小麦主栽品种中的1RS分布和兰考90(6)系列白粉病新抗源

利用黑麦染色体臂1RS的特异性PCR标记,对黄淮麦区138个小麦主栽品种、系进行了PCR扩增,结果表明：有42．0%的小麦品种、系携带1RS染色体臂。以六倍体小黑麦Mzalenod Beer为黑麦染色体供体,培育的兰考90(6)系列小麦品系是新的小麦-黑麦1BL／1RS易位系。这些品系对小麦白粉病具有很高的抗性,是小麦抗白粉病育种的新抗源。对兰考90(6)系列品系白粉病抗性进行了研究,结果表明,兰考90(6)系列品系的抗谱与许多已经知道的小麦抗白粉病基因的抗谱不同,并具有数量抗性特点。     

普通小麦99-2439 中的白粉病抗性遗传

普通冬小麦品系99-2439在郑州连续4年对田间白粉菌(Blumeria graminis sp. tritici)表现高抗,但其抗性基因来源不清。通过染色体C-分带和1RS染色体特异性SCAR标记鉴定, 表明它是一个小麦-黑麦(Triticum aestivum - Secale cereale)1BL/1RS异易位系。通过对中国春×99-2439杂交F2代分离群 体抗性鉴定和1RS染色体臂检测结果分析, 证明该抗病基因不在1RS染色体臂上。用单孢小麦白粉菌分离株对其抗性遗传进行研究, 结果表明, 99-2439的白粉病抗性由一对小种专化、隐性抗病基因控制。由于携带Pm5a的Hope/8Cc对中国的21个小麦白粉菌分离菌株均高度感病, 而99-2439高抗混和白粉菌和5个单孢分离菌株, 所以, 99-2439所携带的抗白粉病基因不同于Pm5a。     

普通小麦99-2439中的白粉病抗性遗传

普通冬小麦品系99-2439在郑州连续4年对田间白粉菌(Blumeria graminis sp.tritici)表现高抗,但其抗性基因来源不清.通过染色体C-分带和IRS染色体特异性SCAR标记鉴定,表明它是一个小麦-黑麦(Triticum aestivum-Secale cereale)lBL/1RS异易位系.通过对中国春×99-2439杂交F2代分离群体抗性鉴定和1RS染色体臂检测结果分析,证明该抗病基因不在1RS染色体臂上.用单孢小麦白粉菌分离株对其抗性遗传进行研究,结果表明,99-2439的白粉病抗性由一对小种专化、隐性抗病基因控制.由于携带Pm5a的Hope/8Cc对中国的21个小麦白粉菌分离菌株均高度感病,而99-2439高抗混和白粉菌和5个单孢分离菌株,所以,99-2439所携带的抗白粉病基因不同于Pm5a.     

含有抗白粉病基因的黑麦染色体小片段向小麦的转移

利用感白粉病的小麦品种绵阳11的纯系和黑麦自交系R12杂交, 在其单体附加系自交后代的BC₁F₅株系中选择小麦－黑麦异源易位系。根据已报道的黑麦特异重复序列pSc20H设计了一对特异引物, 用PCR方法鉴定了300个单体附加系的自交BC₁F₅株系,发现其中70个株系含有黑麦染色体成分。一个来源于6R单体附加系的小麦株系96Ⅱ691-830-98表现了对白粉病的高度抗性, PCR方法鉴定证明其含有黑麦染色体成分。对该株系作进一步的基因组原位杂交(GISH)鉴定, 证明它的一对染色体的端部含有黑麦染色体的小片段。这一结果指出, 含有抗白粉病基因的黑麦染色体6R小片段被引入了小麦。研究表明利用单体附加诱导染色体小片段易位是一种有效的方法。利用PCR和GISH原位杂交相结合的方法可提高检测外源染色体小片段的准确性和选择效率。     

黑麦碱基因（Sec–1）表达缺失的1RS／1BL易位系的鉴定

用改良的Giemsa C－带技术、DNA原位杂交和酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（A-PAGE）对来源于小麦品种绵阳11与不同黑麦自交系远缘杂交获得的高代株系（BC1F7）的染色体结构和醇溶蛋白进行了研究。结果发现,在鉴定的200个株系中,有45个株系经C-带和A-PAGE检测均一致地发现它们含有一对1RS /1BL易位染色体,而一个株系843-1-1,C-带鉴定、原位杂交结果均证明它含有一对1RS/1BL易位染色体,但A-PAGE醇溶蛋白图谱却不具有黑麦1RS染色体臂的黑麦碱特征带,而表达出既不同于黑麦碱又不同于亲本绵阳11的醇溶蛋白带型。这一结果表明,利用不同的黑麦亲本资源,可以获得黑麦碱基因Sec-1表达缺失的新的1RS/1BL易位系。这种新的1RS/1BL易位系缺失了影响小麦品质的黑麦碱蛋白,因此是进一步研究1RS/1BL 易位对小麦品质影响的珍贵材料。研究指出,在利用外源基因的植物育种中,外源种供体材料的遗传多样性是值得重视的基因资源。     

小黑麦×小滨麦后代1RS·1BL易位系的选育和鉴定

利用细胞学、染色体C分带和原位杂交方法,对八倍体小黑麦劲松49与八倍体小滨麦杂种后代选育的稳定遗传材料山农030-1进行了鉴定。染色体观察结果表明,山农030-1根尖染色体数目为42,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I(PMC MI)染色体构型为2ｎ=21Ⅱ。分别以黑麦、滨麦草基因组DNA为探针进行原位杂交,表明山农030-1含有一对黑麦和小麦的整臂易位染色体,不含有来自滨麦草的遗传物质。染色体C分带结果进一步表明此材料为1RS·1BL易位系。接种鉴定表明,山农030-1对白粉病免疫。Abstract: In the progenies of octoploid Triticale Jinsong49 crossed with octoploid Tritileymus, a stable germplasm line named Shannong030-1 was obtained. Its chromosome number was 42, and 21 bivalents could be observed at PMC MI. FISH analysis by using genomic DNAs from S. cereale and genomic DNAs from L. mollis as probes,respectively, showed that Shannong030-1 contained a pair of translocation chromosome between rye and wheat, and had no genetic materials from L. mollis . C-banding analysis showed that it was translocation lines of 1RS·1BL.Resistance identification showed Shannong030-1 was immune to powdery mildew.     

小麦叶锈病新抗源筛选

小麦叶锈病是小麦生产的主要病害之一,发病严重时往往导致大幅度减产。叶锈菌生理小种的变异易导致抗病基因抗性的丧失,因此不断获得新抗源对小麦抗病育种至关重要。小麦近缘植物中含有丰富的小麦育种所需的抗病基因。本研究从小麦-近缘植物双二倍体、附加系、代换系或易位系等创新种质中筛选出小麦叶锈病新抗源,为利用这些新抗源打下基础。苗期对116份供试材料人工接种美国堪萨斯州流行的小麦叶锈菌混合生理小种 (Lrcomp) ,其中部分材料人工接种09-9-1441-1等5个中国当前流行的叶锈菌生理小种进行抗性鉴定,筛选获得新抗源。116份种质中,31份免疫、近免疫或高抗Lrcomp。含有希尔斯山羊草、尾状山羊草、拟斯卑尔脱山羊草、两芒山羊草、卵穗山羊草、沙融山羊草、柱穗山羊草、顶芒山羊草、小伞山羊草、偏凸山羊草、中间偃麦草、茸毛偃麦草、长穗偃麦草、粗穗披碱草、栽培黑麦、非洲黑麦、提莫菲维染色质的部分种质免疫或高抗Lrcomp,而含二角山羊草、无芒山羊草、沙生冰草、多年生簇毛麦和一年生簇毛麦染色质的种质表现中感至高感Lrcomp。希尔斯山羊草4S染色体、尾状山羊草C#1和D#1染色体和两芒山羊草、顶芒山羊草中可能含有未被报道的抗Lrcomp的新基因,值得进一步向小麦转育。小麦-粗穗披碱草1HtS.1BL罗伯逊易位系对Lrcomp及 09-9-1441-1和09-9-1426-1等5个中国当前流行叶锈菌生理小种近免疫,值得利用染色体工程等方法获得小片段抗病易位系应用于我国小麦抗叶锈育种。     

小麦遗传背景对黑麦抗叶锈基因Lr26的抗性表达的影响

利用1套从小麦纯系和黑麦自交系培育出的1R附加系、代换系和易位系,研究了1RS上的抗叶锈基因Lr26在小麦中的表达。结果发现,1R二体附加系和纯合1RS/1BL易位系高抗小麦叶锈病;而其小麦亲本、1R(1B)代换系和1BS/1RL易位系重感叶锈病。这一结果指出了黑麦染色体臂1RS上的抗小麦叶锈病基因Lr26在小麦中的表达受小麦染色体臂1BL上的基因的强烈影响,指出了外源基因在小麦中的表达可受染色体臂或基因水平上的相互作用的制约。文中讨论了外源基因与小麦遗传背景相互作用在小麦育种中的意义。     

一粒小麦抗白粉病和条锈病基因的分析

一粒小麦是普通小麦抗性改良的宝贵资源.本研究对24份一粒小麦分别进行了白粉病和条锈病混合菌种苗期接种鉴定,进一步分别用一套白粉病菌菌株(15个)对2份乌拉尔图小麦和条锈病菌小种(21个)对1份栽培一粒小麦进行接种鉴定,其中乌拉尔图小麦UR206能抵抗所有供试白粉菌菌株,UR204除对白粉菌菌株E11感病外,对其余菌株表现抗性;栽培一粒小麦MO205对不同条锈菌小种表现出不同的抗性反应,研究表明乌拉尔图小麦UR206、UR204和栽培一粒小麦MO205分别含有与已知抗白粉病和抗条锈病基因不同的新基因.对乌拉尔图小麦UR204、UR206和栽培一粒小麦MO205分别进行抗白粉和条锈病基因的遗传分析,结果表明乌拉尔图小麦UR204和UR206分别含有一对显性抗白粉病基因,栽培一粒小麦MO205含有两对独立遗传的显性抗条锈病基因.     

小麦-黑麦1BL/1RS 易位染色体和外源染色体在两个三属杂种中的减数分裂行为

利用荧光原位杂交技术分析了两个小麦-外源种杂种花粉母细胞中1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体和外源染色体包括中间偃麦草(Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & DR Dewey)、簇毛麦(Haynaldia villosa (L.) Schur)染色体的减数分裂行为. 我们首次发现:在减数分裂后期, 1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体发生错分裂,形成两个易位染色单体. 这种错分裂导致易位染色单体在末期Ⅰ分配到两个正在形成的细胞核内,错分裂的易位染色单体进一步形成微核,并在四分体期观察到黑麦的微核出现.从贵农22×遗4095 的F2代植株中检测到一个2n=41的植株,其含有一对1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体,核型分析表明,其中一条黑麦染色体臂比另一条的黑麦染色体臂短1/3左右.在遗4212×遗4095的F2代中检测到一个具有中间偃麦草染色体小片段易位到小麦染色体端粒部分的小麦-中间偃麦草易位植株.这可能是由于在减数分裂过程中发生非均等分裂导致小麦-黑麦1BL/1RS易位染色体的黑麦染色体段臂缺失1/3及小麦-中间偃麦草非罗伯逊易位.在两个杂种F2植株中,中间偃麦草染色体分布频率为39.6%, 簇毛麦染色体分布频率为43.4%, 1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体分布频率分别为51.8%和56.6%.实验结果表明,1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体与外源染色体包括中间偃麦草、簇毛麦染色体在减数分裂过程中没有相互作用.小麦-黑麦1BL/1RS易位染色体在减数分裂过程中可以发生错分裂,并导致杂种后代黑麦染色体臂发生缺失.这对于培育以小麦为背景含有不同长度的黑麦1R染色体短臂的种质及小麦-外源染色体非罗伯逊易位的小片段易位系具有指导意义.     

Characteristics of common wheat cultivars of West Siberia carrying the wheat-rye 1RS.1BL translocation

Using genomic in situ hybidization, among the common wheat cultivars produced in West Siberia (Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture, Omsk) with the involvement of the winter wheat cultivar Kavkaz carrying the wheat-rye 1RS.1BL translocation we identified three cultivars with this translocation: Omskaya 29, Omskaya 37, and Omskaya 38. The protein and crude gluten contents in the grain of these cultivars are equal to or exceed the levels observed in cultivars without the wheat-rye translocation. The common wheat cultivars carrying the wheat-rye translocation were evaluated in terms of resistance of plants reaching wax ripeness to leaf rust and powdery mildew in the natural field conditions. The cultivars Omskaya 37 and Omskaya 38 displayed a high field resistance to leaf rust and were resistant to a variable extent to powdery mildew. The cultivar Omskaya 29 was susceptible to leaf rust and powdery mildew pathogens. Importance of the selection direction and the role of the genetic background in developing common wheat cultivars carrying the wheat-rye translocation is discussed.     

Production of a new wheat line possessing the 1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocation derived from Korean rye cultivar Paldanghomil

The 1BL.1RS translocations between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) are widely used in bread wheat breeding programs, but all modern wheat cultivars with the 1BL.1RS have shown genetic vulnerability due to one rye source – a German cultivar, Petkus. We have developed, a new 1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocation line from the backcross of the F₁ hybrid of wheat cv. Olmil and rye cv. Paldanghomil, both cultivars from Korea. The GISH technique was applied to identify the presence of rye chromatin in 467 BC₁F₆ lines selected from 77 BC₁F₅ lines. Only one line, Yw62–11, showed wheat-rye translocated chromosomes, with a somatic chromosome number of 2n=42. C-banding patterns revealed that the translocated chromosome was 1BL.1RS, showing prominent bands in the terminal and sub-terminal regions of the short arm as well as in the centromeric region and terminal region of the long arm. This new 1BL.1RS translocation line formed 21 bivalents like common wheat at meiotic metaphase I, thereby showing complete homology. Received: 28 February 2001 / Accepted: 17 April 2001     

1RS-7DS.7DL小麦-黑麦小片段易位系的鉴定

黑麦(Secale cereale L., RR)是改良普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L., AABBDD)的重要基因资源,将黑麦优异基因转移到普通小麦中,是小麦品种改良的有效途经之一。文章将四川地方品种蓬安白麦子(T. aestivum L., AABBDD) 与秦岭黑麦(S. cereale cv. Qinling, RR)杂交,染色体自动加倍获得八倍体小黑麦CD-13(AABBDDRR);通过顺序FISH和GISH分析,发现该八倍体小黑麦1RS端部与7DS的端部发生相互易位,是一个携带1RS-7DS.7DL小麦-黑麦小片段易位染色体的八倍体小黑麦。利用八倍体小黑麦CD-13与四川推广小麦品种川麦42杂交、连续自交,获得包含60个株系的F₅群体;对F₅群体的58个株系进行GISH和FISH分析发现,其中13个株系含有1RS-7DS.7DL小片段易位染色体。在这13个株系中,株系811染色体数目为2n=6x=42,是稳定的1RS-7DS.7DL小片段易位系;并且1RS特异分子标记和醇溶蛋白分析表明,1RS-7DS.7DL易位染色体1RS小片段的断裂点位于分子标记IB267-IAG95之间,不包含编码黑麦碱蛋白的Sec-1位点;同时1RS-7DS.7DL小片段易位系的千粒重与川麦42相当,远远高于八倍体小黑麦CD-13,对千粒重无负作用。因此,1RS-7DS.7DL小麦-黑麦小片段易位系可作为进一步深入研究1RS小片段上的优异基因及其遗传效应的重要材料。     

Novel source of 1RS from Baili rye conferred high resistance to diseases and enhanced yield traits to common wheat

Rye is one of the most important related species used for wheat genetic improvement and breeding programs. In the present study, five novel 1BL.1RS translocations were developed and characterized from crossing of the common wheat line A42912 and a Chinese rye “Baili”. Codominant PCR and MC-FISH determined that these five translocation lines harbored a pair of 1BL.1RS chromosomes. The MC-FISH results indicated that several accompanying mutations on the wheat chromosomes occurred during the chromosome translocation process. These five new 1BL.1RS translocation lines also exhibited high resistance to stripe rust and powdery mildew and showed significantly better yield traits in the field. The present study indicates that Baili rye may carry yet untapped and potentially important sources of resistance, which may be used for wheat genetic improvement. These five novel primary 1BL.1RS translocations are likely to find application in wheat genetic improvement programs.     

免疫白粉病的小麦种内易位系的创制

以普通小麦Ａ５５２为父本、ＩＲＳ／ＩＢＬ黑麦和小麦易位系早抗为母本的杂种Ｓ３０６３,经Ｃ－分带和原位杂交鉴定,发现丢失了母本的黑麦成分,同时又发生了小麦种内易位,变成了５ＢＳ／７ＢＳ、５ＢＬ／７ＢＬ臂间双易位系。与此同时,白粉病抗性和一些农艺性状也发生了变化,此已己连续３年对白粉病免疫,且免疫条锈、叶锈和高抗黄矮病,每公顷５５２３千克,接近北京推广品种京冬６号     

Distribution of 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocations in Triticum aestivum using specific PCR

Chromosome arm 1RS of rye (Secale cereale) is a valuable resource for wheat (Triticum aestivum) improvement. 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS translocations play an important role in wheat breeding, since wheat carrying these chromosomal translocations has higher tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. In this study, the presence of 1RS and the distribution of 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocations were examined in 66 Iranian cultivars and 70 regional foreign accessions of bread wheat, using three rye-specific primers (“RYER3/F3”, “O-SEC5′-A/O-SEC3′-R”, “PAWS5/S6”). Based on “RyeR3/F3”, the presence of 1RS was verified in 15 (23%) Iranian cultivars and in two (3%) foreign accessions. Further, “O-SEC5′-A/O-SEC3′-R” and “PAWS5/S6” were used to distinguish 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS translocations. According to results from these primers, 1BL.1RS was identified in 14 (21%) Iranian cultivars and two (3%) foreign accessions. The results confirm that “Sholeh” is the only cultivar (1.5%), among all cultivars and accessions, that carries 1AL.1RS. This study provides a useful tool in marker-assisted selection of materials containing 1RS, and in the creation of new Iranian common wheat cultivars with a larger genetic diversity in wheat breeding programs.