植物基因分离的图位克隆技术

DNA是遗传的物质基础。遗传的基本单元是以基因的形式包含在 DNA序列内。要想从分子基础上来理解遗传的本质 ,基因的分离是最基本的前提。现在分离和克隆植物基因的方法很多 ,如传统的功能克隆及近年来发展十分迅速的表型克隆。但大多数情况下 ,我们并不知道基因的表达产物 ,在未知基因的功能信息又无适宜的相对表型用于表型克隆时 ,最常用的基因克隆技术有转座子示踪法、随机实变体筛选法和图位克隆法。其中 ,转座子示踪法中的转座子受其种类、活性和数量的制约 ,随机突变体筛选法随机性较大且不能控制其失活基因的种类和数量 ,也限制了…     

转座子相关技术在微生物功能基因组研究中的应用

转座子是DNA插入因子的一种,是指能在基因组间或组内跳跃的DNA片段。转座子作为插入突变剂或分子标签已被广泛地应用于基因的分离和克隆,且因其独特的性质已成为发现新基因和基因功能分析的有效工具。这使得转座子无论是在单基因水平还是全基因组水平,都成为细菌、酵母和其他微生物研究的有力工具。简单而有效的体外转座反应可以对一些以往难以进行分析的顽固微生物进行转座诱变分析。而建立在转座子基础上的信号标签诱变技术和遗传足迹法的应用则发现了一些新的病原微生物毒力因子,从而可以更好地对这些病原微生物的致病机理进行阐述。这些再次说明转座子是微生物功能基因组研究中的有力工具。本文综述了转座子及其衍生载体介导的一些技术,并讨论其在微生物功能基因组研究中的应用。     

植物转座子在基因工程应用上的研究进展

本文综述了植物转座子在基因工程应用上的最新研究进展。转座子已成为引入注目的植物基因分离手段。转座子还可以作为一种新的载体系统介导外源基因转移并消除转基因植物中的选择标记基因。     

Mutator转座子及MULE在植物基因与基因组进化中的作用

Mutator（Mu）转座子是植物中已发现的转座最活跃的转座子,其高的转座频率及趋向于单拷贝功能基因转座的特性,使该转座子成为玉米功能基因克隆的主要方法.Mu转座子的同源类似因子广泛存在于被子植物基因组中,而且同一基因组中往往具有多种变异类型.它不仅具有其他DNA转座子在基因和基因组进化中的普遍作用,而且具有能够承载基因组内功能基因和基因片段的载体功能,这种载体Mu转座子（Pack-MuLEs）能够在基因组内移动众多的基因片段,从而对基因和基因组进化产生作用.Mu转座子的同源序列发生在水稻与狗尾草之间的水平转移提供了高等植物核基因水平转移的首个例证.对Mu转座子的了解促进了我们对动态基因组概念的认识.文章对Mutator转座子的发现、转座特征、基因标签应用等的研究进展进行了综述,对Mu转座子家族的同源序列进行了分类,讨论了该转座子在基因组进化中的作用,分析了应加强研究的问题.     

转座子标签法克隆分离植物基因的研究进展

转座子标签法是克隆与分离植物基因的一项十分有效的方法。概述了转座子标签技术克隆与分离植物基因的基本原理与方法 ,介绍了可用于转座子标签技术的转座子 ,对于转座子标签系统以及在克隆与分离异源植物基因方面的主要成就进行了综述 ,并对将来的研究方向进行了讨论。     

转座子挽救法对转座子突变菌株中插入位点的定位分析

为寻找谷氨酸棒杆菌转座子插入突变菌株中的转座子插入位点,采用了转座子挽救法对转座子及其插入位点附近的序列进行分离,并测定插入位点相邻DNA序列,获得了三个转座子插入位点DNA序列,其中一个是柠檬酸合成酶基因,另两个为目前未知基因,暂命名为orfA和orfB。该方法简便易行,是分析转座子插入位点的理想方法。     

转座子插入宿主基因在稻属中的分布式样及其适应意义的初探

转座子在各类真核生物基因组中都占有很高的比例,它们对宿主基因组特别是关联的基因在结构、功能和进化上都起着重要的作用。基于生物信息学分析,本研究选择了水稻基因组中2个被转座子插入的宿主基因,通过PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,获得了转座子在稻属16个代表物种94份材料中的插入式样。结果表明,这2个转座子在稻属中的分布式样与插入时间不同,基因三DG-＆02926349中的转座子在AA-基因组的物种中全部存在,基因LOC-Os02945130中的转座子则插入稻属AA-基因组的部分物种中,与AA-基因组的物种的系统发育关系相吻合。转座子在宿主基因组中不同的分布与保留式样以及插入后已经固定在不同地理来源的群体中,暗示了它们在物种进化过程中对宿主基因可能存在适应性意义。     

转座子标签法克隆基因的改进——sAc/Ds双系统法

1　转座子及转座子标签法克隆基因基因标签法克隆植物组织中的基因是较为常用的一种方法 ,T-DNA和转座子均可作为基因标签。转座子最早由美国的细胞遗传学家 Mc-clintock在玉米中发现 ,它是指基因组中一段特定 DNA片段 ,能在转位酶的作用下从基因组的一个位点转移到另一个位点。转座子不仅能在本基因组中转座 ,也能转入其它植物的基因组中。转座的结果是使被转入的基因失活 ,从而有效地诱导产生表型突变株。然后构建一个对应于突变株的基因库 ,用作标签的转座子作为探针从基因库中筛选相对应的克隆 ,分离得到相对应于变异的基因 ,这就是…     

转座子衍生基因的演变途径及对生物生长发育的影响

转座子(transposable elements,TEs)是指在基因组上能从同一条染色体的一个位置转移到另一个位置或者从一条染色体转移到另一条染色体上的一段DNA序列。广泛存在于基因组中的转座子通过复制、动员、重组基因片段以及修改原基因结构形成的新基因,被称为转座子衍生基因。该文综述了转座子衍生基因与转座子和常规基因的异同以及转座子衍生基因的演变途径,归纳了转座子衍生基因对宿主基因进化,以及对生物生长发育的影响。     

限制性酶介导整合技术在盘基网柄菌的应用

1前言突变分析技术在许多功能基因的分离和表达中起着关键的作用,前人已经利用电离辐射、紫外诱变、PCR和转座子等技术对许多模式生物进行了随机突变研究。分离具有特殊细胞分化功能的基因需要建立大群体的随机突变体库,但是用传统方法产生的随机突变体的鉴定与突变表型相关基因的     

植物转座子及其在功能基因组学中的应用

转座子作为插入突变原或分子标签被广泛应用于基因的分离和克隆,且因其 独特的性质已成为发现新基因和基因功能分析的有效工具。本文综述了植物转座子及其作为基因分离和克隆工具的研究进展,并讨论其在植物基因功能研究方面的应用。 Abstract:Transposons have been widely used for gene isolation and gene cloning as insertional mutagens or molecular tagging.Furthermore,due to special characteristics of transposons,transposons techniques will be a powerful tool for new gene discovery and gene functional analysis.This paper reviewed the developments of plant transposons in gene isolating and cloning,as well as its use in studying gene function in plant.     

Molecular structure and interrelationships of multiresistance beta-lactamase transposons

Transposons coding for beta-lactamases OXA-3, OXA-4, OXA-5, LCR-1, and CARB-3 have been isolated and compared functionally and structurally with transposons for TEM-1, OXA-1, PSE-1, PSE-2, and PSE-4 enzymes. Each beta-lactamase gene type occurred in a unit together with resistance to other antibiotics, particularly streptomycin and sulfonamide but also chloramphenicol, mercuric ion, or gentamicin, kanamycin, and tobramycin. Restriction mapping, gene cloning, and DNA hybridization were used to compare the transposons and to localize their functional components. Although the multiresistance beta-lactamase transposons varied in size from 8 to 25 kb, the similarity of some of their restriction maps suggested a common derivation. Six of 12 transposons contained DNA segments homologous to the tnpR gene of transposon Tn21 and could complement a tnpR- Tn21 derivative. Consequently, these six transposons appear to have evolved from a common progenitor by acquisition of DNA coding for various beta-lactamases and other resistance genes.     

水稻转座子研究进展

转座子是植物基因组的重要组成部分, 对于研究植物基因组进化等具有重要意义。随着水稻全基因组测序计划的开展和完成, 水稻转座子研究取得了极大进展, 目前已经在水稻基因组中发现了几乎所有类型的转座子, 约占水稻基因组的35%。在正常情况下, 大多数水稻转座子不具有转座活性, 但是在特定的条件下(如组织培养或辐射等), 水稻基因组中沉默的转座子可以被激活, 从而可能导致插入突变并影响基因的表达。在水稻中已鉴定出6个有活性的转座子, 其中Tos17已被应用到水稻功能基因组研究中。转座子序列的新的分子标记转座子展示(transposon display, TD)现已被开发, 并在水稻遗传作图和遗传分化研究中得到应用     

When phage,plasmids, and transposons collide: genomic islands,and conjugative- and mobilizable-transposons as a mosaic continuum

Plasmids and bacteriophage represent the classical vectors for gene transfer within the horizontal gene pool. However, the more recent discovery of an increasing array of other mobile genetic elements (MGE) including genomic islands (GIs), conjugative transposons (CTns), and mobilizable transposons (MTns) which each integrate within the chromosome, offer an increasingly diverse assemblage contributing to bacterial adaptation and evolution. Molecular characterisation of these elements has revealed that they are comprised of functional modules derived from phage, plasmids, and transposons, and further that these modules are combined to generate a continuum of mosaic MGE. In particular, they are comprised of any one of three distinct types of recombinase, together with plasmid-derived transfer and mobilisation gene functions. This review highlights both the similarities and distinctions between these integrating transferable elements resulting from combination of the MGE toolbox.     

The Underlying Bases of Gene Expression Differences in Stable Transformants of the ROSY Locus in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

This report represents a continuation of our laboratory's effort to understand the major phenomena associated with P-M dysgenesis-mediated transformation in Drosophila. A group of stable transformants are characterized with respect to rosy gene expression. Stable, true-breeding, line-specific variants in gene expression are described. These are shown to be associated with single transposons present in each line, and the lines are free of functional P elements. The effects on expression are cis-acting, and there are no identifiable rosy DNA sequence lesions associated with these transposons. Evidence is presented that demonstrates that two features of the transformation experimental system are responsible for such variation. The first relates to the fact that the transposons insert at numerous genomic sites. Both heterochromatic and euchromatic position effects are characterized. The second relates to the fact that transformation involves dysgenic mobilization of a P-element transposon. This process is mutagenic, and such a mutation is characterized.     

Transposon display for active DNA transposons in rice

Transposon display (TD) is a powerful technique to identify the integration site of transposons in gene tagging as a functional genomic tool for elucidating gene function. Although active endogenous DNA transposons have been used extensively for gene tagging in maize, only two active endogenous DNA transposons in rice have been identified, the 0.43-kb element mPing of the MITE family and the 0.6-kb nDart element of the hAT family. The nDart transposition was shown to be induced by crossing with a line containing its autonomous element aDart and stabilized by segregating aDart under natural growth conditions, while mPing-related elements were shown to transpose in cultured cells, plants regenerated from an anther culture, and gamma-ray-irradiated plants. No somaclonal variation should occur in nDart-promoted gene tagging because no tissue culture was involved in nDart activation. As an initial step to develop an effective tagging system using nDart in rice, we tried to visualize GC-rich nDart-related elements comprising 18 nDart-related sequences of 0.6-kb and 63 nDart-related elements longer than 2 kb in Nipponbare by TD. Comparing the observed bands in TD with the anticipated virtual bands of the nDart-related elements based upon the available rice genome sequence, we have improved our TD protocol by optimizing the PCR amplification conditions and are able to visualize approximately 87% of the anticipated bands produced from the nDart-related elements. To compare the visualization efficiency of these nDart-related elements with that of 50 mPing elements and a unique Ping sequence in Nipponbare, we also tried to visualize the mPing-related elements; all mPing-related elements are easily visualized. Based on these results, we discuss the parameters affecting the visualization efficiencies of these rice DNA transposons. We also discuss the utilization of nDart elements in gene tagging for functional genomics in rice.     

转座酶的人工改造与修饰

转座子是基因组中能发生移动和自主复制的DNA片段,随着人们在分子水平上对转座子结构和功能认识的不断深化,许多转座子已被改造为遗传分析的工具应用于基因功能分析、基因转化和基因治疗。然而,天然转座子的转座能力不高是转座子的开发和利用的主要障碍,近几年来,科学家们运用生物信息学和蛋白质工程相结合的方法来构建活性的转座酶,通过氨基酸优化的方法获得自然界不存在的超活性的转座酶,显著地提高了转座子的转座效率,应用于植物转基因和基因标签技术;另一方面,通过蛋白质融合技术构建转座酶嵌合体,改造转座子插入特性,实现其插入位点的人工调控,应用于基因治疗。     

Bombyx small RNAs: genomic defense system against transposons in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

Selfish genetic elements called transposons can insert themselves at new locations in host genomes to modify gene structure and alter gene expression. Expansion of transposons can occur when novel transposition events are transmitted to subsequent generations after germline hopping. Therefore, organisms seem likely to have evolved defense mechanisms to silence transposons in the germline. Recently, small RNAs interacting with Piwi proteins (piwi-interacting RNAs: piRNAs) have been demonstrated to be involved in genomic defense mechanism against transposons. Here, we show that piRNA-like small RNAs are present abundantly in the Bombyx ovary. We cloned 38,493 kinds of Bombyx small RNA from the ovary and performed functional characterization. Bombyx small RNAs showed a unimodal length distribution with a peak at 28nt and a strong bias for U at the 5' end. We found that 12,869 kinds of Bombyx small RNAs were associated with transposons or repetitive sequences. We classified them as repeat-associated small interfering RNAs (rasiRNAs), a subclass of piRNAs. Notably, antisense rasiRNAs have a strong bias toward U at 5' ends; in contrast, sense rasiRNAs have a strong bias toward A at nucleotide position 10, indicating that the piRNA amplification loop proposed in Drosophila is evolutionarily conserved in Bombyx. These results suggest that Bombyx small RNAs regulate transposon activity.     

插入突变在功能基因组学研究中的应用

插入突变库的构建是功能基因组学研究的一个重要内容,可为确定基因的功能提供最直接的证据。构建插入突变库的方法有T-DNA插入突变、转座子插入突变和质粒介导的插入突变。本文分别介绍三种方法的原理及其在功能基因组学研究中的应用和研究进展。