适于基因组测序的高纯度的大豆线粒体基因组DNA提取方法

为满足高通量二代测序要求,本研究采用大豆黄花苗为试材,结合差速离心、蔗糖密度梯度离心及超速离心方法提取高纯度大豆线粒体基因组DNA(mt DNA)。结果表明,差速离心能够有效去除核基因组掺杂;超速离心与蔗糖密度梯度离心结合能够有效去除叶绿体污染。提取的mt DNA经琼脂糖凝胶电泳、紫外光度计检测及叶绿体和细胞核特异性引物检测表明,该方法提取的大豆mt DNA无叶绿体DNA及核DNA污染,且纯度高,可满足测序等对线粒体高纯度的要求,为研究大豆线粒体相关性状的机理奠定了坚实基础。     

线粒体基因组的高通量测序策略

综述了高通量测序技术在线粒体全基因组测序中的策略,利用该技术对线粒体全基因组进行序列测定的方法可以归纳为两种,一种是先对目标mt DNA进行富集,包括mt DNA的提取纯化,目标区域PCR扩增法以及特异性探针杂交富集法(可分为基于微阵列和基于PCR探针的杂交富集法),然后对富集出的线粒体DNA进行高通量测序;另一种是先从待测样本的基因组高通量数据中挖掘出线粒体基因组序列信息,之后利用诱饵序列或者近缘物种的线粒体全基因组参考序列,使用软件MITObim对其进行组装。此外,还给出了线粒体高通量测序的优化流程图和介绍了混合样品的线粒体高通量测序策略。     

野鼠肝线粒体DNA的分离纯化

线粒体是真核细胞内重要的细胞器。线粒体DNA(简称mtDNA)是一种细胞核外的基因组。 1962年纳斯(Nass)夫妇在鸡肝线粒体中发现了纤维状DNA。1964年勒克(Luck)等首次从红色面包霉中提取了     

植物线粒体DNA质粒研究进展

本文列出了已发现的高等植物中的线粒体DNA质粒,按分子形状分为线粒体环状DNA质粒和线粒体线状DNA质粒,环状线粒体DNA质粒的特征是分子较小, 序列中有正向/反向重复序列,ORF一般较小。线状线粒体DNA质粒的特征是分子较大,末端有重复序列,5'端与蛋白质共价结合,有较长的ORF。还分别介绍了它们的复制机制、转录和起源。质粒间及质粒与核基因组、线粒体基因组、叶绿体基因组的同源性也作了介绍。最后,综述了植物线粒体DNA质粒与植物的细胞质雄性不育（CMS）之间的关系。     

哺乳类线粒体基因组

作为真核细胞的一种重要细胞器的线粒体含有独立的并自主复制和转录的DNA基因组。虽然线粒体蛋白质的大部分系核DNA编码,但有一小部分是线粒体DNA(mt DNA)编码,并由线粒体的蛋白质合成系统合成。线粒体蛋白质合成系统中的rRNA和tRNA也是mt DNA编码。mt DNA的复制、转录以及蛋白质合成系统均有其本身特点,既与非线粒体真核系统有所不同,又有别于原核细胞中者。因此,线粒体基因组的研究在生物学上有重要意义。此外,线粒体的起源和进化是许多生物学家所感兴趣的和长期争论的问题,而mt DNA的进化比较     

哺乳类线粒体基因组

作为真核细胞的一种重要细胞器的线粒体含有独立的并自主复制和转录的DNA基因组。虽然线粒体蛋白质的大部分系核DNA编码,但有一小部分是线粒体DNA(mt DNA)编码,并由线粒体的蛋白质合成系统合成。线粒体蛋白质合成系统中的rRNA和tRNA也是mt DNA编码。mt DNA的复制、转录以及蛋白质合成系统均有其本身特点,既与非线粒体真核系统有所不同,又有别于原核细胞中者。因此,线粒体基因组的研究在生物学上有重要意义。此外,线粒体的起源和进化是许多生物学家所感兴趣的和长期争论的问题,而mt DNA的进化比较     

适合于胞质基因组扩增的红麻成熟叶片DNA提取改良方法

为了从成熟红麻叶片中提取高质量、高产量的基因组DNA,针对红麻成熟叶片中多糖、多酚含量较高的特性,利用改良CTAB法及改良SDS法分别提取红麻品种福红952成熟叶基因组DNA,并通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳和紫外分光光度计测定进行DNA质量检测。结果表明:改良CTAB法提取的基因组DNA电泳时点样孔干净,条带整齐无拖带,OD260/OD280为1.9左右,产率可达1.84μg/g,其质量、产量都高于改良SDS法,所提取的DNA可用于红麻RAPD分子标记、线粒体DNA、叶绿体DNA通用引物PCR扩增。改良CTAB法是提取成熟红麻叶片DNA的有效方法,并且可用于红麻分子标记及胞质基因组学研究。     

小麂线粒体基因组全序列的测定和分析

通过建立麂属动物小麂线粒体DNA文库、鸟枪法测序,获得了小麂线粒体基因组全序列并对其基因组成、蛋白质的编码序列、tRNA基因等结构作了详细分析,这也是国内有关哺乳动物线粒体基因组全序列的首次报道。与其他哺乳动物线粒体基因组全序列的比较研究发现：全长为16 354bp的小麂线粒体基因组同样编码13种蛋白质、2种rRNA和22种tRNA,除了用于调控线粒体DNA复制和转录的D-Loop区以外,小麂线粒体基因组各基因长度、位置与其他哺乳动物相似,其编码蛋白质区域和rRNA基因与其他哺乳动物具有很高的同源性。     

蛹虫草线粒体DNA与细胞核DNA进化关系的比较

【目的】分析蛹虫草是否存在核内线粒体DNA片段,比较蛹虫草线粒体DNA与细胞核DNA的碱基变异程度及所反映的菌株间的系统发育关系。【方法】通过本地BLAST或LAST对蛹虫草线粒体基因组和核基因组进行序列相似性搜索;从10个已知线粒体基因组的蛹虫草菌株中分别扩增7个细胞核蛋白编码基因片段,并与其在14个线粒体蛋白编码基因上的碱基变异情况进行比较。【结果】蛹虫草核基因组中存在5处较短的核内线粒体DNA片段,总长只有278bp。蛹虫草核DNA的变异频率整体上高于线粒体DNA。核DNA和线粒体DNA所反映的蛹虫草菌株间的系统发育关系存在显著差异。【结论】蛹虫草线粒体DNA与核DNA间不存在长片段的基因交流,二者变异频率不同,所反映的蛹虫草菌株间的系统发育关系也有差异。本研究增加了对蛹虫草线粒体与细胞核DNA进化关系的认识。     

一种改良的大豆线粒体DNA提取方法

以大豆(Glycine max (L.) Merrill)黄化苗为材料,通过优化提取线粒体DNA(mtDNA)时差速离心过程中的离心力和离心时间,以及纯化过程中设置不同的蔗糖密度梯度和裂解液浓度,结合高盐法去除蛋白质,改良大豆mtDNA的提取方法。结果表明,该方法提取的mtDNA浓度和纯度较高,无叶绿体和核基因组DNA的污染,可用于后续大豆线粒体基因组的相关研究。     

Maternal inheritance of the mouse mitochondrial genome is not mediated by a loss or gross alteration of the paternal mitochondrial DNA or by methylation of the oocyte mitochondrial DNA

To evaluate whether the absence or modification of paternal mitochondrial DNA or methylation of the oocyte mitochondrial DNA could be the molecular basis for maternal inheritance of mitochondria in mammals, the mitochondrial genome has been analyzed in four meiotic and postmeiotic testicular cell types, and in oocytes from the mouse. All four testicular cell types including spermatozoa contain mitochondrial DNA. Between meiosis and the end of spermatogenesis the number of mitochondrial genomes per haploid genome decreases 8- to 10-fold with spermatozoa containing approximately one copy of the mitochondrial genome per mitochondrion. Restriction enzyme digestions with six different enzymes indicate no gross differences in DNA sequence in the testicular mitochondrial DNA from meiotic cells, early haploid cells, late haploid cells, and spermatozoa. By the criterion of differential digestion with the isoschizomers, MspI and HpaII, the mitochondrial DNA is not differentially methylated during spermatogenesis. No methylation differences were detected in mitochondrial DNA from sperm and oocytes following digestion with seven methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes.     

Beyond base excision repair: an evolving picture of mitochondrial DNA repair

Mitochondria are highly specialised organelles required for key cellular processes including ATP production through cellular respiration and controlling cell death via apoptosis. Unlike other organelles, mitochondria contain their own DNA genome which encodes both protein and RNA required for cellular respiration. Each cell may contain hundreds to thousands of copies of the mitochondrial genome, which is essential for normal cellular function – deviation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number is associated with cellular ageing and disease. Furthermore, mtDNA lesions can arise from both endogenous or exogenous sources and must either be tolerated or corrected to preserve mitochondrial function. Importantly, replication of damaged mtDNA can lead to stalling and introduction of mutations or genetic loss, mitochondria have adapted mechanisms to repair damaged DNA. These mechanisms rely on nuclear-encoded DNA repair proteins that are translocated into the mitochondria.Despite the presence of many known nuclear DNA repair proteins being found in the mitochondrial proteome, it remains to be established which DNA repair mechanisms are functional in mammalian mitochondria. Here, we summarise the existing and emerging research, alongside examining proteomic evidence, demonstrating that mtDNA damage can be repaired using Base Excision Repair (BER), Homologous Recombination (HR) and Microhomology-mediated End Joining (MMEJ). Critically, these repair mechanisms do not operate in isolation and evidence for interplay between pathways and repair associated with replication is discussed. Importantly, characterising non-canonical functions of key proteins and understanding the bespoke pathways used to tolerate, repair or bypass DNA damage will be fundamental in fully understanding the causes of mitochondrial genome mutations and mitochondrial dysfunction.     

Regionally Specific and Genome-Wide Analyses Conclusively Demonstrate the Absence of CpG Methylation in Human Mitochondrial DNA

Although CpG methylation clearly distributes genome-wide in vertebrate nuclear DNA, the state of methylation in the vertebrate mitochondrial genome has been unclear. Several recent reports using immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods concluded that human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has much more than the 2 to 5% CpG methylation previously estimated. However, these methods do not provide information as to the sites or frequency of methylation at each CpG site. Here, we have used the more definitive bisulfite genomic sequencing method to examine CpG methylation in HCT116 human cells and primary human cells to independently answer these two questions. We found no evidence of CpG methylation at a biologically significant level in these regions of the human mitochondrial genome. Furthermore, unbiased next-generation sequencing of sodium bisulfite treated total DNA from HCT116 cells and analysis of genome-wide sodium bisulfite sequencing data sets from several other DNA sources confirmed this absence of CpG methylation in mtDNA. Based on our findings using regionally specific and genome-wide approaches with multiple human cell sources, we can definitively conclude that CpG methylation is absent in mtDNA. It is highly unlikely that CpG methylation plays any role in direct control of mitochondrial function.     

Mitochondrial genome structure of rice suspension culture from cytoplasmic male-sterile line (A-58CMS): reappraisal of the master circle

Summary The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the cultured cells of a cytoplasmic male-sterile line (A-58CMS) of rice (Oryza sativa) was cloned and its physical map was constructed. There was structural alteration on the mitochondrial genome during the cell culture. Detailed restriction analysis of cosmid clones having mtDNA fragments suggested either that the master genome has a 100-kb duplication (the genome size becomes 450 kb) or that a master circle is not present in the genome (the net structural complexity becomes 350 kb). The physical map of plant mitochondrial genomes thus far reported is illustrated in a single circle, namely a master circle. However, no circular DNA molecule corresponding to a master circle has yet been proved. In the present report, representation of plant mitochondrial genomes and a possibility for mitochondrial genome without a master circle are discussed.     

Paternal mtDNA and Maleness Are Co-Inherited but Not Causally Linked in Mytilid Mussels

Background

In marine mussels of the genus Mytilus there are two mitochondrial genomes. One is transmitted through the female parent, which is the normal transmission route in animals, and the other is transmitted through the male parent which is an unusual phenomenon. In males the germ cell line is dominated by the paternal mitochondrial genome and the somatic cell line by the maternal. Research to date has not allowed a clear answer to the question of whether inheritance of the paternal genome is causally related to maleness.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Here we present results from hybrid crosses, from triploid mussels and from observations of sperm mitochondria in fertilized eggs which clearly show that maleness and presence of the paternal mitochondrial genome can be decoupled. These same results show that the female mussel has exclusive control of whether her progeny will inherit the mitochondrial genome of the male parent.

Conclusions/Significance

These findings are important in our efforts to understand the mechanistic basis of this unusual mode of mitochondrial DNA inheritance that is common among bivalves.     

Why do mammalian mitochondria possess a mismatch repair activity?

All nucleated mammalian cells contain mitochondrial DNA, a small (approximately 15-17 kb) circular genome found in the matrix. This molecule is present in multiple copies, with numbers routinely exceeding 1000 per cell. Many pathogenic mutations of this genome have been reported, with the vast majority being highly recessive. A mismatch repair activity has been recently described in mitochondria that shows no strand bias for correcting point mutations. What could be the physiological function of such an activity? Mammalian mtDNA is remarkable in being a patchwork of many short repeat sequences. With reference to several recent publications, we hypothesise that the function of this activity is to preserve the mitochondrial genome by repairing short loop out sequences that would otherwise be lost as mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma replicates the mitochondrial genome.     

Plant mitochondrial recombination surveillance requires unusual RecA and MutS homologs

For >20 years, the enigmatic behavior of plant mitochondrial genomes has been well described but not well understood. Chimeric genes appear, and occasionally are differentially replicated or expressed, with significant effects on plant phenotype, most notably on male fertility, yet the mechanisms of DNA replication, chimera formation, and recombination have remained elusive. Using mutations in two important genes of mitochondrial DNA metabolism, we have observed reproducible asymmetric recombination events occurring at specific locations in the mitochondrial genome. Based on these experiments and existing models of double-strand break repair, we propose a model for plant mitochondrial DNA replication, chimeric gene formation, and the illegitimate recombination events that lead to stoichiometric changes. We also address the physiological and developmental effects of aberrant events in mitochondrial genome maintenance, showing that mitochondrial genome rearrangements, when controlled, influence plant reproduction, but when uncontrolled, lead to aberrant growth phenotypes and dramatic reduction of the cell cycle.     

Mitochondrial DNA replication and repair defects: Clinical phenotypes and therapeutic interventions

Mitochondria is a unique cellular organelle involved in multiple cellular processes and is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. This semi-autonomous organelle contains its circular genome – mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA), that undergoes continuous cycles of replication and repair to maintain the mitochondrial genome integrity. The majority of the mitochondrial genes, including mitochondrial replisome and repair genes, are nuclear-encoded. Although the repair machinery of mitochondria is quite efficient, the mitochondrial genome is highly susceptible to oxidative damage and other types of exogenous and endogenous agent-induced DNA damage, due to the absence of protective histones and their proximity to the main ROS production sites. Mutations in replication and repair genes of mitochondria can result in mtDNA depletion and deletions subsequently leading to mitochondrial genome instability. The combined action of mutations and deletions can result in compromised mitochondrial genome maintenance and lead to various mitochondrial disorders. Here, we review the mechanism of mitochondrial DNA replication and repair process, key proteins involved, and their altered function in mitochondrial disorders. The focus of this review will be on the key genes of mitochondrial DNA replication and repair machinery and the clinical phenotypes associated with mutations in these genes.