玉米根V-ATPase的A亚基磷酸化位点的鉴定

以玉米(Zea mays L)根的高纯度液泡膜为材料进行的磷酸化反应表明,液泡膜蛋白的磷酸化可明显提高v型H -ATPase(V-ATPase)的ATP水解活性和H 转运活性.进一步研究表明,纯化的液泡膜蛋白能被硫代磷酸化,用V-ATPase的A亚基抗体将一条约69 kD的条带鉴定为A亚基.为了测定V-ATPase的A亚基的磷酸化位点,从硫代磷酸化的凝胶中切下A亚基条带并用胰蛋白酶彻底消化.用RP-HPLC分离纯化酶解片断,收集纯化的硫代磷酸化肽段进行质谱分析所测定的分子量为573.83 Da.A亚基胰蛋白酶彻底消化后能产生61个肽段,只有F56肽段的分子量573.66 Da与573.83 Da最接近,而且F56肽段上只有第525位的丝氨酸可以被磷酸化.因此可以确定,玉米根V-AT-Pase A亚基的潜在磷酸化位点为Ser525.就我们所知,这是首次确定植物V-ATPase A亚基的磷酸化位点.     

水稻液泡ATPase B亚基基因的克隆及其在低磷胁迫下的表达特征分析

利用抑制性扣除杂交（SSH）技术构建水稻（Oryza sativa L.）根系饥饿诱导cDNA文库,获得编码液泡ATPase（V-ATPase）B亚基的克隆,通过反转录PCR方法获得该基因的完整序列。该基因编码487个氨基酸,含有一个保守的ATP结合位点,其蛋白分子量为54.06kD,等电点为4.99。Southern印迹表明,V-ATPase B亚基基因在水稻基因组中以单拷贝形式存在。氮基酸同源性分析发现,V-ATPase B亚基是一个较为保守的蛋白亚基,其序列变化伴随生物的进化过程同步进行。Northern印迹表明,V-ATPase B亚基在水稻根系中受到磷饥饿诱导表达,磷饥饿6～12h出现表达高峰,而在叶片中表达有所滞后（24～48h）,在缺磷环境条件下,ATPase B亚基可能通过提高其表达量,进而提高质子转运活性,形成跨膜的电化学梯度,为体内储备磷跨液泡膜运输提供能量,从而提高植物体内磷的利用效率及其耐低磷的能力。     

水稻液泡ATPase B 亚基基因的克隆及其在低磷胁迫下的表达特征分析

利用抑制性扣除杂交(SSH)技术构建水稻(Oryza sativa L.)根系磷饥饿诱导cDNA文库,获得编码液泡ATPase (V-ATPase) B亚基的克隆,通过反转录PCR方法获得该基因的完整序列.该基因编码487个氨基酸,含有一个保守的ATP结合位点,其蛋白分子量为54.06 kD,等电点为4.99.Southern印迹表明,V-ATPase B亚基基因在水稻基因组中以单拷贝形式存在.氨基酸同源性分析发现,V-ATPase B亚基是一个较为保守的蛋白亚基,其序列变化伴随生物的进化过程同步进行.Northern印迹表明,V-ATPase B亚基在水稻根系中受到磷饥饿诱导表达,磷饥饿6～12 h出现表达高峰,而在叶片中表达高峰有所滞后(24～48 h).在缺磷环境条件下,ATPase B亚基可能通过提高其表达量,进而提高质子转运活性,形成跨膜的电化学梯度,为体内储备磷跨液泡膜运输提供能量,从而提高植物体内磷的利用效率及其耐低磷的能力.     

向日葵V-ATPasea3亚基基因的克隆及表达分析

采用RACE技术,从向日葵P50中克隆V-ATPase a3亚基基因c DNA全长,并进行生物信息学分析;利用实时荧光定量PCR分析不同浓度、不同时间的Na Cl、ABA和PEG模拟干旱胁迫条件下V-ATPase a3亚基基因的表达特征,以及相同胁迫条件下该基因在向日葵不同器官的表达特征。序列分析表明,该基因c DNA全长2 873bp,含5'-UTR 109bp、3'-UTR 295bp及编码区2 469bp,编码822个氨基酸,其编码蛋白质的理论分子质量为204.55k Da,等电点为6.29,Gen Bank登录号为KU315054。该基因编码的蛋白质为疏水性的跨膜蛋白,亚细胞定位预测其在质膜上。向日葵V-ATPase a3亚基与已报道的10种植物的V-ATPase a3亚基的同源蛋白有高度相似的保守区域,在进化上与朝鲜蓟的亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,向日葵受到Na Cl、ABA和PEG模拟干旱三种非生物胁迫后,V-ATPase a3亚基基因均上调表达,但表达模式不同,不同器官存在特异性表达差异。研究认为,V-ATPase a3亚基基因响应了向日葵非生物胁迫的应答,为加强对V-ATPase基因的利用奠定基础。     

心肌肌浆网膜钙泵调节蛋白——受磷蛋白的结构与功能

受磷蛋白(phospholamban,PHL)是心肌肌浆网膜钙泵的调节蛋白。它是由五个相同亚基组成的分子量为25000Da的寡聚体膜蛋白。它对心肌钙泵的调节是通过磷酸化和脱磷酸化作用来实现的。磷酸化作用使它在SDS-PAGE上表观分子量的变化显示出其亚分子结构的复杂性。本文着重介绍了在心肌兴奋-收缩偶联过程中,受磷蛋白的调节作用以及它的结构特征。     

家蚕V型ATP酶B亚基的克隆及表达特征

V型ATP酶(Vacuolar-type ATPase)是一种定位于细胞膜和细胞器膜上的氢离子转运酶。它利用ATP水解的能量将氢离子转运到液泡、囊泡或者胞外,从而维持细胞内正常的酸碱环境。V型ATP酶B亚基(V-ATPase B)作为ATP的催化位点,也有着非常重要的作用。为了探讨家蚕V-ATPase B(Bm V-ATPase B)的功能,首先从家蚕五龄幼虫的中肠c DNA中克隆了Bm V-ATPase B基因并构建原核表达载体进行原核表达,获得了重组蛋白,经质谱鉴定正确后,通过镍柱亲和层析的方法纯化了该蛋白并制备了多克隆抗体;最后分析了该蛋白在家蚕丝腺中的表达特征并利用免疫荧光对其在丝腺中的表达位置进行了定位。结果显示Bm V-ATPase B基因序列全长1 473 bp,预测蛋白分子量55 k Da,预测等电点5.3。通过Western blotting对家蚕5龄第3天和上蔟第1天幼虫丝腺的不同区段进行Bm V-ATPase B蛋白的表达特征分析,发现在两个时期该蛋白均在前部丝腺高量表达,而在中部丝腺和后部丝腺表达量相对较低。进一步对两个时期丝腺的不同区段进行免疫荧光定位,发现该蛋白在两个时期的前部丝腺、中部丝腺和后部丝腺均定位于细胞层。利用激光共聚焦显微镜对该蛋白进行进一步的定位,发现该蛋白主要在丝腺的细胞膜表达。研究结果明确了该蛋白在丝腺中的表达模式,为深入研究该蛋白在蚕丝纤维形成中的作用奠定了基础。     

糜蛋白酶提高膜蛋白质谱分析序列覆盖率的胶内消化方法

近年来,质谱技术在膜蛋白结构与功能研究中被广泛应用。由于膜蛋白的跨膜结构域含有大量疏水性氨基酸,常常导致液质串联质谱检测的序列覆盖率较低,从而限制了质谱技术在膜蛋白结构与功能研究中的应用。文中利用人的整合膜蛋白维生素K环氧化物还原酶为模型,优化胶内消化条件,建立了一种稳定提高膜蛋白质谱序列覆盖率的糜蛋白酶胶内消化方法。通过探索钙离子浓度、pH值和缓冲体系对序列覆盖率、检测特异肽段的总数和类型以及特异肽段大小的影响,发现在5–10 mmol/L钙离子浓度、pH 8.0–8.5的Tris-HCl缓冲液中,可以兼顾序列覆盖率和肽段的多样性。该方法可以使膜蛋白的质谱覆盖率达到80%以上,将在膜蛋白结构与功能、膜蛋白相互作用位点的鉴定以及膜蛋白与小分子药物结合位点的鉴定等研究中具有广泛的应用价值。     

大熊猫乳酸脱氢酶同工酶M_4的纯化与某些性质的研究

利用8-(6-氨已基)-氨基-5’-AMP Sepharose亲和层析和DEAE-Sephadex A50离子交换层析纯化了大熊猫LDH-M_4。纯化的大熊猫LDH-M_4呈针状晶体,比活为412单位/毫克。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定为一条区带。SDS凝胶电泳测得其亚基分子量为35,900;等电聚焦电泳测得其等电点为8.05。经氨基酸组成分析,得出每个大熊猫LDH-M亚基含有5个Cys,26个Lys和10个Arg。其N-末端氨基酸残基可能为封闭的,C末端氨基酸残基经测定为Phe。大熊猫LDH-M_4的TPCK-胰蛋白酶水解物在纤维素膜指纹图谱上呈现35个肽斑,与已知序列的猪LDH-M_4的指纹图谱相比较,多数肽斑位置相同,约有10个肽斑在两者指纹图谱上有差异。     

玉米根尖细胞液泡膜结合的蛋白激酶的存在及其性质

为了解液泡膜蛋白在植物细胞信号途径中的功能,用新型的非放射性同位素方法从玉米根细胞的高纯度液泡膜上鉴定出一种膜内在的蛋白激酶.这种蛋白激酶具有Ca2+依赖、CaM和磷脂酰丝氨酸不依赖等特性,与已在多种植物中报道的含有类似钙调素结构域的蛋白激酶CDPK相似.离体实验表明其活性的最适pH值为6.5,最适Ca2+浓度为10 μmol/L.从最适pH值和去污剂的影响可以推测出其活性位点朝向胞质一侧.Zn2+对其活性没有明显的抑制作用,说明该激酶缺少某些哺乳动物的蛋白激酶常含有的锌指结构.当液泡膜蛋白在Ca2+和ATP存在的条件下被预磷酸化后,液泡膜H+-ATPase的ATP水解和质子转运过程均被激活.激活的活性可以被碱性磷酸酶逆转.以上结果说明玉米根尖细胞的液泡膜中存在一种可能是CDPK的蛋白激酶.由它造成的Ca2+依赖的磷酸化作用激活了液泡膜H+-ATPase的活性.这些结果将有助于深入研究CDPK在植物细胞信号转导中的功能.     

钠离子通道β4亚基糖基化的初步研究

异常表达的糖蛋白与PD等多种神经退行性疾病有关。糖蛋白组学研究发现,电压门控钠离子通道β4亚基在PD病人脑组织中表达明显增加。为了深入探索β4亚基及其糖链在帕金森发生发展中的作用,采用PD转基因鼠对其表达进行验证,对其潜在的糖基化位点进行定点突变,构建重组表达质粒。结果发现,在新生PD转基因鼠和野生成鼠脑组织中有~38kDa蛋白条带表达,而在新生野生鼠脑组织中不表达;用PNGase F酶处理去除糖链后,~38kDa蛋白条带变成迁移速递更快的较小分子量条带,说明β4亚基是高度糖基化的蛋白,并且其糖基化与生长发育有关。将突变重组质粒转入HEK-293细胞和小鼠神经瘤细胞Neuro2A中表达,结果发现突变型质粒分子量明显低于野生型。为研究β4亚基及其糖链的功能提供了一定的实验数据并打下了基础。     

The Tonoplast H+-ATPase of Acer pseudoplatanus Is a Vacuolar-Type ATPase That Operates with a Phosphoenzyme Intermediate

The tonoplast H+-ATPase of Acer pseudoplatanus has been purified from isolated vacuoles. After solubilization, the purification procedure included size-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography. The H+-ATPase consists of at least eight subunits, of 95, 66, 56, 54, 40, 38, 31, and 16 kD, that did not cross-react with polyclonal antibodies raised to the plasmalemma ATPase of Arabidopsis thaliana. The 66-kD polypeptide cross-reacted with monoclonal antibodies raised to the 70-kD subunit of the vacuolar H+-ATPase of oat roots. The functional molecular size of the tonoplast H+-ATPase, analyzed in situ by radiation inactivation, was found to be around 400 kD. The 66-kD subunit of the tonoplast H+-ATPase was rapidly phosphorylated by [[gamma]-32P]ATP in vitro. The complete loss of radio-activity in the 66-kD subunit after a short pulse-chase experiment with unlabeled ATP reflected a rapid turnover, which characterizes a phosphorylated intermediate. Phosphoenzyme formed from ATP is an acylphosphate-type compound as shown by its sensitivity to hydroxylamine and alkaline pH. These results lead us to suggest that the tonoplast H+-ATPase of A. pseudoplatanus is a vacuolar-type ATPase that could operate with a plasmalemma-type ATPase catalytic mechanism.     

Phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of rat brain sodium channels by cAMP-dependent protein kinase at a new site containing Ser686 and Ser687

The alpha subunit of the rat brain sodium channel is phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase in vitro and in situ at multiple sites which yield seven tryptic phosphopeptides. Phosphopeptides 1-4 and 7 are derived from phosphorylation sites between residues 554 and 623 in a single large CNBr fragment from the cytoplasmic segment connecting homologous domains I and II of the alpha subunit (Rossie, S., Gordon, D., and Catterall, W. A. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 17530-17535). In the present work, antibodies were prepared against a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 676-692 (AbSP15), which contain one additional potential phosphorylation site at Ser686-Ser687 in a different predicted CNBr fragment of this same intracellular segment. AbSP15 recognizes native and denatured sodium channels specifically and immunoprecipitates phosphorylated CNBr fragments of low molecular mass that contain a new site phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Comparison of tryptic phosphopeptides derived from intact alpha subunits with those derived from the phosphorylated CNBr fragments isolated by immunoprecipitation with AbSP15 indicates that the two previously unidentified phosphopeptides 5 and 6 derived from the intact alpha subunit arise from phosphorylation of the site containing Ser686-Ser687. These results identify a new cAMP-dependent phosphorylation site and show that the major cAMP-dependent phosphorylation sites of the rat brain sodium channel, which are phosphorylated both in vitro and in intact neurons, are all located in a cluster between residues 554 and 687 in the intracellular segment between domains I and II.     

Mitosis-specific histone H3 phosphorylation in vitro in nucleosome structures

A mechanism of mitosis-specific enhancement of histone H3 phosphorylation was analyzed in vitro in terms of nucleosome structure. The incorporation of [32P]phosphate into DNA-bound H3 was approximately 5-7 times higher than in DNA-free H3 using the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The two major N-terminal serine sites, including the mitosis-specific site (Ser10) and Ser28, were extensively phosphorylated in the DNA-bound forms. These phosphorylation patterns were identical to those of nucleosomal H3. In contrast, the H3 in DNA-free octamers was very slightly phosphorylated. The major site of H3 phosphorylation in DNA-free H3 was Thr118 in the C-terminus. Results indicate that DNA-binding is essential for the high level of mitosis-specific H3 phosphorylation, and that the nucleosome structure promotes H3 N-terminal phosphorylation in vitro. It also suggests the possibility that H1 prevents H3 phosphorylation during interphase of the cell cycle.     

Phosphorylation and modulation of the enzymic activity of native and protease-cleaved purified hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase by a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase

A Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase has been purified which catalyzed the phosphorylation and concomitant inactivation of both the microsomal native (100,000 Da) and protease-cleaved purified 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) (53,000 Da) fragments. This low molecular weight brain cytosolic Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase phosphorylates histone H1, synapsin I, and purified HMG-CoA reductase as major substrates. The kinase, purified by sequential chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, calmodulin affinity resin, and high performance liquid chromatography (TSKG 3000 SW) is an electrophoretically homogeneous protein of approximately 110,000 Da. The molecular weight of the holoenzyme, substrate specificity, subunit protein composition, subunit autophosphorylation, subunit isoelectric points, and subunit phosphopeptide analysis suggest that this kinase of Mr 110,000 may be different from other previously reported Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinases. Maximal phosphorylation by the low molecular form of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase of purified HMG-CoA reductase revealed a stoichiometry of approximately 0.5 mol of phosphate/mol of 53,000-Da enzyme. Dephosphorylation of phosphorylated and inactivated native and purified HMG-CoA reductase revealed a time-dependent loss of 32P-bound radioactivity and reactivation of enzyme activity. Based on the results reported here, we propose that HMG-CoA reductase activity may be modulated by yet another kinase system involving covalent phosphorylation. The elucidation of a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent HMG-CoA reductase kinase-mediated modulation of HMG-CoA reductase activity involving reversible phosphorylation may provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis.     

Phosphorylation of maize eukaryotic translation initiation factor on Ser2 by catalytic subunit CK2

Alignment of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) sequences has shown, for plants, in contrast to most other eukaryotes, the presence of N-terminal serine residue (Ser2) which could be phosphorylated by CK2. Using point directed mutagenesis, we demonstrate here that in recombinant maize ZmeIF5Awt Ser2 is exclusively phosphorylated by catalytic subunit of CK2 (CK2α), whereas its mutated variant Ser2Ala is not phosphorylated. To shed light on the physiological significance of this Ser2 phosphorylation, transient expression of fluorescence-labeled proteins was performed in maize protoplast. Wild-type ZmeIF5A was distributed evenly between nucleus and cytoplasm, but the replacement of Ser2 by aspartic acid, which mimics the phosphorylated serine, influences its intracellular localization. We postulate that phosphorylation of Ser2 in maize eIF5A, and most probably in other plant cells, plays a role in specific regulation of nuclear export of eIF5A-bound mRNAs.     

The amino-terminal domain of the E subunit of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) interacts with the H subunit and is required for V-ATPase function

Vacuolar H(+)-ATPases (V-ATPases) are highly conserved proton pumps that couple hydrolysis of cytosolic ATP to proton transport out of the cytosol. Although it is generally believed that V-ATPases transport protons by a rotary catalytic mechanism analogous to that used by F(1)F(0)-ATPases, the structure and subunit composition of the central or peripheral stalk of the multisubunit complex are not well understood. We searched for proteins that bind to the E subunit of V-ATPase using the yeast two-hybrid assay and identified the H subunit as an interacting partner. Physical association between the E and H subunits of V-ATPase was confirmed in vitro by precipitation assays. Deletion mapping analysis revealed that a 78-amino acid fragment at the amino terminus of the E subunit was sufficient for binding to the H subunit. Expression of the amino-terminal fragments of the E subunits from human and yeast as dominant-negative mutants resulted in dramatic decreases in bafilomycin A(1)-sensitive ATP hydrolysis and proton transport activities of V-ATPase. Our data demonstrate the physiological significance of the interaction between the E and H subunits of V-ATPase and extend previous studies on the arrangement of subunits on the peripheral stalk of V-ATPase.     

Phosphorylation of basic fibroblast growth factor by purified protein kinase C and the identification of a cryptic site of phosphorylation

We have further characterized the protein kinase C (PK-C) dependent phosphorylation of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Intact recombinant basic FGF and a series of ten peptide fragments of basic FGF were phosphorylated by PK-C and the products were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. As expected, peptide fragments containing the known site of phosphorylation (Ser64) are substrates for phosphorylation. Surprisingly however, peptides containing the receptor binding domain of the mitogen [basic FGF(106-115)] are also phosphorylated. An examination of this sequence reveals the presence of a consensus sequence (Ser108-Ala109-Lys110) that mediates the reaction. Accordingly, all peptides that contain the core amino acids basic FGF(106-111) are substrates for phosphorylation. Peptide mapping of basic FGF confirms that Ser64 is the primary site of phosphorylation, suggesting that Ser108 is a cryptic consensus sequence. Because basic FGF is metabolized to sequence specific fragments after its binding and internalization into target cells, this cryptic site may in fact be phosphorylated in vivo.