生态旅游及其规划与管理研究综述

生态旅游是新兴的旅游形式和思想,是应用生态学研究的一个领域,为旅游学界、生态学界及其它相咩学科所关注。因此较为系统地讨论了生态旅游的产生、定认、特点与理论基础等基本问题,分别阐述了生态旅游者、生态旅游资源、生态旅游业、生态旅游环境等４个要素的研究概况,重点分析了生态旅游规划与管理的研究现状,还归纳了生态旅游发展中应注意的问题,在以上基础上,总结了生态旅游研究的特点,并对研究方向作了评述。     

生态旅游概念的发展及其在中国的应用

1　生态旅游的起源生态旅游 ( ecotourism)是个外来词 ,出现于国内研究刊物晚于 2 0世纪 90年代 ,至最近几年 ,尤其是 1 996年以后 ,才成为国内旅游学者及地理学者研究的热门话题。综观有关文章 [1～ 9] ,均缺乏生态旅游在国外起源的背景性研究 ,本文拟作以交代。国外生态旅游产生于 2 0世纪 70年代 [19] ,到了90年代初 ,生态旅游产生 2 0年以后 ,它已经成为国际旅游业中最热门的类型。时至今日 ,生态旅游已经发展成为国际旅游业发展最快、最重要的部分。这种现象的历史根源可以追溯到 4个不同来源。保护主义者、多国援助机构、发展中国家、…     

The Obvious Aspects of Ecological Underprivilege in Ankarana, Northern Madagascar

On the basis of research conducted in the Ankarana region of northern Madagascar, I discuss the speculating that Malagasy participants in the local sapphire trade do about foreign ecotourists who come to this region. Although some have been promoting international ecotourism in the region as a viable means to a sustainable future for local people and ecosystems, others, including many of the observers discussed here, see the rise of the ecotourist trade and the increasing presence of its clients in Ankarana as signs of foreigners' long-standing interests in Malagasy resources. I argue that to understand the perspectives of these critical observers, it is necessary to appreciate what they take to be obvious about ecotourism and the conservation projects with which they are commonly associated.     

Managing the Myth of Ecotourism: A Queensland Case Study

Although social anthropologists are taking an increased interest in tourism in Australia, not much attention has been paid thus far to the sites from which visitors take off into the bush, wilderness or nature. Tourist resorts and lodges are not simply the locations in which basic needs are met before more energetic activities begin. Especially in ecotourist settings, important ideological claims are made about their built environments as well as the everyday practices and localised activities which are ongoing in these discursive sites. This paper provides an ethnographic analysis of one such ecotourist resort. It aims to detail the myths which are manufactured about its relation to the island environment in which it is situated, and to the world beyond.     

湿地自然保护区旅游者环境教育感知研究——以盐城丹顶鹤、麋鹿国家自然保护区为例

环境教育是当前生态旅游研究中的热点论题。基于生态旅游动机、环境教育途径、环境教育感知及环境教育效果4个结构变量,以生态旅游发展处于起步阶段的盐城丹顶鹤保护区和处于稳定发展阶段的盐城麋鹿保护区为例,构建湿地自然保护区旅游者环境教育感知影响结构关系模型,深入分析不同生命周期阶段生态旅游地旅游者环境教育感知分异及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)生态旅游动机、环境教育途径、环境教育感知均对环境教育效果产生正向影响。丹顶鹤保护区生态旅游动机对环境教育效果产生显著正向影响,环境教育途径、环境教育感知对环境教育效果均产生正向影响;麋鹿保护区生态旅游动机、环境教育途径均对环境教育效果产生正向影响,环境教育感知对环境教育效果产生显著正向影响。(2)在生态旅游动机、环境教育途径、环境教育感知3个分维度上,丹顶鹤保护区分别以一般生态旅游动机、常规环境教育途径、表层环境教育感知为主,麋鹿保护区则分别以严格生态旅游动机、专门环境教育途径、深度环境教育感知为主。(3)不同生命周期阶段生态旅游地游客环境教育效果存在差异。丹顶鹤保护区游客环境教育效果主要集中在态度、行为效果上,意识效果为辅,知识、技能效果作用较小;麋鹿保护区游客环境教育效果则以知识、态度效果为主,行为、技能、意识效果均起辅助作用。     

The role of ecotourism in conservation: panacea or Pandora’s box?

Does ecotourism contribute towards conservation of threatened species and habitats or is it just a marketing ploy of the tourism industry? Using 251 case studies on ecotourism from the literature, I looked at the distribution of case studies over continents, habitats and flagship species types and what factors influenced whether an ecotourism regime was perceived as ecologically sustainable by authors. Over 50% of ecotourism case studies were reported from Africa and Central America. The overall distribution of ecotourism case studies did not reflect vertebrate endemism, nor overall tourism distribution in terms of tourist numbers and receipts. There were significant differences between continents and habitats with regard to the proportion of sustainable case studies: ecotourism is perceived to be less sustainable in South America and Asia, and in island and mountain habitats. The type of flagship species also influenced whether ecotourism was classified as sustainable or not: ecotourism with no flagship species was rarely classified as sustainable while charismatic bird and mammal species were associated with a higher probability of sustainability. In a multivariate analysis, flagship species type and local community involvement were important predictors of sustainability in ecotourism. Detailed a priori planning, local involvement and control measures were perceived by authors of case studies to increase the success of ecotourism in conservation. They also perceived that ecotourism can only be an effective conservation tool under certain conditions. If these are met, the evidence indicates that ecotourism can make a contribution to conservation.     

我国保护地生态旅游发展现状调查分析

了解我国保护地生态旅游发展现状,为制定我国生态旅游政策和推动旅游资源与环境保护提供理论支撑.调查结果显示,我国大多数保护地开展了生态旅游,现状特征主要是:(1)有一定的生态旅游市场规模,生态旅游产品趋于多样化;(2)基础设施的生态兼容性不够;(3)环境解说系统普遍建立,但专业化程度较低;(4)生态环境状况良好,但环境管理体系仍需完善;(5)社区参与经济效益好,但参与深度有限;(6)我国保护地生态旅游从业人员数量不足,且导游在生态旅游方面的专业素养亟待提高;(7)生态旅游管理受到重视,但相关措施有待完善;(8)资金投入不够、管理体制未理顺是阻碍我国保护地生态旅游发展较为普通的问题.     

In pursuit of ecotourism

Ecotourism is expected, by the tourism industry and academics, to grow rapidly over the next 20 years. Much has been written about ecotourism, often with missionary zeal, but there is little consensus about its definition. It is argued here that conservationists and protected area managers should adopt a definition of ecotourism which contributes to the maintenance of biodiversity and an appropriate definition is suggested.Ecotourism is not merely an alternative to mass tourism, nor is it the only alternative. The literature on nature tourism and the environmental impacts of the industry dates back to the late 1970s. Tourism is now the world's largest industry and it has an increasing impact on protected areas. Our understanding of these mechanisms, their ecological impacts and our capacity to manage tourism in protected areas lags behind the growth of tourism to protected areas.A rapid growth in nature tourism and tourism to protected areas has coincided with a shift in protected area management strategies towards integrated development. Tourism is one means available to protected area managers seeking to increase the economic value of a protected area and to offer sustainable opportunities for economic development to local people.This paper argues that potentially conflicting commercial, protected area and development interests all contribute to the emergence of ecotourism and have been doing so for many years. Ecotourism needs to be tightly defined if it is to benefit conservation. Protected area managers should consider how they can take control of nature tourism to the parks they manage and convert it into ecotourism for the benefit of conservation and the livelihoods of local people.     

生态旅游观的发展及其应用

综述了生态旅游观的发展及其应用。分析不同的生态旅游观及其对社会环境的正面和负面效应。探讨生态旅游的深刻内涵,强调生态旅游应从概念化向观念化转变,说明正确的生态旅游观对生态旅游开发者和管理者的意义。     

基于适宜性分析的黄河首曲地区生态旅游功能区划研究

黄河首曲地区具有突出的生态功能和较高的旅游价值,研究选取距水域湿地距离、草地覆盖情况、森林覆盖情况、海拔高度、坡度和偏远程度6个表征地区自然性的标准,采用GIS技术与层次分析法相结合的方法对黄河首曲地区生态旅游适宜性进行了分析,并结合首曲自然保护区要求对研究区进行了旅游功能区划。研究区生态旅游适宜性可划分为五级,Ⅰ级适宜度最低,适合开发一般的生态旅游或大众旅游,V级地区适宜度最高,原生态景观价值突出,但环境敏感性也高,宜发展严格生态旅游,以最大化保护生态环境。出于协调旅游功能与生态功能的统一以实现地区生态景观可持续利用的目的,研究区被划分为3类功能区、8类功能亚区,且均具有各自特殊的主导和辅助服务功能。研究最后根据各功能区、亚区的特殊服务功能提出了相应的调控措施,以促进生态旅游的合理性规划及未来可持续发展。     

世界生态旅游区划

生态旅游区划是揭示全球尺度生态旅游资源与生态旅游业空间布局的重要手段,有助于从整体上把握世界生态旅游的发展。本文在探讨生态旅游区划定义与理论依据的基础上,提出生态旅游区划的理论基础是地域分异规律与生态学原理,并根据全局谋划、综合分析、主导因索、与行政区协调、兼顾自然区划等原则。将世界生态旅游地域系统划分为6个生态旅游洲、29个生态旅游大区、71个生态旅游区以及若干生态旅游地。文章还对各洲的生态旅游特点进行了阐述。     

Ecotourism and ecological restoration

The fast pace of tourism development around the world is causing untold damage to some of the most endangered ecological systems. From Dubai to Honolulu and from Cancun to Beijing, the environmental impacts of tourism are alarming. Ecological restoration (ER) of disturbed lands should be an important approach to sensitive tourism planning. This paper addresses the need for restoring biodiversity and how ecotourism has shown to be a strong force in the field of ER. Two examples (one each of private and community based ecotourism) incorporating ER will be highlighted in this paper: Phinda Game Reserve, South Africa and the Baboon Sanctuary in Belize. We call for greater dialogue across disciplines, notably ER, conservation science and ecotourism.     

保护区发展生态旅游的意义和途径

生态旅游在世界范围内正经历着一个蓬勃发展的时期,它是一个区域或一个保护区生态发展的重要内容,不仅对地区经济和社会发展有重要的促进作用,而且也是激励保护区进一步发展的动力。当然,过分强调经济收入,无控制地发展旅游,就可能引起不适当的开发或管理不周。导致生态破坏。因此,保护区发展生态旅游要有一个周密的规划,寻找旅游者的享受和自然保护之间的平衡。     

云南碧塔海自然保护区生态旅游开发模式研究

1　引　　言自然保护区作为生态旅游开发的主要对象 ,在发挥其旅游功能为自己的保护寻到经济支撑[1,2 ,17] ,为当地经济发展和社区人民脱贫提供资源[5,19] 的同时 ,面临一大问题 ,即如何有效地保护其自然生态环境[6] .把旅游业作为支柱产业来培植的云南省拥有各级自然保护区 10 7个 ,是中国自然保护区数量最多的省份[13] .该省把生态旅游产品作为旅游业可持续发展的主打产品 ,并十分重视旅游资源及环境的保护[19] ,采取审慎开发的态度 ,选试点进行示范区开发 ,取得经验后再逐步推广 .位于滇西北香格里拉腹地的迪庆藏族自治州州府的中甸县 ,…     

生态旅游及其规划的研究进展

以自然资源为基础的生态旅游作为一种促进可持续发展的旅游形式日益为旅游决策者、研究者及规划人员所重视。本文从生态旅游的定义分析入手,对目前国内外就其内涵、特征、功能分区及规划模式和管理的研究现状作出了评价。在此基础上,提出了生态旅游的可操作性定义与实施措施,并强调文脉(地理背景)特征及产品形象策划对生态旅游规划的重要意义。     

自然保护区可持续发展环境指标与生态旅游评价指标初探——以北京松山自然保护区为例

生态旅游已成为当今旅游业的热点,而自然保护区则是开展生态旅游的重要依托。如何处理保护与开发的关系,是保护区开展生态旅游面临的一个重要的问题。松山国家级自然保护区在北京的生态环境及其旅游中处于举足轻重的位置,在保护区内积极开展具有特色的生态旅游,并在此基础上提出了生态旅游评价指标体系,为自然保护区的保护与开发,可持续发展,提供必要的、科学的决策依据;为松山自然保护区的可持续发展和管理,提供了新思路和途径。     

从利益相关者角度剖析国内外生态旅游实践的变形

尽管很多学者和组织机构对生态旅游的内涵作出过阐述,但生态旅游的实践却相差甚大。尤其在中国,由于“99生态旅游年”的影响,在自然环境中进行的所有旅游活动形式几乎都打上了生态旅游的标签。针对现实中伪生态旅游的泛滥,有必要对那些不规范的生态旅游提出专业的要求。生态旅游真正实现的关键在于其所涉及的不同利益群体之间的关系中,主要包括当地政府、当地居民、旅游经营者和生态旅游者。从利益相关者角度对生态旅游实践中存在或潜在的各种问题进行了剖析,探索那些伪生态旅游所存在问题的根源。     

Composite indicator for the assessment of sustainability: The case of Cuban nature-based tourism destinations

This paper presents a methodology for building a composite indicator to evaluate the sustainability of nature-based tourism destinations. It combines Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the distance to a reference point, and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with the aim of addressing some of the objections related to the aggregation procedure. The synthetic index obtained is based on a representative series of sub-indicators of the concept of sustainable tourist development as outlined by the World Tourism Organization (WTO). We apply it to evaluate Cuban nature-based tourism destinations. The results identify the strengths and weaknesses of destinations according to sustainability, and serve as a guideline for tourism planning in the future.     

Sustainable tourism indicators as planning tools in cultural destinations

Sustainable tourism is being consolidated at an international level as an approach that should be used to make all types of tourism more environmentally, socially and economically beneficial. A common practice is to use an indicator system for designing and implementing tourism models that focuses on the sustainability approach. Indicators are considered as useful tools that allow tourism managers to diagnose the situation of the destination, and to identify and evaluate issues that require addressing to improve the level of sustainability of the tourist activities. However, these indicator systems usually do not provide a practical guide to establish how to interpret information and how to integrate it into the decision-making. In this paper we present an indicator system to evaluate sustainable tourism at cultural destinations. Likewise, we suggest a method based on goal programming to construct composite indicators. The definition of the indicator system and composite indicators is completed providing guidelines that establish how to use these tools in tourism sector planning. Specifically, we propose three basic practical uses for these tools: the formulation of general action plans at a regional level, the definition of short-term strategies for destinations and the establishment of destination benchmarking practices. Each practical use is illustrated using the case of cultural tourism destinations in the Andalusia region (Spain).     

基于GIS和人工神经网络模型的区域生态旅游适宜度评价——以浙江省为例

区域生态旅游适宜度评价作为区域资源理论与旅游开发活动的结合点,对于区域产业布局和宏观调控具有重大意义。从区域生态旅游适宜度概念出发,以旅游资源条件、生态环境质量和社会经济条件构建评价指标体系,并借助于GIS空间分析功能和人工神经网络模型中自组织特征映射网络方法,对浙江省72个县级行政单位的区域生态旅游适宜度进行聚类分析。根据聚类结果分异情况,把研究区域分为生态旅游最适宜区、高度适宜区、中度适宜区、一般适宜区和重点建设区,对各区的生态旅游适宜度进行了评价,并从区域可持续发展角度提出了相应的开发保护对策,为各区旅游产业定位和发展方向提供科学依据。