苹果绵蚜对不同苹果品种春梢生长期生理指标的影响

为了筛选培育对苹果绵蚜(Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann)的抗性品种,实现持续有效治理苹果绵蚜的目的,通过测定红富士、金帅、昭锦108、秦冠、红将军等5种不同苹果品种春梢生长期被苹果绵蚜危害前后枝条内可溶性糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸、总酚含量以及防御性酶的活性变化,探讨苹果生理指标与抗蚜性的关系。结果表明,被害后可溶性糖含量除红将军外均有所上升,其中红富士上升达13.7%;蛋白质含量除红富士外均有所降低;氨基酸含量均有所上升,其中红将军变化明显,变化率达68.8%。酚类物质是一种重要的抗蚜物质,红富士、昭锦108、秦冠被害后总酚含量均升高,其中昭锦108、秦冠中总酚含量上升率约为红富士的2倍。红富士品种正常枝条内超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)、多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol Oxidase,PPO)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)以及过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性均显著低于昭锦108,被害后各苹果枝条SOD活性均出现上升趋势,除红将军的PPO、POD活性降低外,其他品种均升高;金帅、红富士的CAT活性上升明显,分别为110.8%、45.5%。植物的防御性酶与其抗虫性有密切关系,苹果春梢生长期对苹果绵蚜的抗性与苹果体内的可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、SOD、PPO、POD以及CAT活性均有关,而且不同苹果品种被害后生理指标的变化也与其抗蚜性有一定关系。     

苹果绵蚜在不同寄主果园中的种群数量动态比较

【背景】在我国,苹果绵蚜对苹果等寄主的危害日益严重,发生面积不断扩大,而品种抗性是害虫治理的一种重要手段。【方法12007—2009年于山东莱阳地区系统调查了苹果绵蚜在不同寄主果园的发生动态规律,比较了不同寄主对苹果绵蚜的抗性差异。【结果】苹果绵蚜在红富士、乔纳金、新红星苹果园和西府海棠果园中1a有2个发生高峰,5月底到7月下旬是第1个高峰,也是全年发生的最高峰,9月初到10月底是全年发生的第2个高峰,而7月底到8月底是苹果绵蚜发生的低谷期。苹果绵蚜在红富士苹果上的发生数量显著高于在乔纳金、新红星苹果和西府海棠上的发生数量。在3a的调查时间内,苹果绵蚜在红富士、乔纳金、新红星苹果上每次平均发生量分别为153．2、31．6、30．3头·株^-1。越冬前调查表明,苹果绵蚜对红富士的为害率显著高于青香蕉、乔纳金、新红星和小国光,小国光的被害率以及虫落数量最低。【结论与意义】红富士是苹果绵蚜的感虫品种,而小国光、乔纳金和新红星相对抗虫。文中讨论了苹果绵蚜抗性品种的筛选方法,为掌握不同寄主对苹果绵蚜的抗性差异以及制定苹果绵蚜的抗性治理策略提供了依据。     

苹果枝梢化学成分与抗苹绵蚜性的关系

果树抗苹绵好Eriosomalanigerum性与多种因素有关。其中营养成分α-氨基氮（α-N）的含量，以及毒性成分多酚（φ）的含量尤为重要[1]。邓家棋等为筛选抗虫性强的品系，采用核梢罩微型笼饲养等方法[2]对本地区多种品系果树进行测试。同时开展了对许多品系枝梢的α－N和φ含量的分析测试工作。结果表明，枝消的总酚含量与α-氨基氮的含量之比（φα－N）与用核稍微型笼饲养法测得的抗虫性具一定的相关性。因此，化学成分的分析对于抗虫性品系的选育具有一定的参考价值。1材料与方法1．1材料：湖北海棠（龙王1，龙王2，龙王3，房县3，房县8…     

苹果绵蚜与苹果绵蚜日光蜂种间关系的模拟研究——Ⅱ.自然系统的模拟及灵敏度分析

本文在生物学特性研究的基础上,组建了苹果绵蚜(Eriosoma lanigerum)及其日光蜂(Aphelinus mali)寄主——天敌作用系统的Boxcar train模型,对苹果绵蚜猖獗期的二种群数量进行了模拟,其结果与果园调查基本吻合。用此模型做系统的灵敏度分析,结果表明系统的内部因子(如蚜蜂的基数比例)和外部因子(温湿度)对系统均有影响。温度升高,二种群数量增加,反之则下降。湿度增加,苹果绵蚜日光蜂种群数量上升,反之则下降。湿度变化对苹果绵蚜无不良影响。比较而言,温度对系统的影响比湿度大得多。减少苹果绵蚜基数比增加日光蜂基数对系统的影响大,据此可从理论上估计生物防治的局限性。     

苹果绵蚜蚜小蜂——对苹果绵蚜有控制潜能的寄生蜂

苹果绵蚜蚜小蜂是苹果绵蚜的重要寄生蜂。本文综述了苹果绵蚜蚜小蜂的研究概况,包括该寄生蜂的引种与分布、寄主范围、生物学特性、控制效果与影响因素、重寄生蜂及合理利用等,指出应加快苹果绵蚜蚜小蜂的规模化生产,充分发挥其对苹果绵蚜的控制作用。     

温度对苹果绵蚜生长发育的影响

苹果绵蚜Eriosoma lanigerum(Hausm.)是云南苹果树的毁灭性害虫。苹果栽培面积不断扩大,由于检疫措施不严和防治工作跟不上,苹果绵蚜仍在蔓延。但云南过去未对苹果绵蚜生物学进行过系统研究。作者根据生产需要,对苹果绵蚜的有关生物学进行了观察研究。     

苹果绵蚜防治技术研究简报

苹果绵蚜 ( Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann)俗称绵虫、棉花虫、血色蚜虫 ,是我国规定的植物检疫性有害生物 ,也是苹果属 ( Malus)果树的重要害虫。该虫在烟台发生较普遍 ,为害较严重 ,并有逐渐向非发生地区扩散蔓延为害趋势。为寻找经济、快速、有效的防治方法 ,笔者多年进行了这方面的研究 ,取得显著的效果 ,现简报如下 :1材料与方法在山东海阳、蓬莱、莱州等选择苹果绵蚜发生较重的老果园 ,树龄 2 0 - 30年之间 ,树势中等。供试药剂为 4 0 %氧化乐果乳油 (山东张店农药厂 )。设 5个处理 ,分别是 :( 1 )涂干 :在距地面 50 cm左右的主干处 …     

苹果绵蚜为害产量损失测定

苹果绵蚜为害苹果的树干、枝,新稍及根部,从中吸取大量营养,使寄主生长发育不良,产量降低。经测定苹果绵蚜发生群落数与造成的产量呈负相关,而与产量损失率成正相关,在苹果单株产量108．19～154．20kg,苹果绵蚜群落数±30～＞150个的情况下,小国光和青香蕉品种的产量损失率分别为4．10％～38．81％和7．5％～32．04％。     

植物基因转化技术在苹果遗传改良中的应用

近年来,苹果基因转化技术研究取得了较大进展,本文从转化体系,选择标记,报告基因及目的基因的遗传学行为等方面综述了苹果遗传转化研究发展现状,着重论述了其在苹果遗传改良中的应用,并对植物基因转化技术在莱果上的应用前景和应注意的几个问题进行了讨论。     

Mechanisms of woolly aphid [Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.)] resistance in apple

Abstract:  The sourcing of new resistant accessions and understanding their resistance mechanisms are significant aspects of a breeding strategy for durable resistance. Resistance of a number of apple accessions to the woolly apple aphid (WAA) [ Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.)] was assessed based on the biological parameters of the insect. Two experiments were conducted under glasshouse conditions in two consecutive years during January–February of 2002 and 2003. In Expt 1 in 2002, settlement, development and survival of the aphids were assessed on five apple accessions [Roter Eiserapfel (RE), Freiherr von Berlepsch (FvB), Braeburn (B), Willie Sharp (WS) and Royal Gala (RG)]. RG was the most susceptible and WS the most resistant accession to WAA. RG and WS were included as references in Expt 2 in 2003, with 11 further accessions ( Malus floribunda 821 OP (open-pollinated) G01-078 (MF), Korichnoe Polosatoje OP G01-104 (KP), Geneva (G), Raritan (R), Malus 6 (M-6), Twenty Ounce (TO), Winter Majetin (WM), Aotea (A), Irish Peach (IP), Court Pendu Plat (CPP) and Colonel Vaughan (CV). Daily reproductive rate and colony establishment were added to the three paramaters assessed in Expt 1. The overall results showed resistance in G, MF, WS and KP to settlement and development with low survival at the larval stage of the aphid, whereas R showed resistance in all the parameters tested. RG and CPP have proved to be susceptible while A, WM, TO, M-6, IP and CV were partially resistant.     

栀子叶片生理特性与抗寒性的关系

以低温半致死温度(LT50)为评价指标,研究自然降温过程中栀子(Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)叶片生理特性与抗寒性的关系. 结果表明, 随气温的降低, 栀子叶片的 LT50不断降低, 由秋季9月中旬的-4.99℃降到冬季最冷 1月中旬的-8.42℃,同时叶片相对含水量、自由水和淀粉含量均不同程度下降,束缚水、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量增加.这些渗透调节物含量的适应性变化导致LT50的下降.栀子的抗寒性与气温密切相关.     

Inheritance of resistance to lettuce root aphid in the lettuce cultivars 'Avoncrisp' and 'Lakeland"

The inheritance of resistance in two lettuce cultivars to lettuce root aphid, Pemphigus bursarius, was studied in a series of laboratory and field experiments at Wellesbourne between 1989 and 1992. A source of total resistance in the cv. ‘Avoncrisp’ which is linked to the downy mildew resistance gene Dm6, was shown to be governed by a single dominant gene. There were no maternal effects evident in the inheritance of this resistance. The basis of the high level of resistance which exists in the cv. ‘Lakeland’ (formerly known as ‘Jubilee’) was also shown to be controlled by the same dominant gene. The linkage between Dm6 and root aphid resistance was broken in ‘Lakeland’ as this cultivar does not possess the Dm6 gene. The linkage was presumably broken when the original cross between the parents of cv. ‘Lakeland’, ‘Calmar’ and ‘Avoncrisp’ was made. Under laboratory conditions small numbers of aphids commence development on cv. ‘Lakeland’ but colonies fail to develop and under field conditions the resistance provides adequate Protectión against the pest. The resistance in both ‘Avoncrisp’ and ‘Lakeland’ was effective against a population of lettuce root aphid collected from an endive crop in southern France as well as being effective against the Wellesbourne population of this aphid.     

山楂叶螨在苹果不同品种上的生长发育及繁殖

室内试验结果表明 ,山楂叶螨TetrancychusvienensisZacher在苹果不同品种上的生长发育和繁殖有较大的差异。其中在红星上存活率高 ,发育速度快 ,生殖力强 ;而在秦冠上存活率低、发育速度慢、生殖力低。对山楂叶螨种群年结龄构的分析表明 ,卵在种群中所占比例较高 ,而成虫所占比例甚低 ,建议在对其进行防治时选用杀卵力强的药剂     

Screening for resistance in apple cultivars to lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, and greenheaded leafroller, Planotortrix octo, and its relationship to field damage

The mature leaves of 38 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) (Rosaceae) cultivars were screened for resistance to laboratory colonies of Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) and Planotortrix octo Dugdale (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by measuring larval survival and development rate, and pupal weight, in no‐choice laboratory bioassays in early summer. There were few cultivar effects on larval mortality but Nevis 1, A40R04T119, and ‘Sir Prize’ reduced survival of E. postvittana. Effects on development time and weight were correlated, and were integrated into a single measure of resistance R_c. R_c varied greatly between cultivars for both leafroller species, and identified 15 and 11 cultivars with partial resistance to E. postvittana and P. octo, respectively. A further experiment with three of the cultivars in midsummer, using the laboratory colonies in comparison with new colonies (from field collected larvae), produced similar results for E. postvittana, but there was no survival of new colony P. octo larvae on two cultivars. These results for P. octo are consistent with other recent research showing extreme cultivar resistance and critical colony and seasonal influences. A series of 4‐year field trials with the 38 cultivars showed poor correlation between laboratory and field resistance for the dominant leafroller species in the field, E. postvittana. The combined data, however, identified ‘Red Dougherty’, ‘Sir Prize’, and A40R04T119 as potentially useful in breeding for resistance to this species. The implications of these findings for integrated pest management (IPM) programmes and for the breeding of leafroller‐resistant apple cultivars are discussed.     

银杏苗期生理生化指标的变异和选择研究

对银杏家系间的苗期生理生化和生长指标进行测定,并对生理生化指标与生长指标的相关关系进行研究。结果初步表明家系间生理生化指标、生长指标差异显著;叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和单株生物量、苗高达到了极显著正相关水平;多酚氧化酶活性与单株生物量、苗高的相关系数达到极显著负相关水平。可以初步确定硝酸还原酶、多酚氧化酶为银杏苗木早期选择指标。     

糜子育成品种苗期抗旱性评价与鉴定指标筛选

在年降雨量不足40 mm的敦煌市,对我国不同地区育成的56份糜子品种,采用反复干旱法进行了苗期抗旱性鉴定,利用反复干旱存活率和抗旱性综合评价值D的聚类结果筛选出一级抗旱品种4份,分别是陇糜5号、吉3、蒙粳糜1号和蒙粳糜7号;配对t测验显示:反复干旱胁迫后糜子苗高、植株含水量、单株叶面积、生物学产量分别降低了16.097 cm、0.393 g/株、10.358 cm2/株、0.075 g/株,差异达到了极显著水平,而根长、相对生长率反向增加了0.555 cm、3.213%;主成分分析中,植株含水量、生物学产量、单株叶面积3个指标在第1主成分中起决定作用(系数均≥0.881),且与两种抗旱评价参数值相关性均达到了极显著水平,因此,确定植株含水量、生物学产量、单株叶面积作为糜子苗期抗旱性鉴定1级指标。     

大豆蚜危害胁迫对大豆叶片几个重要生理指标的影响

大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura是为害大豆(Glycine max)的重要害虫,已给我国大豆生产造成了较为严重的经济损失。本研究通过测定大豆蚜危害胁迫后大豆叶片可溶性蛋白、非可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量及2种防御性酶——过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的动态变化,探讨大豆蚜危害胁迫对大豆叶片几个重要生理指标的影响。研究结果表明,受到大豆蚜危害胁迫的大豆叶片与未受为害叶片中所含可溶性蛋白含量存在极显著差异(t0.01=11.814,df=4,P<0.01),且前者较后者含量明显增高1.73mg·g-1。与之相比较,非可溶性蛋白与可溶性糖含量分别在此两处理间无显著差异(t0.05=-1.104,df=4,P>0.05;t0.05=-2.639,df=4,P>0.05)。此外,受到大豆蚜危害胁迫的大豆叶片较未受为害叶片中所含POD活性有所升高,但在两处理间POD活性无显著差异(t=-2.639,df=4,P>0.05)。同时,受到大豆蚜危害的大豆叶片较未受为害的大豆叶片中CAT活性增强。本研究有助于揭示大豆蚜对大豆的危害机理,评价不同大豆品种对大豆蚜虫危害的耐受程度,也为大豆抗虫品种选育以及大豆蚜的可持续控制提供理论依据。