18S rRNA基因全序列可以作为划分科级阶元的工具,当位于同一分支上互成姐妹群的类群间的遗传距离超过1%时,这几个类群属于不同的科;但由于其在进化上的保守性,18S rRNA基因只能用于纲目等高级阶元间关系的研究,而由其获得的总科以下阶元间的关系并不可靠。     

植物细胞中间纤维角蛋白性质的分析

角蛋白是植物细胞中间纤维的主要成分。应用选择性抽提和生物化学技术,分离纯化了豌豆根尖细胞58-、52 kD、白菜子叶52kD和胡萝卜悬浮细胞64kD角蛋白,测定了它们的氨基酸组成,结果表明上述角蛋白与动物细胞中间纤维角蛋白的氨基酸组成有较大的相似性。比较了动、植物细胞角蛋白的肽谱,结果显示它们之间存在较大的差异,但是植物细胞间角蛋白的肽谱比较一致,这提示它们属于同一蛋白家族,为植物中间纤维及其角蛋白的存在提供了新的论据。     

A COMPARISON OF COMPUTER METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF FRACTION LABELLED MITOSES CURVES

Computer methods developed by the authors for analysis of fraction labelled mitoses curves (FLM curves) have been compared. Four test examples were used in the study; the first example was the synthesis of a FLM curve with fixed parameters and the others involved fitting actual data. Experimental FLM curves showing various degrees of damping were used in the curve fitting tests. In each test example the comparison was based on the assumptions of exponential growth, a growth fraction of unity and no cell loss. In three of the test examples good agreement between the methods was observed but in one example some important discrepancies arose in the analysis of a heavily damped FLM curve.     

CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF METAZOAN RELATIONSHIPS: A REAPPRAISAL

Abstract— A recently published cladistic analysis of metazoan relationships based on 77 embryological and morphological characters is shown to be defective with respect to both methodological issues and the interpretation of certain characters. Consequently, many conclusions of this analysis are not supported by the data. Alternative phylogenetic hypotheses are therefore proposed, based on a re-evaluation of an adapted data set.     

COMPUTER OPTIMIZATION OF THE FRACTION OF LABELLED MITOSES ANALYSIS USING THE FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM

This paper provides a numerical technique for the solution of the fraction of labelled mitoses curve. The essence of the method is to facilitate convolutions of phase time distributions using the FFT. This FFT method, in conjunction with the optimization technique, is found to be an efficient, general procedure.     

中国蝗总科昆虫科间系统发育关系支序分析：直翅目;蝗亚目

在形态学研究的基础上,配方选择了１２个特征,利用Ｈｅｎｎｉｇ８６程序包,以支序分析探讨了中国蝗总科昆虫科间的系统发育关系。结果表明蝗虫类昆虫稳定的分为两大类,即癞蝗类和蝗类,本文建议蝗虫类昆虫分为分为两个总科较宜。长腹蝗亚科似归入斑腿蝗亚科更为合理;而皱腹亚科则应提升为独立科。     

PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE CHROMISTA: A REVIEW AND PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS

Abstract— It is now well established that the algae do not constitute a monophyletic group. A number of brown and golden algae are related to various heterotrophic protists, which have recently been characterized and described as a kingdom, the Chromista. The kingdom was defined primarily by two ultrastructural features: the presence of tubular, tripartite hairs (mastigonemes) on the surface of at least one flagellum, and the presence of a chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum. This included the watermoulds which, although they lack chloroplasts, do have mastigonemes. In addition, a number of heterotrophic flagellates also possess mastigonemes and should therefore be considered in the determination of interrelationships. This paper presents a cladistic analysis that focuses on 79 ultrastructural, cytological and biochemical characters. The unpigmented taxa appear at the base of the cladogram, suggesting a single origin for the chromophytic chloroplast. The crytomonads and Eustigmatophyta, usually considered primitive taxa, are sister to all the chrysophycean taxa which, with the exception of two monotypic genera and the Sarcinochrysidales, are monophyletic. The Prymnesiophyta, Bacillariophyta and Phaeophyta form a monophylectic group.     

ANALYSIS OF GENOME AND SPECIES RELATIONSHIPS IN THE POLYPLOID WHEATS BY PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS

Protein spectra from 4n and 6n species of Triticum were obtained by electrophoresis of seed extracts on polyacrylamide gels. Homologies among the species with regard to protein bands were tested by comparing each species with the standard T. dicoccum in a protein mixture spectrum. By reference to two pairs of homologous bands, each spectrum was then adjusted to the migration velocity of the standard by photographic enlargement. The homologies were found to be consistent with evidence from conventional methods regarding genome relationships among the Triticum polyploids. T. dicoccoides and other known AABB tetraploids showed nine fast-moving albumin homologues, while T. timopheevi and other known AAGG tetraploids showed seven. The two genomic groups had five albumin bands in common. The hexaploid (AABBDD) subspecies showed 12 albumin homologues, 9 of which were also homologous with the 9 of the AABB tetraploids and 3 of which were attributed to the D-genome donor. Differences among species within each of the tetraploid genomic groups and among the hexaploid subspecies were largely confined to the slow-moving bands of the gliadin series.     

几种游蛇的Cyt b基因片段序列分析及其演化关系

分别从蛇类药材和冷冻保存的新鲜蛇类肌肉标本中提取DNA,经PCR扩增出12种蛇共25个样品的Cyt b基因片段,并用银染测序的方法对DNA序列进行了分析.在此基础上用MEGA软件重建的系统发生树表明,研究的11种游蛇科蛇类可以分为3组:第一组为赤链蛇和水赤链游蛇,第二组为乌梢蛇和灰鼠蛇,第三组为锦蛇属的蛇,它们与第二组较近.锦蛇属是一高度分化的属,该组至少可分为两类,一类包括百花锦蛇和黑眉锦蛇;另一类包括玉斑锦蛇、棕黑锦蛇、红点锦蛇、王锦蛇和双斑锦蛇.后一类还可进一步分为3个亚组,玉斑锦蛇和棕黑锦蛇为第一亚组,红点锦蛇单独为第二亚组,王锦蛇和双斑锦蛇为第三亚组.本研究结果还表明,多年保存的陈旧药材标本可以用DNA序列分析的方法对其进行分子系统演化关系的研究.