铜毒对海州香薷(Elsholtzia splendens)不同种群光合作用和蒸腾作用的影响

通过水培实验,对种子分别来自湖北省铜绿山、赤马山铜矿区和红安非矿区的海州香薷种群在铜胁迫下的光合作用和蒸腾作用进行了比较研究。结果发现,矿区两个种群在铜胁迫下的光合能力明显比非矿区种群强,尤其在高Cu（100μmol／M）处理更为显著：如铜绿山和赤马山叶片净光合速率分别为13．15μmol CO2m^-2s^-1和12．59μmol CO2m^-2s^-1,为红安种群（1．07μmol CO2m^-2s^-1）的13倍;铜绿山和赤马山种群的光能利用效率分别为0．0221μmol CO2μmol^-1和0．0224μmol CO2μmol^-1photon,为红安种群（0．0031μmol CO2μmol^-1photon）的7倍。表观量子产额在两个矿区种群中没有明显的变化,低Cu（5和20μmol／L）处理促进了矿区种群叶绿素（Chl a和Chl b）含量的增加,而非矿区种群的这两个指标则随处理浓度的增加而迅速下降。来自矿区两个种群的蒸腾速率受铜的胁迫影响较小,而来自非矿区种群随处理浓度的加大而明显降低,其叶片的蒸腾速率在5、20μmol／L和100μmol／L浓度处理时迅速下降为对照的62．74％、50．96％和42．6％;水分利用效率在矿区两个种群中随处理水平的增大而提高,在100μmol／L处理时铜绿山和赤马山种群分别是对照的161．83％和130．41％,而非矿区种群随处理浓度的增加而急剧降低。另外,矿区两个种群的呼吸速率和气孔阻力随处理浓度的降低和升高的幅度明显比非矿区小。总之,在铜污染胁迫下,矿区种群保持的这种生理生态特性是其能在这种环境中正常生长定居的重要原因,是其长期进化的结果。     

海州香薷(Elsholtzia haichouensis Sun)不同生态型Cu吸收和酸性磷酸酶活性差异

以海州香薷铜矿区种群（大冶铜绿山）和非矿区种群（红安）为对象,通过水培实验,比较分析了两个种群根中铜的吸收、MDA含量、根伤流液量和酸性磷酸酶活性变化的差异。结果显示, 红安非矿区种群根中的MDA含量随处理浓度的增加而显著升高,铜绿山矿区种群则没有明显的变化;在≥20 μmol/L Cu处理时,非矿区种群根伤流液量急剧下降而矿区种群反而增大。红安种群根中的Cu吸收量明显比铜绿山种群的高,如20 μmol/L Cu处理时,红安种群根中的铜含量在处理后的第1天和第5天分别是铜绿山种群的3倍和4倍;80 μmol/L Cu处理时,第1天和第5天的Cu含量则分别是铜绿山种群的20倍和5倍。然而,铜绿山种群根分泌的和组织内的酸性磷酸酶活性则明显高于红安种群,如在80 μmol/L Cu处理的第3天和第5天,铜绿山种群根组织内的酸性磷酸酶活性都约为红安种群的3倍,根系分泌的酶活性则分别为红安种群的1.6倍和1.8倍。两个种群也表现出不同的变化趋势：铜绿山种群在低浓度处理时,根分泌的和组织内的酸性磷酸酶活性有所增强,高浓度处理时下降,而红安随处理浓度的增加则显著下降。总之,铜胁迫下,海州香薷红安种群根系过氧化损伤明显,而铜绿山种群根系没有产生明显的过氧化损伤;铜绿山种群根系增强酸性磷酸酶的分泌以及保持组织内的高活性,可能分别在减少其铜的吸收及胁迫条件下维持体内正常的磷生理代谢方面具有重要作用。     

丛枝菌根真菌对盐胁迫下黄瓜植株生长、果实产量和品质的影响

采用有机基质栽培,选用盐敏感黄瓜品种‘津春2号’为试验材料,研究了丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对盐胁迫下黄瓜植株生长、矿质营养吸收、果实品质和产量的影响.结果表明：接种AMF可以有效促进黄瓜植株生长和对矿质营养的吸收,提高果实产量和改善蔬菜营养品质;盐胁迫下,黄瓜生长受到抑制,植株体内N、P、K、Cu、Zn含量减少和K⁺/Na⁺降低,果实产量和可溶性蛋白、总糖、Vc、硝酸盐含量下降;接种AMF可缓解盐胁迫对黄瓜生长的抑制作用,使植株体内N、P、K、Cu和Zn含量分别比对照提高7.3%、11.7%、28.2%、13.5%和9.9%,K⁺/Na⁺、果实产量、可溶性蛋白、总糖、Vc含量明显提高,果实硝酸盐含量显著降低.表明AMF可通过促进盐胁迫下黄瓜植株对矿质营养的吸收,促进植株生长,增强植株对盐胁迫的耐性,进而提高其产量和改善营养品质.     

铜毒对海州香薷（Elsholtzia splendens）不同种群光合作用和蒸腾作用的影响

通过水培实验,对种子分别来自湖北省铜绿山、赤马山铜矿区和红安非矿区的海州香薷种群在铜胁迫下的光合作用和蒸腾作用进行了比较研究。结果发现, 矿区两个种群在铜胁迫下的光合能力明显比非矿区种群强,尤其在高Cu(100μmol/M)处理更为显著：如铜绿山和赤马山叶片净光合速率分别为13.15μmol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1和12.59μmolCO₂ m^-2 s^-1,为红安种群(1.07μmol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1)的13倍;铜绿山和赤马山种群的光能利用效率分别为0.0221μmol CO₂ μmol^-1和0.0224μmol CO₂ μmol^-1 photon,为红安种群(0.003μmolCO₂ μmol^-1 photon)的7倍。表观量子产额在两个矿区种群中没有明显的变化,低Cu (5和20μmol/L)处理促进了矿区种群叶绿素（Chl a 和Chl b）含量的增加,而非矿区种群的这两个指标则随处理浓度的增加而迅速下降。来自矿区两个种群的蒸腾速率受铜的胁迫影响较小,而来自非矿区种群随处理浓度的加大而明显降低,其叶片的蒸腾速率在5、20μmol/L和100μmol/L浓度处理时迅速下降为对照的62.74%、50.96%和42.6%;水分利用效率在矿区两个种群中随处理水平的增大而提高,在100μmol/L处理时铜绿山和赤马山种群分别是对照的161.83%和130.41%,而非矿区种群随处理浓度的增加而急剧降低。另外,矿区两个种群的呼吸速率和气孔阻力随处理浓度的降低和升高的幅度明显比非矿区小。总之,在铜污染胁迫下,矿区种群保持的这种生理生态特性是其能在这种环境中正常生长定居的重要原因,是其长期进化的结果。     

海州香薷(Elsholtzia haichouensis Sun)不同生态型Cu吸收和酸性磷酸酶活性差异

以海州香薷铜矿区种群(大冶铜绿山)和非矿区种群(红安)为对象,通过水培实验,比较分析了两个种群根中铜的吸收、MDA含量、根伤流液量和酸性磷酸酶活性变化的差异。结果显示,红安非矿区种群根中的MDA含量随处理浓度的增加而显著升高,铜绿山矿区种群则没有明显的变化;在≥20μmol/LCu处理时,非矿区种群根伤流液量急剧下降而矿区种群反而增大。红安种群根中的Cu吸收量明显比铜绿山种群的高,如20μmol/LCu处理时,红安种群根中的铜含量在处理后的第1天和第5天分别是铜绿山种群的3倍和4倍;80μmol/LCu处理时,第1天和第5天的Cu含量则分别是铜绿山种群的20倍和5倍。然而,铜绿山种群根分泌的和组织内的酸性磷酸酶活性则明显高于红安种群,如在80μmol/LCu处理的第3天和第5天,铜绿山种群根组织内的酸性磷酸酶活性都约为红安种群的3倍,根系分泌的酶活性则分别为红安种群的1.6倍和1.8倍。两个种群也表现出不同的变化趋势:铜绿山种群在低浓度处理时,根分泌的和组织内的酸性磷酸酶活性有所增强,高浓度处理时下降,而红安随处理浓度的增加则显著下降。总之,铜胁迫下,海州香薷红安种群根系过氧化损伤明显,而铜绿山种群根系没有产生明显的过氧化损伤;铜绿山种群根系增强酸性磷酸酶的分泌以及保持组织内的高活性,可能分别在减少其铜的吸收及胁迫条件下维持体内正常的磷生理代谢方面具有重要作用。     

Pb和Cd单一及复合胁迫条件下溪荪(Iris sanguinea)生长及金属离子积累特征分析

采用水培法,对Pb和Cd单一及复合胁迫(500 mg·L-1Pb、25 mg·L-1 Cd、500 mg·L-1pb-25 mg·L-1Cd)条件下溪荪(Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn.)幼苗不同部分的生长及Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu、K和Na积累状况进行了研究.结果显示:在Pb单一胁迫条件下,溪荪幼苗地下部分干质量较对照降低了18.2％,地上部分干质量和耐性指数均与对照无显著差异;在Cd单一胁迫条件下,地下部分与地上部分的干质量较对照分别降低了16.4％和14.1％,耐性指数降低了7％;在Pb-Cd复合胁迫条件下,溪荪幼苗不同部分的干质量以及耐性指数均与对照无显著差异.在Pb单一及Pb-Cd复合胁迫条件下,幼苗不同部分的Pb含量均明显高于对照,Pb单一胁迫处理组幼苗地上部分和地下部分的Pb含量分别比Pb-Cd复合胁迫处理组高19.8％和16.0％.在Cd单一及Pb-Cd复合胁迫条件下,幼苗不同部分的Cd含量均明显高于对照,Pb-Cd复合胁迫处理组幼苗地上部分和地下部分的Cd含量分别为Cd单一胁迫处理组的2.02和5.74倍.经Pb和Cd单一及复合胁迫后,幼苗不同部分的Zn、Cu和Na含量均明显高于对照,而K含量则低于对照;地上部分的Zn、K和Na含量均高于地下部分,但Cu含量在幼苗不同部分的变化趋势则有所不同.比较结果表明:Pb-Cd复合胁迫对溪荪幼苗的Pb积累有促进作用、对Cd积累有抑制作用,表现出拮抗作用;溪荪对Pb胁迫的耐性相对更强,对Pb和Cd及其他金属元素有一定的积累能力,可用于Pb污染环境尤其是湿地Pb污染环境的修复.     

外源钙（Ca）对毛葱耐镉（Cd）胁迫能力的影响

以对环境敏感的毛葱(Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.)为材料,通过水培试验分别研究不同浓度Ca(0、0.1、1、10 mmol/L)对Cd(10μmol/L、100μmol/L和300μmol/L)胁迫下毛葱幼苗生长、叶片光合特性、体内Cd积累和矿质营养的变化,探讨Ca缓解敏感植物Cd毒害的生理生化机制。结果表明:(1)Cd显著抑制了毛葱的生长并导致其根端弯曲、发黄,叶片绿色加深;外源Ca显著削弱了Cd的毒害,缓解了其对毛葱生长的抑制;(2)Cd导致毛葱叶片光合色素含量大幅度上升却显著降低了毛葱的光合作用;外源Ca延缓了光合色素上升的速度,提高了毛葱的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率;(3)Cd胁迫导致毛葱体内Cd含量显著增加,并造成明显的矿质营养失衡,主要表现为显著降低了毛葱根中Mg、Mn,叶中Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn等元素的含量,毛葱根中Ca、Fe、Zn,叶中Fe元素含量的显著增加,扰乱了毛葱体内矿质营养的内稳态;外源Ca削弱了毛葱对Cd的积累,减轻了Cd胁迫所造成的矿质营养失衡。因此,外源Ca能通过抑制Cd的吸收,促进叶片光合作用及气体交换速率,维持植物体的含水量、植物叶片光合色素含量及矿质营养的平衡等途径来增强毛葱对Cd胁迫的耐性。     

香根草和鹅观草对Cu、Pb、Zn及其复合重金属的耐性研究

采用根伸长实验研究了香根草和鹅观草对重金属的耐性随着溶度的升高,耐性指数下降,当香根草和鹅观草受Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+单一污染时,三元素的危害作用依次为Cu2+>Pb2+>Zn2+;在Cu、Pb、Zn混合溶液中,其两种植物耐性指数的大小及变化与单一元素Cu溶液最为相似,Cu在溶液中起到主导因子作用;香根草与鹅观草相比,不论是受Cu、Pb、Zn单一污染还是三者的复合污染,香根草比鹅观草都具有较强抵制重金属的胁迫能力,其耐性指数大都大于0 5。因此香根草具有对重金属较强的耐性,在重金属污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料。     

外源铜胁迫对长春花幼苗生物碱的影响

以药用植物长春花为实验材料,采用珍珠岩为培养基质的营养方式培养,初步研究了长春花幼苗对铜胁迫的生长响应、吸收积累、基因表达及生物碱合成的特性。研究结果表明,在外源铜胁迫下,药用植物长春花幼苗根和叶干重表现为低浓度的上升和高浓度的降低,并在300μmol·L~(-1)Cu时达到峰值,与对照差异显著(P0.05)。而幼苗的根系耐性指数先上升后下降,在200μmol·L~(-1)Cu时达到峰值。Cu金属进入长春花幼苗体内绝大部分积累在根部。长春花叶片中含有的长春碱在外源铜胁迫条件下其含量有一定程度上的增加,并且随着处理浓度的增加使之呈现出规律性变化,在300μmol·L~(-1)Cu时达到峰值,甚至到达CK的2.7倍。结果可为进一步验证长春花是否可以作为一种新的Cu超富集植物提供参考依据。     

锰胁迫对杠板归细胞超微结构的影响

锰是植物生长必需的微量元素,然而锰含量过高将影响酶活性、造成植物毒害,不同植物的锰耐性差异很大。杠板归(Polygonum perfoliatum L.)是一种生长在锰尾矿废弃地的耐性植物。通过温室培养,应用透射电子显微镜-能谱联用仪研究不同锰处理条件下(5,1000,10 000μmol/L)杠板归根、茎和叶细胞超微结构的变化和锰在叶细胞内可能的存在形式,结果表明:(1)生长介质锰含量为5μmol/L时,杠板归细胞超微结构未见异常;即使锰处理浓度为1000μmol/L时,杠板归根、茎和叶细胞结构依然完整,细胞器清晰可见,未见明显损伤;(2)当锰处理浓度为10000μmol/L时,杠板归细胞器未见缺失现象,但根细胞内线粒体数量减少,茎细胞叶绿体开始受损,叶细胞叶绿体膜结构出现破损,基粒片层结构减少,嗜锇颗粒数量明显减少;(3)与对照相比,1000μmol/L或10000μmol/L锰处理30 d,植物细胞内出现黑色团聚物。10000μmol/L锰处理条件下,杠板归叶细胞内和细胞间隙出现类似针状物质,这可能是杠板归体内锰积累和分布的形态之一。研究成果有助于阐明植物的锰耐性机制,为锰耐性植物筛选和废弃锰尾矿库生态重建提供科学参考。     

Survival and behavioral characteristics of amphidromous goby larvae of Sicyopterus japonicus (Tanaka, 1909) during their downstream migration

To understand the ecology and environmental tolerances of newly hatched larvae of the amphidromous fish Sicyopterus japonicus during their downstream migration, the salinity tolerance of eggs, 0-15 day old larvae, and adults, and the temperature tolerance, specific gravity and phototaxis of hatched larvae were examined. Tolerances of adults were measured as survival after a 24 h challenge in freshwater (FW), brackish water (1/3 SW) and seawater (SW). The survival rate of adult S. japonicus was 100% in FW and 1/3 SW, while none survived in SW. Hatching success of eggs (30 eggs each) was significantly higher in FW (mean: 73%) and 1/3 SW (73%) than in SW (19%). Tolerance of newly hatched larvae to salinity and temperature was investigated in different combinations of salinities (FW, 1/3 SW and SW) and temperatures (18, 23 and 28 °C). Larval survival was significantly different in each salinity and temperature. Survival rate was significantly higher in 1/3 SW than in FW and higher in SW than in FW at 23 °C and 28 °C. At the latter part of the experiment, there was no survival in FW and at 28 °C. Survival was higher in lower temperatures, but larval development did not occur in FW. Specific gravity of newly hatched larvae was 1.036 at 28 °C and 1.034 at 23 °C. When exposed to a light source on one side of an aquarium, larval distribution was not affected. Our results indicated larval S. japonicus are more adapted to brackish water and seawater than freshwater, while the adults and eggs are more adapted to freshwater and brackish water than seawater. This is consistent with their amphidromous life history with growth and spawning occurring in freshwater and the larval stage utilizing marine habitats.     

Storage temperature influences desiccation and ultra violet radiation tolerance of entomopathogenic nematodes

1. The effect of cold (5 °C) and warm (35 °C) storage on desiccation tolerance of cold-adapted Steinernema feltiae, intermediate S. carpocapsae and warm-adapted S. riobrave was evaluated at 5 and 35 °C.     

Multigenerational analysis of temperature and salinity variability affects on metabolic rate,generation time,and acute thermal and salinity tolerance in Daphnia pulex

Climate change, sea level rise, and human freshwater demands are predicted to result in elevated temperature and salinity variability in upper estuarine ecosystems. Increasing levels of environmental stresses are known to induce the cellular stress response (CSR). Energy for the CSR may be provided by an elevated overall metabolic rate. However, if metabolic rate is constant or lower under elevated stress, energy for the CSR is taken from other physiological processes, such as growth or reproduction. This study investigated the examined energetic responses to the combination of temperature and salinity variability during a multigenerational exposure of partheogenetically reproducing Daphnia pulex. We raised D. pulex in an orthogonal combination of daily fluctuations in temperature (15, 15–25, 15–30 °C) and salinity (0, 0–2, 0–5). Initially metabolic rates were lower under all variable temperature and variable salinity treatments. By the 6th generation there was little metabolic variation among low and intermediate temperature and salinity treatments, but metabolic suppression persisted at the most extreme salinity. When grown in the control condition for the 6th generation, metabolic suppression was only observed in D. pulex from the most extreme condition (15–30 °C, 0–5 salinity). Generation time was influenced by acclimation temperature but not salinity and was quickest in specimens reared at 15–25 °C, likely due to Q₁₀ effects at temperatures closer to the optima for D. pulex, and slowest in specimens reared at 15–30 °C, which may have reflected elevated CSR. Acute tolerance to temperature (LT₅₀) and salinity (LC₅₀) were both highest in D. pulex acclimated to 15–30 °C and salinity 0. LT₅₀ and LC₅₀ increased with increasing salinity in specimens raised at 15 °C and 15–25 °C, but decreased with increasing salinity in specimens raised at 15–30 °C. Thus, increasing temperature confers cross-tolerance to salinity stress, but the directionality of synergistic effects of temperature and salinity depend on the degree of environmental variability. Overall, the results of our study suggest that temperature is a stronger determinant of metabolism, growth, and tolerance thresholds, and assessment of the ecological impacts of environmental change requires explicit information regarding the degree of environmental variability.     

Cold Hardening of Meloidogyne hapla Second-stage Juveniles

The effect of previous exposure to low temperatures on freezing tolerance was determined for second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne hapla. Juveniles in 5% polyethylene glycol 20,000 were exposed to 0-24 C for 12-96 hours, and then freezing tolerance was assessed by freezing samples at -4 C for 24 hours, thawing, and determining survival. Freezing tolerance was inversely related to prefreeze temperatures of 4-24 C. Prefreeze exposure to 4 C resulted in fourfold greater freezing tolerance than did exposure to 24 C. Mortality occurred during prefreeze exposure to 0 C. Most of the increase in freezing tolerance at 4 C occurred during the first 12 hours. In soil, prefreeze exposure to 4 C resulted in greater freezing tolerance than did prefreeze exposure to 24 C.     

Effects of temperature, salinity, and air exposure on development of the estuarine pulmonate gastropod Amphibola crenata

The primitive pulmonate snail Amphibola crenata embeds embryos within a smooth mud collar on exposed estuarine mudflats in New Zealand. Development through hatching of free-swimming veliger larvae was monitored at 15 salinity and temperature combinations covering the range of 2-30 ppt salinity and 15-25 °C. The effect of exposure to air on developmental rate was also assessed. There were approximately 18,000 embryos in each egg collar. The total number of veligers released from standard-sized egg collar fragments varied with both temperature and salinity: embryonic survival was generally higher at 15 and 20 °C than at 25 °C; moreover, survival was generally highest at intermediate salinities, and greatly reduced at 2 ppt salinity regardless of temperature. Even at 2 ppt salinity, however, about one-third of embryos were able to develop successfully to hatching. Embryonic tolerance to low salinity was apparently a property of the embryos themselves, or of the surrounding egg capsules; there was no indication that the egg collars protected embryos from exposure to environmental stress. Mean hatching times ranged between 7 and 22 days, with reduced developmental rates both at lower temperature and lower salinity. At each salinity tested, developmental rate to hatching was similar at 20 and 25 °C. At 15 °C, time to hatching was approximately double that recorded at the two higher exposure temperatures. Exposing the egg collars to air for 6-9 h each day at 20 °C (20 ppt salinity) accelerated hatching by about 24 h, suggesting that developmental rate in this species is limited by the rates at which oxygen or wastes can diffuse into and from intact collars, respectively. Similarly, veligers from egg capsules that were artificially separated from egg collars at 20 °C developed faster than those within intact egg collars. The remarkable ability of embryos of A. crenata to hatch over such a wide range of temperatures and salinities, and to tolerate a considerable degree of exposure to air, explains the successful colonization of this species far up into New Zealand estuaries.     

A new moderately thermophilic and high sulfide tolerant biotype of Marichromatium gracile, isolated from tidal sediments of the German Wadden Sea: Marichromatium gracile biotype thermosulfidiphilum

A purple sulfur bacterium, strain SW26, was isolated in pure culture from intertidal sediments from the Sylt-Rømø Basin, German Wadden Sea, sharing many properties with validated Marichromatium species, but differing significantly by possessing a plasmid, by tolerating up to 16 mM sulfide, and up to 44 °C for growth. Strain SW26 has a DNA base composition of 68.3 mol% G+C, a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of >99% to those of Marichromatium species, and shows the highest level of genomic relationship with Marichromatium gracile, despite its remarkably different phenotypic characters. Based upon high genomic similarity but different physiological properties of strain SW26 with respect to the type strain of M. gracile, a novel biotype, designated as M. gracile biotype thermosulfidiphilum is described.     

盐氮处理下盐地碱蓬种子成熟过程中的离子积累和种子萌发特性

研究了盐氮处理条件下盐地碱蓬种子成熟过程中的离子积累以及种子萌发特性,以理解盐地碱蓬在种子发育及萌发过程中对高盐低氮生境的适应性。结果表明,种子成熟过程中,不同浓度盐氮处理下(0.5和5 mmol/L NO₃^--N;1和500 mmol/L NaCl),与果皮和果枝相比, 胚中Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^- 和NO₃^-离子含量几乎没有变化。所有盐氮处理下Na⁺ 和Cl^-都是果皮和果枝中高于胚中,尤其是在高盐处理下。高盐处理下,K⁺ 和NO₃^-含量呈现相反的趋势。高氮时无论高盐还是低盐,果皮中NO₃^-离子含量高于胚中,而果枝中NO₃^-离子含量低于胚中。而低氮时果皮及果枝中NO₃^-离子含量均显著低于胚中。与高氮环境下收获的种子相比,低氮环境下收获的种子萌发率,萌发指数,活力指数都要明显高。上述结果说明,盐地碱蓬种子成熟过程中存在完善的离子调控机制,保护胚免受Na⁺ 和Cl^-等有害离子的伤害并且促进K⁺ 和NO₃^-等营养离子的积累。低NO₃^--N下收获的种子对外界的NO₃^-含量比较敏感,施以较高浓度的NO₃^-能够促进种子萌发,提高萌发指数和活力指数,可能与盐地碱蓬长期适应高盐低氮生境有关。     

Mapmi gene contributes to stress tolerance and virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium acridum

Phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) catalyzes the reversible interconversion of fructose 6-phosphate (Fru-6-P) and mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P), providing a link between glycolysis and the mannose metabolic pathway. In this study, we identified pmi gene (Mapmi) from the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium acridum, and analyzed its functions using RNA interference (RNAi). Amending the growth medium with cell stress chemicals significantly reduced growth, conidial production and percent germination in Mapmi-RNAi mutant strain, compared to the wild-type strain. Growth of RNAi mutant was lower than the wild type strain with glucose or fructose as sole carbon source. RNAi mutant exhibited a normal growth phenotype with mannose at low concentrations, while trace or high concentration of mannose was more negatively impacted the growth of RNAi mutant than the wild type strain. Infection with Mapmi-RNAi mutant against Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen) led to a significantly reduced virulence compared to infection with the wild-type strain. These results suggest that Mapmi plays essential roles in stress tolerance and pathogenicity of M. acridum.