上海城市化地区孤岛状山体残存植被特征

以高度城市化的孤岛状山体——建设中的上海辰山植物园保育区常绿落叶阔叶混交林为对象,研究人工林经过近50年低干扰和自然发育后的物种组成、区系地理成分、群落结构和多样性特征。结果表明：辰山植物区系以泛热带和北温带占优势,具有典型亚热带和温带成分交汇和南北植物分布交错特征;但保育区内种类单一,维管束植物仅有49科69属94种;主要群落是以枫香、刺槐、臭椿、三角枫和朴树等为优势树种的落叶阔叶林,以香樟和秃瓣杜英等为优势树种的常绿阔叶林,以及毛竹林;物种多样性普遍较低,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高为刺槐+香樟群落（1.757）,Simpson均匀度指数最高值为毛竹+三角枫群落（0.163）;多样性指数曲线和均匀度指数曲线不具有一致性的变化趋势;多数群落垂直结构中无明显林下分层现象;演替前期的落叶乔木种群后续个体不足。长期孤岛状隔离所导致的种源补充缺乏,人为干扰导致的群落景观结构发生局部或整体变化,均使现阶段辰山残存植被地带性更新苗不足、群落发育不充分以及生态系统稳定性低;从森林植被保育和群落进展演替考虑,可利用较好的林下生境条件,适当引进苦槠、青冈等地带性植被优势种,将落叶阔叶林诱导为常绿落叶阔叶混交林。     

基于1公顷样地的上海崇明岛人工林草本植物多样性及其对林冠结构的响应

为了研究城市森林草本植物多样性及其与冠层结构的关系,本文对上海崇明岛人工林1公顷样地的草本植被结构进行了调查分析,结果表明:(1)样地内共有草本植物40种,分属20科39属,以菊科种为主。(2)不同群落林下草本植被组成有明显差异,各群落林下草本植被优势种不同,物种多样性指数也不一样。香樟群落林下草本植物多样性指数最大,重阳木群落林下草本植物多样性指数最低。各指数变化趋势一致,均表现为常绿阔叶林(香樟林)落叶针阔混交林(水杉-重阳木林)落叶阔叶林(梧桐林)落叶阔叶林(重阳木林)。(3)同一群落林下草本植被组成有差异,不同密度梯度以及不同郁闭度梯度下各草本植被物种多样性指数均呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

广西的南桦林和西桦林及其演替趋向

在亚热带地区,当常绿阔叶林或山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林被砍伐后,桦木常常迅速侵入并发展成林,构成亚热带落叶阔叶林的一种重要类型,在自然发展过程中,它们又将向原来的森林类型恢复和演变。本文重点介绍了广西南桦林和西桦林的一些群落类型及其演替替向、期待发挥它们在林业建设中应有的作用。     

广西光皮桦林的分类和演替

光皮桦林是常绿阔叶林或山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林遭受砍伐后,在保护较好的情况下自然恢复起来的一种演替系列群落,属亚热带落叶阔叶林的一种类型。本文通过群落分类研究,划分出３个群丛纲和１１个群丛。从这些群丛的外貌、结构和种类成分的变化,可确定其演替的趋向和所处阶段,是合理经营管理它的科学依据。     

东喜马拉雅南翼山地的半常绿阔叶林

在世界具有湿润和半湿润气候的地区,广泛生长着由各类阔叶乔木组成的森林。在植被分类系统中,学者们根据其群落的生态外貌、区系组成等特点,将它们划分为常绿阔叶林,硬叶常绿阔叶林,落叶阔叶林和常绿、落叶阔叶混交林,雨林,季风雨林,红树林等几种不同的植被类型。1982年8月—1983年9月,我参加中国科学院南迦巴瓦峰登山科学考察队,在东喜马拉雅南坡的墨脱县进行越冬考察时,发现了一种与上述各类型都不     

不同群落冠层环境下紫耳箭竹笋期生长发育研究

对金佛山国家级自然保护区内3个不同类型群落(落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林)下紫耳箭竹(Fargesia decurvata J. L. Lu)幼笋的生长发育进行研究。结果显示:(1)落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林下的紫耳箭竹出笋期早而长,历时110 d,出笋量大,出笋率高;常绿阔叶林下的出笋期晚而短,历时88 d,出笋量少,出笋率低;常绿落叶阔叶混交林中出笋量最大。(2)出笋期分为3个阶段:初期、盛期和末期,各群落中的紫耳箭竹进入每个时期的时间有所差异,常绿落叶阔叶混交林中最早进入出笋盛期,落叶阔叶林次之,常绿阔叶林最迟。出笋盛期也是退笋的高峰期,退笋率的大小为:常绿落叶阔叶混交林落叶阔叶林常绿阔叶林。(3)同一群落冠层环境下,紫耳箭竹不同时期出土的幼笋地径无显著差异。在落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林林冠环境中,各时期出土的幼笋地径间无显著差异,但均显著大于常绿阔叶林(P 0.05)。(4)紫耳箭竹幼笋出土后80 d左右完成高生长过程,且符合Logistic方程,呈"慢-快-慢"的生长趋势。高生长速率为:常绿落叶阔叶混交林落叶阔叶林常绿阔叶林,且差异显著(P 0.05)。(5)紫耳箭竹的克隆繁殖与分株密度间有密切关系。随着分株密度的增加,出笋数量增加,成竹数量降低。本研究表明不同群落冠层环境下紫耳箭竹生长发育存在显著差异,在常绿落叶阔叶混交林中发育最好,常绿阔叶林中发育最差,种群密度对竹类的更新发展起重要调节作用。     

鄂西南两个自然保护区亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林类型及其常绿和落叶物种组成结构分析

为深入研究亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林的生物多样性维持机制, 合理保护与利用此类森林植被, 以鄂西南两个自然保护区——星斗山和木林子典型的亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林为研究对象, 在野外样方调查的基础上进行了群落数量分类和排序, 分析了常绿和落叶物种比例随群落类型及环境因子变化的规律。研究结果表明: (1)将鄂西南两个自然保护区的亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林划分为5个群落类型: 即青冈-翅柃+尖连蕊茶(Cyclobalanopsis glauca-Eurya alata + Camellia cuspidata)群落(I)、川陕鹅耳枥+青冈-翅柃(Carpinus fargesiana + Cyclobalanopsis glauca-Eurya alata)群落(II)、川陕鹅耳枥+青冈-水马桑(Carpinus fargesiana + Cyclobalanopsis glauca-Weigela japonica)群落(III)、光叶水青冈+多脉青冈-翅柃(Fagus lucida + Cyclobalanopsis multinervis-Eurya alata)群落(IV)和川陕鹅耳枥+交让木+包果柯-翅柃(Carpinus fargesiana + Daphniphyllum macropodum + Lithocarpus cleistocarpus-Eurya alata)群落(V); (2)常绿和落叶物种的丰富度、多度、胸高断面积及重要值等指标随群落类型而变化。在群落II、III和V中落叶物种占优势, 而在群落I和IV中二者无显著差异; (3)各类型群落在小径级(1-5 cm)内落叶物种的丰富度大于常绿物种, 但多度、胸高断面积和重要值大都小于常绿物种。在中径级(5-10 cm)内, 群落I和群落IV的各项指标都表现为常绿物种大于落叶物种, 而群落II、群落III和群落V的则相反。在大径级(≥ 10 cm)内, 各群落类型的落叶物种都占显著优势, 其各项指标大于常绿物种; (4)海拔、坡度、坡向、土壤氮含量和土壤磷含量是影响各群落类型内常绿和落叶物种比例变化的主导因子。     

后河自然保护区常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落学特征研究

研究了后河国家级自然保护区常绿落叶阔叶混交林的区系特点、群落学特征。结果表明 :后河国家级自然保护区常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落物种丰富 ,有 110科 2 88属 5 34种 ,科的分布型以热带类型为主 ,属的分布型温带类型占优势 ,反映该群落区系以温带为主的亚热带区系特点 ;该混交林主要由以单叶、中型叶及非全缘叶为主的常绿、落叶阔叶高位芽植物组成 ,群落层次分明 ,从上至下 ,落叶阔叶树种所占比例逐渐减少 ,常绿阔叶树种比例逐渐增加 ;除两低海拔样地外 ,多样性变化幅度较小 ,各样地的物种多样性指数变化趋势基本一致。     

粤西南亚热带森林演替过程中的生物量与净第一性生产力动态

以粤西黑石顶自然保护区为对象,探讨了南亚热带森林群落演替系列上3个主要演替阶段的代表类型：针叶林(马尾松群落)、针阔混交林(马尾松+吊皮椎+木荷+枫香群落)、南亚热带常绿阔叶林(粘木+小叶胭脂+光叶红豆+黄果厚壳桂群落)的生物量和净第一性生产力及其分配规律。结果表明,针叶林生物量为246．697t·hm^-2,净第一性生产力为14．715t·hm^-2·yr^-1;针阔混交林生物量为287．367t·hm^-2,净第一性生产力为17．179t·hm^-2·yr^-1;常绿阔叶林生物量为357．976t·hm^-2,净第一性生产力为18．730t·hm^-2·yr^-1,可见黑石顶自然保护区南亚热带3种森林群落的发展阶段已比较接近,即针叶林、针阔混交林较为成熟,常绿阔叶林相对年轻,在不受或低度外界干扰的情况下,随着森林群落的正向演替,其生物量和净第一性生产力均呈增加趋势。     

桂林岩溶石山落叶阔叶林种类组成及其环境解释

为了解落叶阔叶林森林植被的群落类型和组成结构,该文在桂林阳朔县和灵川县岩溶生境典型的落叶阔叶林内设置49个20 m×20 m的随机样方,在野外调查基础上进行群落数量分类和排序,对其群落类型进行划分,并对不同类型的群落种类组成、结构及其分布与环境因子的耦合关系进行分析.结果表明:(1)桂林岩溶石山落叶阔叶林可划分为3个群...     

上海环城林带景观美学评价及优化策略

选取上海环城林带7种植物群落,采用美景度评判法,从林内景观和林外景观2个空间层次和春、夏、秋、冬4个季节,应用数量化理论Ⅰ建立了美景度和各景观因子类目之间的景观评价与预测的多元回归模型,分析了群落的结构特征和季相特征对林内景观以及外貌特征对林外景观的影响,并提出相应的优化对策。结果表明:(1)群落结构特征对林内景观的影响主要因子为胸径(平均胸径和胸径变异系数)、郁闭度和疏透度。在春季,林内美景度随着树木胸径增大而增加;在夏季,郁闭度增大会提升林内美景度;在秋季,胸径变异小的群落具有更高的林内观赏性;在冬季,疏透度对林内景观美景度影响最大。(2)群落季相特征对林内景观的影响,在各季节表现亦不同。在春季,黄色、紫色等明度较高的色相和开花量适中的群落美景度最佳;在夏季,生长势好、林冠层变化小以及树干清晰度高的群落具较高的美景度,且观花可显著提高夏季林内美景度;在秋季,色彩越纯美景度越高;而在冬季,树皮颜色深的群落美景度高。(3)群落外貌特征对林外景观有显著影响,其中林冠线对林外景观美景度影响最大,其次为林缘线。具有起伏不大林冠线和自然流畅林缘线的植物群落美景度高。旨在通过对典型植被群落不同季相的美景度评价,对上海环城林带的群落景观进行定量的评价,进而为不同情景下的群落结构优化提出相应的对策,为城市森林的群落建构与管理提供科学依据。     

The effects of vegetation types and microhabitats on carabid beetle community composition in cool temperate Japan

The effects of vegetation types and environmental factors on carabid beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) communities were studied. Carabid beetles were collected using pitfall traps (total 2844 trapping days) and seven microenvironmental factors were measured in four vegetation types: grassland, natural evergreen coniferous forest (Pinus densiflora), deciduous broad-leaved natural forest (Quercus crispula, Betula platyphylla, Alnus japonica, or Fagus crenata), and deciduous coniferous plantation (Larix kaempferi) in cool temperate Japan. These four vegetation types provided a novel comparison between natural forests and plantations because the vast majority of related studies have investigated only deciduous broad-leaved natural forests and evergreen coniferous plantations. PERMANOVA indicated that vegetation types affected carabid community composition. Ordination plots showed that community composition differed greatly between grassland and forest vegetation types, but that community composition in the plantation forest overlapped with that of natural forest types. Characteristics differentiating the grassland included a high proportion of winged species and a low mean carabid body weight. Among the examined environmental factors, litter depth, soil water content, and depth of the soil A-horizon had large effects on carabid communities. These results suggest that the effect of afforestation on carabid communities in cool temperate Japan might be insignificant compared with the effects of cover types (deciduous vs. evergreen) and microenvironmental factors.     

Ecosystem functions in degraded riparian forests of southeastern Kenya

Species community structures shape ecosystem functions, which are mostly stronger pronounced in intact than in degraded environments. Riparian forests in semiarid Africa provide important habitats for endangered plant and animal species and provide various ecosystem functions, that is, services to people settling along these streams. Most of these riparian forests are severely disturbed by human activities and dominated by invasive exotic plant species in the meanwhile. Thus, ecosystem functions are negatively influenced. While most studies have analyzed a specific metric to measure the degree of ecosystem function, little is known about how strongly different ecosystem functions respond to anthropogenic disturbances in parallel. In this study, we analyzed a set of four proxies of ecosystem functions, ground‐dwelling arthropod abundances, pollination, seed dispersal, and predation, along a highly disturbed riparian forest in southeastern Kenya. We assessed the land cover and land use manually and with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. Our data show that ecosystem functions respond differently to vegetation cover, human disturbances, and the availability of the invasive exotic shrub Lantana camara. The occurrence of representatives from the groups Saltatoria and Formicidae profits from heterogeneous habitat structures and natural riparian forest, while representatives of the Araneae profit from high proportion of agricultural fields. In general, predation is higher in mixed land use and natural riparian forest, while pollination and seed dispersal showed no significant trend in regard on land coverage. Along with this, predation also increased with rising proportion of natural riparian forest, while the proportion of agricultural land negatively affects predation, but in parallel showed a slightly significant positive trend with seed dispersal. Human disturbances and the occurrence of the invasive exotic L. camara shrub did not significantly affect our metrics of ecosystem functioning, except of the negative impact of human disturbances on pollinators. In conclusion, our results underpin that ecosystem functions respond highly variable and individually to environmental changes.     

Composition and spatio-temporal changes of soil macroinvertebrates in the biodiversity hotspot of northern Hengduanshan Mountains, China

Aims

The aim of this study was to analyze the composition and spatio-temporal variation of soil macroinvertebrate communities in the northern Hengduanshan Mountains, Southwest China.

Methods

The soil macroinvertebrates were investigated in April, August and November of 2008 in two deciduous broad-leaved forests: secondary shrub forest (SSF) and Betula albosinensis forest (BSF), two coniferous forests: Picea asperata plantation (PAP) and Abies fabri and Larix kaempferi mixed forest (ALF), a coniferous (A. fabri) and broad leaf (B. albosinensis) mixed forest (ABF) and a subalpine meadow (SM) at elevations of 2659 to 3845 m.

Results

The soil macroinvertebrate community showed typical zonal characteristics compared with other localities in China. It comprised at least 113 taxa and was dominated by Insects (43.33%, mainly Coleoptera and Diptera), followed by Diplopoda (16.37%), Malacostraca (14.31%), Oligochaeta (12.71%) and Chilopoda (6.67%). Abundances of each taxa showed clear differences among habitats. Community abundance ranged from 71.56 individuals/m² in the PAP to 148.00 individuals/m² in the SM. The composition and structure of the soil macroinvertebrate communities varied among the six habitats and changed with the sampling periods. The richness, abundance and Shannon index of soil macroinvertebrate communities were significantly different among habitats, but not between sampling periods. Significant temporal responses in abundance were recorded in the SSF and BSF and the Shannon index for the SM. Further analysis showed that the abundance of the seven taxonomic groups also differed significantly among habitats, but that sampling period only had significant effects on a few taxonomic groups. Patterns of temporal variation in abundance differed among the seven taxonomic groups, even when the same taxa also differed markedly among habitat types. On the whole, these temporal variations in abundance on community and taxa group levels were greater in the SSF and BSF than in the PAP, ABF, ALF and the SM. However, the habitat had a stronger effect on soil macroinvertebrates than the sampling period. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between the abundance, richness and Shannon index of soil macroinvertebrate community and plant species richness, but not with soil properties or elevation. Additionally, more taxonomic groups were significantly influenced by the litter mass and plant coverage, but few with soil properties.

Conclusions

Plant community was the main environmental determinant influencing macroinvertebrate distribution in ecosystem of the northern Hengduanshan Mountains and presented a greater effect on the soil macroinvertebrates than soil properties or elevation. The temporal effects on soil macroinvertebrates were stronger in the deciduous broad-leaved forests than in the coniferous forests.     

Community structures of Mesostigmata, Prostigmata and Oribatida in broad-leaved regeneration forests and conifer plantations of various ages

The community structures of Mesostigmata, Prostigmata, and Oribatida in the soil of broad-leaved regeneration forests and conifer plantations of various ages were assessed alongside soil and plant environmental variables using three response metrics (density, species richness, and species–abundance distribution). The density and species richness of mites recovered swiftly after clear-cutting or replanting. Oribatid mites dominated the soil mite communities in terms of densities and species richness for both forest types. Soil mite communities in broad-leaved forests was related to forest age, the crown tree communities index, and forest-floor litter weight. In contrast, soil mite communities in the conifer plantation sites were related to various indices of understory plants. The development of the understory plants was synchronized with the silvicultural schedules, including a closed canopy and thinning. Such a conifer plantation management may affect indirectly the community of mites.     

城市森林碳汇及其抵消能源碳排放效果——以广州为例

城市森林及其管理相关政策作为减少CO₂排放的有效策略得到了较为广泛的关注。采用材积源生物量方程与净初级生产力方法来定量分析了广州市城市森林碳储量和碳固定量,根据化石能源使用量及其碳排放因子核算了广州城市能源碳排放,最后评估了城市森林碳抵消效果。结果显示广州市城市森林碳储量为654.42×10⁴t,平均碳密度为28.81 t/hm²,而森林碳固定量为658732 t/a,平均固碳率为2.90 t·hm^-2·a^-1。2005-2010年广州市年均能源碳排放则达到2907.41×10⁴t。广州城市森林碳储量约为城市年均能源碳排放的22.51%,其通过碳固定年均能够抵消年均碳排放的2.27%,不过从城市森林综合效益来看其仍是城市低碳发展重要举措之一。分析了林型组成和林龄结构对于广州森林碳储量和碳固定量的影响,并从森林管理角度为城市森林碳汇提升提出建议。这些结果和讨论有助于评估城市森林碳汇在抵消碳排放中所起的效果。     

Effects of environmental and spatial gradients on Quercus-dominated Mountain forest communities in the Hindu-Kush ranges of Pakistan

Quercus-dominated forests are among the most important broad-leaved evergreen forests of the Hindu Kush ranges and are currently prone to drastic anthropogenic and climatic changes. The aim of this study was to provide basic data for the development of a regional oak forest ecosystem framework for ecological restoration and management plan development to maintain local peoples’ livelihoods. Hence, we analyzed distribution patterns and environmental factors that affect regional oak forests’ species composition and diversity. Ward’s Agglomerative clustering divided oak-dominated forest communities into three groups: i.e., Group I, dominated by Quercus baloot had an importance value index (IVI) of 89.87 ± 4.31, Group II, dominated by Quercus dilatata had an IVI of 32.16 ± 15.01, and Group III, dominated by Quercus oblongata had an IVI of 83.14 ± 4.67, respectively. The environmental factors which vary significantly within these communities were latitude, elevation, clay content and bulk density of the soil. Wilting point, saturation point, and electrical conductivity were also considered as ecosystem structural variables. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that community structure was affected by various environmental factors including precipitation, slope angle, elevation, clay content, and relative humidity.     

川西亚高山三种天然次生林土壤微生物多样性变化特征

开展川西亚高山相似土壤母质背景下天然次生林土壤微生物群落结构及其多样性探究,可加深次生林更新过程中土壤微生物群落结构变化的认知。选取川西米亚罗林区20世纪60年代采伐后经自然更新恢复形成的3种天然次生林（槭-桦阔叶林,ABB;桦-槭-冷杉针阔混交林,BAA;岷江冷杉林,AFF）,分析林下表层（0-20 cm）土壤微生物群落结构变化及其影响因素,结果显示：（1）3种林型土壤细菌Chao1和Shannon指数均极显著高于真菌,但仅真菌群落的Shannon指数差异显著,表现为BAA > ABB > AFF;（2）细菌群落优势门主要为变形杆菌门、酸杆菌门、疣微菌门、拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门,相对丰度占比超过82%;真菌群落则为子囊菌门和担子菌门,占比超过85%,AFF担子菌门相对丰度最高而子囊菌门最低。（3） RDA分析显示,土壤pH和乔木物种多样性（Shannon指数）是影响微生物群落结构变化的主导因子;土壤养分元素对细菌群落影响不显著,真菌群落主要受TN、TP含量显著影响。总体上,林型间乔木层物种多样性、土壤酸碱度及其氮磷含量是导致微生物群落结构变化的关键因素。     

文峪河上游河岸林群落类型及其生态适应性

以文峪河上游河岸林为研究对象,采用TWINSPAN法对研究地区河岸林进行群落分类,对各群落类型特征进行分析.在提出河岸林群落生态功能适应性指标的基础上,对研究地区河岸林群落进行生态功能适应性分组.通过研究,文峪河上游河岸林可划分为阔叶混交林、华北落叶松阔叶混交林、云杉落叶松混交林、云杉阔叶混交林、阔针混交林、油松阔叶混交林、青杨林、沙棘灌丛和柳树灌丛等9个群落类型,但群落类型之间的分异性总体表现不高,且表现出突出的多样性特征;群落乔木层和灌木层的物种组成复杂,草本层多为一些耐干扰种和耐水湿种,总体上越远离河岸,高地群落中的物种比例越高,表现出高地森林与河流之间生态过渡带的典型特点和河岸带生态环境的高度异质性;根据本文构建的群落的生态功能适应性指标,研究地区9个河岸林群落类型可以划分为强入侵性功能组、中等入侵性功能组、弱入侵性功能组和高逃避性功能组等4个生态适应性功能组,不同生态适应性功能组的群落中,乔木层和灌木层的主要物种具有明显不同的生态对策,而草本层物种的差异不明显.     

Invasion of Ligustrum lucidum (Oleaceae) in the southern Yungas: Changes in habitat properties and decline in bird diversity

Ligustrum lucidum is the major exotic tree in NW Argentina montane forests (Yungas). To assess the effects of its expanding invasion on avian communities we (1) measured different habitat properties (vertical forest structure and composition, vegetation cover, light availability, air temperature, air relative humidity and soil litter depth), (2) compared bird species composition and diversity in Ligustrum-dominated and native-dominated secondary forests and (3) analyzed seasonal patterns and changes in these variables between forest types. The study was conducted during 2010–2011 wet and dry seasons, at two altitudinal zones: 500–800 and 1100–1450 masl. Compared with native forests, Ligustrum dominated forests had a more homogeneous vertical forest structure and denser canopy cover (resulting in lower understory solar radiation), significantly lower understory cover and lower litter depth. Air temperature and relative humidity did not differ between forests in either season. Solar radiation was higher in the dry season in both forest types, but litter depth showed opposite patterns between seasons depending on forest type. We recorded 59 bird species in 21 families. Bird species abundance, richness and diversity indexes were significantly lower in Ligustrum-dominated relative to native forests of similar successional age, which had almost twice as many species as the former. Avian communities differed between altitudinal zones, but the difference was stronger between Ligustrum and native-dominated forests. Avian community composition was less variable in time and space in native forests than in Ligustrum-dominated ones. Our results suggest that L. lucidum invasion generates structurally homogeneous and simpler forests that represent a less suitable habitat for a diverse avifauna. This illustrates the wide ecological changes (from habitat properties and ecosystem functioning to vertebrate community composition) that the subtropical mountain forests of Argentina are experiencing with this invasion.