土壤酸化及其生态效应

自然条件下的土壤酸化是一个非常缓慢的过程。近几十年来,在人类活动的影响下,原本缓慢的自然酸化过程不断加快。土壤酸化加速带来的一系列负面效应正迫使人们必须对土壤酸化加以重视。本文首先介绍了土壤酸化的自然过程和人为因素引起的土壤酸化,阐述了土壤盐基饱和度、土壤酸缓冲体系、酸沉降、化学肥料、植物、土地利用方式等对土壤酸化的影响;然后总结了土壤酸化带来的一系列生态效应,如植物生长受到抑制、土壤生物群落结构改变、土壤重金属有效性升高、水体质量下降等;最后从施用酸性土壤改良剂和种植耐逆高效优质植物两个方面,论述了酸性土壤的可持续利用策略,并对土壤酸化将来的研究方向进行了展望。     

土壤乙烯产生和氧化的研究进展

乙烯作为植物生长调节素及挥发性有机气体影响着植物生长和大气环境质量。有关土壤源乙烯产生和氧化特征,已发表的文献偏重实验室过程研究,很少涉及野外观测实验;陆地生态系统中土壤源乙烯行为有可能影响到植物生长及区域大气环境,大气环境变化(如水热状况和氮/酸沉降等)势必引起陆地土壤理化和生物学特性发生改变,进而影响土壤源乙烯产生和氧化过程。根据以前出版的文献,就土壤理化性质及外源碳氮施加、土壤微生物和重金属行为等对影响土壤乙烯产生和氧化作了详细综述,并简要阐述根际土壤乙烯产生和氧化以及不同土地利用方式对土壤乙烯产生和氧化的影响。指出应加强大气氮/酸沉降对典型林地土壤乙烯产生和氧化的影响机制以及不同土地利用方式下土壤乙烯产生和氧化的原位观测等方面的研究;同时也应关注不同成熟林型及森林演替不同阶段土壤理化和生物学特性跟乙烯产生和氧化的关联,明确土壤微生物(如细菌和真菌等)对此的相对贡献程度,利于丰富陆地土壤乙烯产生和氧化等有关科学认识,寻求适宜措施减少陆地土壤源乙烯产生潜势。     

报春巨苔的野外回归研究

中国科学家研究发现,大气氮沉降通过诱导土壤酸化效应,引起富氮森林生态系统的植物多样性显著减少。过去一般认为,大气氮沉降将降低氮限制生态系统的生物多样性而对富氮生态系统的影响甚微,人们认为在氮限制的生态系统中,氮的增加更有利于喜氮植物的生长,使其在竞争中处于优势;而在富氮的生态系统中,氮的增加对植物生长的影响不大。新研究不仅填补了国际上热带和亚热带区域氮沉降对森林植物多样性影响研究的空白,同时表明了氮沉降可能威胁“富氮”森林的植物多样性。     

氮沉降对森林生物多样性的影响

从3个方面论述了氮沉降对森林生物多样性影响：（1）森林植物多样性,包括乔木层植物、林下层植物和隐花植物;（2）土壤微生物多样性,主要是细菌和真菌;（3）森林动物多样性：主要包括地下土壤动物和地上草食动物。综合来看,氮沉降改变了物种组成,过量氮沉降降低了生物多样性。同时,也对氮沉降影响生物多样性的机理进行了分析。最后,还探讨了当前在氮沉降对森林生物多样性影响的研究方面存在的问题以及今后研究的方向。     

酸性森林土壤缓冲酸沉降关键机理研究进展

对有关酸性森林土壤如何缓冲酸沉降的研究进行了综述,从土壤矿物风化与离子交换反应、有机质的作用,和其他生命与非生命因素方面去探讨酸性森林土壤缓冲酸沉降的关键机理,旨在加深人们对酸性森林土壤响应酸沉降模式与缓冲机制的理解,从而更好地预测酸沉降背景下酸性森林土壤的酸化进程及其负面效应,为制定科学合理的森林经营管理措施,维持整个森林生态系统的稳定与生态服务功能提供科学借鉴。     

重庆酸雨区种植香樟有效改善土壤酸化和土壤养分状况

马尾松是西南地区的主要造林树种之一,对酸沉降比较敏感,在生产实践中常常在受酸沉降影响严重的针叶林地进行林分改造来应对酸沉降。为了解酸雨区马尾松纯林改造对土壤性质的影响及科学指导经营管理,本研究以重庆铁山坪马尾松纯林及改造后的马尾松-香樟混交林以及香樟纯林为对象,分不同季节采集腐殖质层(Ah层)和淋溶层(E层)的样品进行分析,探讨林分改造对土壤酸化及养分的影响。结果表明：(1)林型对Ah层土壤性质影响显著(P<0.05),且Ah层土壤养分显著高于E层,季节对两个土层的土壤性质影响均显著(P<0.05)。(2)当马尾松纯林改造后,Ah层土壤各季节平均pH表现为马尾松纯林<马尾松-香樟混交林<香樟纯林;马尾松纯林改造后显著降低了土壤NH₄⁺∶NO₃^-,可缓解土壤酸化。(3)虽然马尾松林改造后显著降低了土壤有机碳和全氮含量,但明显增加了土壤全磷和全钾含量(P<0.05),可以为缺磷缺钾的铁山坪酸性土壤提供更多的磷和钾,从而缓解磷、钾限制对植物生长的抑制作用。(4)通过模糊综合法...     

模拟酸沉降对南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林土壤微生物群落结构的长期影响

土壤微生物是生态系统重要的组成成分, 尤其是在土壤风化严重, 养分贫瘠的热带和南亚热带森林生态系统中, 微生物在植物养分的获取、碳循环以及土壤的形成等生态过程中的作用尤为重要。该研究基于鼎湖山南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林长期(10年)的野外模拟酸沉降实验平台, 探究了土壤微生物群落结构对土壤酸化的响应。结果表明, 酸沉降处理显著降低土壤pH (即加剧酸化)。土壤酸化对微生物生物量碳(C)含量的影响不大, 但改变了土壤微生物生物量氮(N)和磷(P)的含量, 导致表层土壤(0-10 cm)微生物生物量C:P和N:P显著提高, 表明土壤酸化可能加剧了微生物P限制。土壤酸化还显著改变了土壤微生物群落结构, 导致次表层土壤(10-20 cm)真菌:细菌显著增加。进一步分析表明, 土壤pH和土壤有效P含量是影响土壤微生物群落最为主要的两个因素。     

模拟酸雨对土壤呼吸影响的研究进展

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统与大气环境之间进行碳交换的主要途径,在全球碳循环和碳平衡中占有极其重要的地位。全球变化背景下,由于人类活动而导致日益严重的酸雨问题,其对土壤呼吸的影响越来越受到国内外学者的广泛关注。酸雨导致土壤酸化,对土壤微生物代谢活动、植物地上地下生长以及凋落物分解等产生影响,进而影响土壤呼吸。该文综述了模拟酸雨对森林生态系统和农田生态系统土壤呼吸影响的三种结果,即抑制、促进和无影响;酸雨影响土壤呼吸的差异受到酸雨酸性、酸雨处理持续时间以及植被类型、植物生长季节、植被演替阶段以及土壤理化性质等生物和非生物因素的综合影响。低强度和高强度酸雨都倾向于降低土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q_(10))。从影响土壤呼吸的四个关键的生物因子,即光合作用、凋落物、微生物、根系生物量,分析了模拟酸雨影响土壤呼吸的潜在机制;但是酸雨影响土壤呼吸的过程复杂,使得土壤呼吸对酸雨的部分响应机理仍存在不确定性。在此基础上总结了现有研究存在的不足,提出了今后需要给予重点关注的四个方面的研究:(1)不同类型生态系统对酸雨响应的研究;(2)土壤各组分呼吸对酸雨响应的研究;(3)模拟酸雨与其他外界因素的共同作用研究;(4)与土壤呼吸相关的生物因子对酸雨响应的研究。     

酸沉降下铝毒对森林的影响(综述)

回顾了酸沉降的研究历史,总结了酸沉降对森林生态系统的影响。在此基础上综述了近二十年来酸沉降下铝毒与森林衰亡关系方面的一些研究成果,阐明铝毒是引起森林衰亡的一个重要的因素,并提出了酸沉降影响下铝毒与森林衰亡研究中存在的一些问题。     

酸沉降影响下庐山森林生态系统土壤硫形态分布研究

近年来 ,因农业高产的养分平衡问题及因酸沉降污染问题硫的植物营养与生物地球化学研究日益活跃。至今已有较多研究者对农田和自然土壤中硫含量、形态分布及不同施肥条件和作物对它们的影响进行了研究[1,2 ,12～ 16 ] 。酸沉降影响下森林土壤硫及其去向倍受关注。研究表明 ,在高度风化的土壤上的森林生态系统中ＳＯ4 2 - 处于积累状态[17] ,而发育时间较短的土壤上的森林生态系统中ＳＯ4 2 - 则处于接近动态平衡的状态[18,19] 。Ｃａｒｌｓｓｏｎ等[2 0 ] 利用34Ｓ对挪威半岛森林土壤硫形态及其与酸沉降的关系进行了研究 ,认为有机硫和吸附…     

全球变化对森林土壤甲烷吸收的影响及其机制研究进展

大气CO₂浓度升高、降水格局改变、全球氮沉降增加和土地覆盖变化等全球变化不仅改变了森林土壤理化性质,而且影响了植物的生长和微生物活性,导致森林土壤碳、氮循环发生改变,进而影响土壤CH₄的吸收.本研究综述了森林土壤CH₄吸收的重要性,森林土壤CH₄吸收对大气CO₂浓度升高、降水格局改变、全球氮沉降增加和土地覆盖变化等全球变化的响应差异及驱动机制.大气CO₂浓度升高抑制土壤CH₄吸收;降水减少倾向于促进土壤CH₄吸收;外源氮输入抑制富氮森林土壤CH₄吸收,而对贫氮森林土壤CH₄吸收则表现为促进或不影响;森林转化为草地、农田或人工林会减少土壤CH₄的吸收量,而植树造林则会增加土壤CH₄的吸收量.今后的研究重点是探讨全球变化对森林土壤CH₄吸收产生长期影响和综合效应,并借助分子生物学方法进一步探究土壤CH₄吸收的微生物学机制.     

Interactive effects of nitrogen deposition, tropospheric ozone, elevated CO2 and land use history on the carbon dynamics of northern hardwood forests

Temperate forests are affected by a wide variety of environmental factors that stem from human industrial and agricultural activities. In the north‐eastern US, important change agents include tropospheric ozone, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, elevated CO₂, and historical human land use. Although each of these has received attention for its effects on forest carbon dynamics, integrated analyses that examine their combined effects are rare. To examine the relative importance of all of these factors on current forest growth and carbon balances, we included them individually and in combination in a forest ecosystem model that was applied over the period of 1700–2000 under different scenarios of air pollution and land use history. Results suggest that historical increases in CO₂ and N deposition have stimulated forest growth and carbon uptake, but to different degrees following agriculture and timber harvesting. These differences resulted from the effects of each land use scenario on soil C and N pools and on the resulting degree of growth limitations by carbon vs. nitrogen. Including tropospheric ozone in the simulations offset a substantial portion of the increases caused by CO₂ and N deposition. This result is particularly relevant given that ozone pollution is widespread across much of the world and because broad‐scale spatial patterns of ozone are coupled with patterns of nitrogen oxide emissions. This was demonstrated across the study region by a significant correlation between ozone exposure and rates of N deposition and suggests that the reduction of N‐induced carbon sinks by ozone may be a common phenomenon in other regions. Collectively, the combined effects of all physical and chemical factors we addressed produced growth estimates that were surprisingly similar to estimates obtained in the absence of any form of disturbance. The implication of this result is that intact forests may show relatively little evidence of altered growth since preindustrial times despite substantial changes in their physical and chemical environment.     

火干扰强度对亚热带四种森林类型土壤理化性质的影响

火干扰是通过改变土壤理化性质而影响土壤生态系统功能的重要因素之一。探讨火干扰强度对不同森林类型下土壤理化性质的影响,为利用火干扰促进林分更新及经营提供理论指导。2014年在湖南省株洲市和湘潭市4种次生林(枫香次生林、马尾松-木荷混交林、杉木-木荷混交林及檫木-杉木混交林)内设置16块20 m×20 m样地进行试验,研究了火干扰强度(对照、低强度、中强度、高强度火烧)和林分类型对土壤容重(BD)、土壤斥水性(SWR)、有机质(SOM)、pH、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和全钾(TK)的影响。通过描述性统计分析、单因素方差分析和Fisher LSD检验研究各土壤性质在同一林分不同火干扰间,以及同一火干扰下不同林分间的显著性差异和变化趋势(P<0.05)。研究发现BD、SWR、pH、TK都随火强度的增大呈上升的趋势,而SOM、TP随火强度增大而减少,TN则随火强度增大没有规律性变化。在同一林分内与对照组相比,低强度火烧对BD、SWR、pH和SOM的影响不显著,中强度有一定影响,而高强度火烧影响显著;而TN、TP、TK在火烧前后均无显著性差异。火干扰后,TN和TP在同一火强度下不同林分间均...     

中亚热带森林转换对土壤磷积累的影响

磷是植物生长的必需元素之一,是维持亚热带森林生态系统生产力的关键因子。研究森林转换后土壤因素对磷素的影响,对生态系统的稳定和森林经营具有重要意义。选取由亚热带常绿阔叶林转换而成的米槠次生林(SF)、米槠人促林(AR)和杉木人工林(CF)为研究对象,测定了土壤理化性质、铁铝氧化物、各形态磷含量以及酸性磷酸酶活性,旨在探究土壤磷对森林转换的响应和驱动土壤磷变化的影响因子。结果显示:米槠人促林土壤的全磷、有机磷和微生物生物量磷显著高于米槠次生林和杉木人工林;冗余分析(RDA)发现,土壤含水量、总氮和无定型铁是影响淋溶层土壤磷的主要因子,而在淀积层,则是酸性磷酸酶、游离型铁和总氮起主要作用;土壤生物化学属性和微生物特性都会影响着不同形态土壤P的积累,其中土壤中的水分和酸性磷酸酶活性是调控土壤磷的关键因子。研究表明,中亚热带地区天然林转换为人促更新林更有利于森林土壤磷的储存和供应,有助于维持本区域森林生态系统的稳定。     

Atlantic Forest topsoil nutrients can be resistant to disturbance and forest clearing

Human impacts can affect the soil properties through erosion and leaching, the ecosystem functions and, consequently, the capacity of a forest to regenerate. Here, we determine the effects of forest disturbance and succession on selected soil chemical properties using two different approaches, before‐after‐control‐impact (BACI) and space‐for‐time (SFT) substitution, and the threatened Atlantic Forest biome as model. We assessed with BACI the long‐term (37‐year) effects of clear cutting on soil properties by comparing data from two topsoil surveys (1978–2017) divided into two treatments: a preserved old growth forest (control) and an adjacent forest that was experimentally cleared with full tree removal (clear‐cut). We examined with SFT the relationship between stand age and soil properties using soil data from three old growth and 13 s growth forests ranging from 7 to 33 years. We found no significant differences between treatments for any soil property or significant changes in phosphorus, potassium, and calcium + magnesium over time. In contrast, pH increased and aluminum decreased in both areas. No relation was found between forest age and most of soil properties, with the exception of potassium which returned to old growth forest levels after 20 years of natural succession, and pH. BACI indicated that deforestation of old growth forest caused no significant effects on soil chemical properties after 37 years of regeneration. SFT demonstrated that soil properties did not change significantly during forest regeneration on formerly disturbed lands. Our findings indicate that natural nutrient‐depleted lowland forests were overall resistant to deforestation followed by passive regeneration at landscape scale. Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.     

Effects of experimental N addition on plant diversity in an old‐growth temperate forest

Temperate forest ecosystems have experienced mounting negative effects due to increasing levels of nitrogen (N) deposition. We examined the effects of experimental N addition on plant diversity in an old‐growth temperate forest to test the following hypothesis: Long‐term excessive N addition decreases plant diversity by affecting the growth of plants, which results from changes in the soil nutrient content and a decrease in the soil pH in temperate forests. Experimental N additions were administered at the following levels since 2008: control (0 kg N ha^?1 year^?1), low N (30 kg N ha^?1 year^?1), medium N (60 kg N ha^?1 year^?1), and high N (120 kg N ha^?1 year^?1). Additionally, plant diversity was studied from 2014 to 2016. The results showed that the experimental N additions had significant effects on plant diversity and soil properties in an old‐growth temperate forest. The high‐N treatment decreased the density, cover, and diversity of understory plants, and some herbs even appeared to undergo premature aging, whereas the species diversity of herbs and ferns in the low‐N treatment plots showed a slight increasing tendency. This may have been because the old‐growth temperate forest is an N‐limited ecosystem, so the moderate N input did not show a large influence on plant diversity. However, the long‐term high‐N treatment ultimately reduced plant diversity by changing the soil nutrient contents, decreasing the pH values, and damaging plant growth. Our results suggested that the long‐term excessive N addition negatively affected the forest ecosystem in an N‐limited temperature forest.     

辽西水土保持林土壤改良效应的研究

通过分析比较油松纯林和油松-固N树种混交杯土壤的理化性质和油松生长量,结果表明,油松-固N树种混交杯土壤有机质含量、全N、全P、速效P和水解N含量都比油松纯林显著提高,土壤容重减小,硬度降低,初渗速度增大．油松胸径和树高生长量也有较明显提高,对土壤的改良作用比油松纯林效果更加显著．通过土壤酶活性和固N树种固N活性的测定,对不同水土保持林的土壤肥力状况作出了综合评价。     

缙云山森林群落次生演替中土壤理化性质的动态变化

选择典型、有代表性的不同演替阶段群落,进行了植被调查和土壤分析.结果表明,土壤理化性质在演替方向和土壤剖面上表现出较强的规律.土壤有机质随植被从低级向高级演进逐渐积累,分别是19.5(X₁)、37.0(X²)、50.1(X₃)和71.6 g·kg^-1(X₄);土壤全N、碱解氮和速效钾等也呈上升趋势;土壤pH和盐基饱和度降低,阳离子交换量增加.在土壤剖面上,有机质、全N等指标表现出A＞B＞C层的趋势.灰色关联度分析表明,随着演替的进行,土壤肥力提高,物种丰富度和郁闭度也相应增加.不同群落土壤理化性质在不同季节有显著差异,但这种差异并不影响植物与土壤在大时间尺度下的演变方向.土壤理化性质的动态变化与植物演替相适应.     

Effects of high- and low-intensity fires on soil properties and plant growth in a Bolivian dry forest

We compared soil nutrient availability and soil physical properties among four treatments (high-intensity fire, low-intensity fire, plant removal, and harvesting gap) and a control (intact forest understory) over a period of 18 months in a tropical dry forest in Bolivia. The effect of treatments on plant growth was tested using a shade intolerant tree species (Anadenanthera colubrina Vell. Conc.) as a bioassay. Surface soils in high-intensity fire treatments had significantly greater pH values, concentrations of extractable calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P), and amounts of resin-available P and nitrogen (N) than other treatments; however, a loss of soil organic matter during high-intensity fires likely resulted in increased bulk density and strength, and decreased water infiltration rates. Low intensity fires also significantly increased soil pH, concentrations of extractable Ca, K, Mg, and P, and amounts of resin-available P and N, although to a lesser degree than high-intensity fires. Low-intensity fires did not lower soil organic matter contents or alter soil physical properties. Plant removal and harvesting gap treatments had little effect on soil chemical and physical properties. Despite the potentially negative effects of degraded soil structure on plant growth, growth of A. colubrina seedlings were greater following high-intensity fires. Evidently, the increase in nutrient availability caused by high-intensity fires was not offset by degraded soil structure in its effects on seedling growth. Long-term effects of high intensity fires require further research.