人组织型基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1在Pichia pastoris酵母中重组表达研究

 为研究组织型基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂 (TIMPs)的分子作用机制 ,探讨了在 Pichia pastoris酵母中高效表达分泌型人组织型基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂 - 1 (TIMP- 1 )的技术路线 ,并对产物性质进行初步研究 .通过 PCR从含有 TIMP- 1基因的 p BS质粒获得了该基因的全长序列 ,构建了 p PIC9/T1表达载体 ,电击法转化酵母 ,通过表型筛选和 PCR鉴定证实了目的基因已稳定整合入 Pichiapastoris酵母基因组中 .SDS- PAGE表明表达量高达 40 mg/L培养上清 .用免疫印迹法确定了产物的正确性 ;同时 ,反向明胶酶谱法证明了重组蛋白具有抑制基质金属蛋白酶的活性 .     

人基质金属蛋白酶-2的表达、纯化和性质鉴定

PCR方法扩增人基质金属蛋白酶 2 (MMP 2 )不含信号肽的表达序列 ,酶切和测序鉴定正确后 ,构建酵母重组表达质粒pPIC9 MMP 2 ,电击法转化毕赤酵母 (Pichiapastoris)细胞得到阳性克隆 ,甲醇诱导获得含大量基质金属蛋白酶 2的培养上清 ,经SephacrylS 2 0 0纯化后 ,纯度达到电泳纯。明胶酶谱和SDS PAGE分析说明重组MMP 2能够降解明胶和IV型胶原 ,表明重组蛋白具有与天然MMP 2相似的底物特异性。糖基化分析和SDS PAGE表明 ,表达产物的分子量约为 5 0kD ,重组MMP 2的C 末段可能发生了降解。     

骨关节炎患者血清中基质金属蛋白酶-2、-9的明胶酶谱分析

为探讨基质金属蛋白酶-2、-9在骨关节炎发病中的作用,应用明胶酶谱分析方法研究其在骨关节炎患者血清中的表达水平。实验对象为27例膝骨关节炎患者,对照组为7例外伤骨折患者。结果发现病例组血清中基质金属蛋白酶-2和-9的表达水平均明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。该结果显示基质金属蛋白酶-2和-9可能在骨关节炎的发病过程中均起着重要的作用。     

人基质金属蛋白酶-9在酵母Pichia pastoris中的表达

基质金属蛋白酶 - 9( MMP- 9)可促进恶性肿瘤的侵袭、转移 ,并在组织重建、胚胎发育以及伤口愈合等生理过程中发挥重要作用 .为研究这一蛋白的性质 ,并以之为靶标筛选抗肿瘤转移药物 ,在酵母 Pichia pastoris中实现了重组人 MMP- 9蛋白的高效、高活性、分泌表达 .首先用 PCR扩增了 MMP- 9基因编码区 (不含信号肽序列 ) ,经测序证实后 ,将其插入 p PIC9质粒中 ,构建表达载体 .用 Li C1 - PEG法转化酵母后 ,采用明胶 -酶谱法筛选获得 5株高效分泌表达 MMP- 9的克隆 ,经PCR证实 MMP- 9基因整合在阳性克隆的染色体中 .重组蛋白分子量为 93k D,表达量为 1 0 mg/L.重组蛋白可水解明胶及 型胶原 ,并可经有机汞 APMA诱导发生自剪切 ,转换成 85k D的激活形式 ,表明重组蛋白具有与天然人 MMP- 9蛋白相似的底物水解活性和自剪切激活特性 .     

一种来自乳酸乳球菌的新型氨肽酶A的制备及特性分析

氨肽酶A(aminopeptidase A,Pep A)能特异性地水解N末端为谷氨酸(glutamic acid,Glu)或天冬氨酸(asparticacid,Asp)的肽链,提高蛋白质的水溶性和食物的风味,在食品工业和肉类加工中具有一定的应用前景。本研究采用全基因合成的方式获得了乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis ssp.lactis)IL1403氨肽酶A(Lactococcus lactis-Pep A,Lc-Pep A)的编码基因,将该基因克隆并导入毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)GS115(His4),在毕赤酵母中实现了Lc-Pep A的高效分泌表达,表达产物经鉴定和纯化制备后,进行了生物学特性的分析。结果表明,Lc-Pep A具有较强的底物特异性,对2种底物谷氨酸对硝基苯胺(glutamicacid-p-nitroaniline,Glu-pNA)和天冬氨酸对硝基苯胺(aspartic acid-p-nitroaniline,Asp-pNA)具有相似的催化活力和酶动力学参数。Lc-Pep A是一种金属蛋白酶,最适反应温度为60℃,最适pH为8.0,具有较宽的热稳定性和酸碱稳定性。金属离子Co^(2+)、Mn^(2+)及Zn^(2+)等对酶活力具有不同程度的激活作用,而Ni^(2+)和Cu^(2+)对酶活力具有强烈的抑制作用。Lc-Pep A对常规蛋白酶抑制剂不敏感,但能被金属蛋白酶抑制剂、EDTA及二硫键还原剂抑制。这些研究为Lc-Pep A的生产和指导该酶的应用打下了坚实的基础。     

TIMP-2在毕赤酵母中的克隆与表达

为了克隆人基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-2（TIMP-2）基因,并在Pichia pastoris中表达,根据GenBank上的TIMP-2的氨基酸序列和毕赤酵母偏爱密码子,通过化学合成和PCR相结合的方法获得了人的TIMP-2基因全长序列,构建了pPIC9-T2表达载体,电击转化到毕赤酵母,通过表型筛选和诱导表达得到蛋白表达工程菌,并对表达产物进行了分离纯化和生物学活性分析。     

TIMP-2在毕赤酵母中的克隆与表达*

为了克隆人基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-2(TIMP-2)基因,并在Pichia pastoris中表达,根据GenBank上的TIMP-2的氨基酸序列和毕赤酵母偏爱密码子,通过化学合成和PCR相结合的方法获得了人的TIMP-2基因全长序列,构建了pPIC9-T2表达载体,电击转化到毕赤酵母,通过表型筛选和诱导表达得到蛋白表达工程菌,并对表达产物进行了分离纯化和生物学活性分析。     

窖蛋白-1、基质金属蛋白酶-2与乳腺肿瘤的侵袭和转移

窖蛋白(caveolin)是分子量为21～24 kD的整合膜蛋白,是胞膜窖(caveolae)的标志性结构分子,其家族成员窖蛋白-1(caveolin-1,Cav-1)参与细胞内许多重要的生命活动.近来研究发现,窖蛋白-1与乳腺上皮细胞转化及乳腺癌的发生密切相关.基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)是基质降解代谢的主要酶类,几乎能降解细胞外基质和基底膜的所有成分,其家族成员明胶酶A(MMP-2)在乳腺癌的浸润和转移过程中起重要作用.新近发现,窖蛋白-1与基质金属蛋白酶-2在胞膜窖中共定位,窖蛋白-1通过抑制基质金属蛋白酶-2的激活来抑制乳腺癌的侵袭和转移,起到肿瘤抑制因子的作用.本文对窖蛋白-1与基质金属蛋白酶-2各自在乳腺肿瘤侵袭转移中的作用及两者关系的研究进行综述.     

基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-2基因的人工合成与克隆

根据GenBank报道的基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-2(TIMP-2)氨基酸序列和毕赤酵母偏爱密码子设计,通过化学方法合成得到适合在毕赤酵母中表达的目的TIMP-2基因序列,并将其克隆到质粒pPIC9中,构建了pPIC9-T2表达载体,PCR鉴定及测序结果表明得到了正确的TIMP-2基因序列。     

丙型肝炎病毒NS3蛋白酶在酵母系统中的可溶性表达

利用毕赤酵母系统表达具有催化活性的丙型肝炎病毒 (HCV)NS3蛋白酶 .将PCR直接扩增的病毒NS3丝氨酸蛋白酶基因和重组的带有辅酶的单链NS3 NS4A蛋白酶基因 ,分别插入表达载体pPICZαA的EcoRⅠ和XbaⅠ克隆位点 ,转化毕赤酵母GS115 ,可溶性表达NS3蛋白酶和单链NS3 4A蛋白酶 ;ELISA法测定表达蛋白酶的抗原性 ;原核高效表达载体pBVIL1表达酶切底物NS5A B片段 ,体外与蛋白酶共同温育 ,SDS PAGE鉴定蛋白酶催化活性 .载体测序结果表明 ,重组载体pPICZαA NS3和pPICZαA NS3 4A中的目的基因序列插入正确 ;SDS PAGE结果显示 ,培养物上清中存在分泌型目的蛋白带 ;ELISA结果证实 ,表达蛋白与HCV阳性血清有结合活性 ;蛋白酶与底物NS5A B片段不同作用时间的SDS PAGE ,看到约 2 4kD处底物条带的分解 .说明用毕赤酵母表达系统成功地表达了可溶性HCVNS3和单链NS3 4A蛋白酶 ;两种结构形式的蛋白酶在体外系统中都有催化活性 ,同时也都具有抗原性 .该研究为大量和方便地获得有催化活性的HCVNS3蛋白酶提供了有效途径 .     

Localisation of gelatinase activity in epidermal hoof lamellae by in situ zymography

 In situ gelatin zymography is a technique, which utilises a gelatin-based emulsion overlay to detect and, more importantly, localise the gelatinase activity in underlying tissue. Gelatinase A [matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)] and gelatinase B [matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)] are present in equine hoof homogenates and supernatants from cultured hoof explants by SDS-PAGE gelatin zymography, and it has been assumed that the enzymes are derived solely from matrix and epithelia and not from other sources such as leucocytes. Using in situ zymography, gelatinases are shown to be localised within the equine epidermal hoof lamellae and, more specifically, are apparently produced by epidermal basal and/or parabasal cells. The pattern of expression correlates with that expected based on the progression of pathological changes observed during the onset of laminitis, thus providing further evidence that laminitis pathology probably arises as a result of inadequate local MMP regulation. Accepted: 15 June 1998     

Identification,purification and partial characterization of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle

Bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle possesses the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) as revealed by Western immunoblot study of its cytosol fraction with bovine polyclonal TIMP-2 antibody. This potent polypeptide inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was purified to homogeneity from cytosol fraction of bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle. This inhibitor was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by gelatin sepharose and lentil lectin sepharose affinity chromatography and continuous elution electrophoresis by Prep Cell Model 491 (Bio-Rad, USA). SDS-PAGE revealed that the inhibitor has an apparent molecular mass of 21 kDa and was confirmed as TIMP-2 by (i) Western immunoblot assay using bovine polyclonal TIMP-2 antibody; and also by (ii) amino terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the purified inhibitor is found to be identical with TIMP-2 obtained from other sources. The purified 21 kDa inhibitor was found to be active against matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2, 72 kDa gelatinase) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9, 92 kDa gelatinase), the ambient MMPs in the pulmonary artery smooth muscle. The inhibitor was also found to be sensitive to the activated 72 kDa gelatinase-TIMP-2 complex and also active human interstitial collagenase. By contrast, it was found to be insensitive to the serine proteases: trypsin and plasmin. The inhibitor was heat and acid resistant and it had the sensitivity to trypsin degradation and reduction-alkylation. Treatment of the inhibitor with hydrogen peroxide, superoxide generating system (hypoxanthine plus xanthine oxidase) and peroxynitrite inactivated the inhibitor.     

Functional mimetic peptide discovery isolated by phage display interacts selectively to fibronectin domain and inhibits gelatinase

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play critical roles in a multiple number of autoimmunity diseases progression and metastasis of solid tumor. Gelatinases including MMP-2 and MMP-9 are extremely overexpressed in multiple pathological processes. MMP-9 and MMP-2 breakdown the extracellular matrix component gelatin very efficaciously. Therefore, designing and expansion of MMPs inhibitors can be an engrossing plan for therapeutic intermediacy. Anyway, a wide range of MMPs inhibitors face failure in several clinical trials. Due to sequence and structural conservation across the various MMPs, achieving specific and selective inhibitors is very demanding. In the current study, a phage-displayed peptide library was screened using active human recombinant MMP-9 protein and evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Here, we isolate novel peptide sequence from phage display peptide libraries that can be a specific gelatinase inhibitor. Interestingly, in silico molecular docking showed strong interactions between the peptide three-dimensional models and some important residues of the MMP-9 and MMP-2 proteins at the fibronectin domain. A consensus peptide sequence was then synthesized (named as RSH-12) to evaluate its inhibitory potency by in vitro assays. Zymography assay was employed to evaluate the effect of RSH-12 on gelatinolysis activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion from the HT1080 cells using different concentrations of RSH-12 and inhibiting MMP-9- and MMP-2-driven gelatin proteolysis, measured by fluorescein isothiocyanate-gelatin degradation assay and HT1080 cell invasion assay on Matrigel (gelatinous protein mixture). The negative control peptide (CP) with the irrelevant sequence and no MMP inhibition properties and the positive control compound (GM6001) as a potent inhibitor of MMPs were used to assess the selectivity and specificity of gelatinases inhibition by RSH-12. Therefore, RSH-12 decreased the gelatin degradation by specifically preventing gelatin binding to MMP-9 and MMP-2. Selective gelatinase inhibitors may prove the usefulness of the new peptide discovered in tumor targeting and anticancer and anti-inflammation therapies.     

The isolation, characterization, and molecular cloning of a 75-kDa gelatinase B-like enzyme, a member of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. An avian enzyme that is MMP-9-like in its cell expression pattern but diverges from mammalian gelatinase B in sequence and biochemical properties

We have isolated a novel 75-kDa gelatinase from a chicken macrophage cell line, HD11. Biochemical and immunological characterization of the purified enzyme demonstrated that it is distinct from the chicken 72-kDa gelatinase A (MMP-2). The enzyme is capable of specific gelatin binding and rapid gelatin cleavage. Incubation with an organomercurial compound (p-aminophenylmercuric acetate) induces proteolytic processing and activation of this enzyme, and the resultant gelatinolytic activity is sensitive to both zinc chelators and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. A full-length cDNA for the enzyme has been cloned, and sequence analysis demonstrated that the enzyme possesses the characteristic multidomain structure of an MMP gelatinase including a cysteine switch prodomain, three fibronectin type II repeats, a catalytic zinc binding region, and a hemopexin-like domain. The 75-kDa gelatinase is produced by phorbol ester-treated chicken bone marrow cells, monocytes, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, cell types that charac- teristically produce the 92-kDa mammalian gelatinase B (MMP-9). The absence of a 90-110-kDa gelatinase in these cell types indicates that the 75-kDa gelatinase is likely the avian counterpart of gelatinase B. However, the protein is only 59% identical to human gelatinase B, whereas all previously cloned chicken MMP homologues are 75-90% identical to their human counterparts. In addition, the new 75-kDa chicken gelatinase lacks the type V collagen domain that is found in all mammalian gelatinase Bs. Furthermore, the secreted enzyme appears structurally distinct from known gelatinase Bs and the activated enzyme can cleave fibronectin, which is not a substrate for mammalian gelatinase B. Thus the results of this study indicate that a second MMP gelatinase exists in chickens, and although it is MMP-9/gelatinase B-like in its overall domain structure and expression pattern, it appears to be biochemically divergent from mammalian gelatinase B.     

Effects of electromagnetic pulse exposure on gelatinase of blood–brain barrier in vitro

The biological effects of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) on the brain have been focused on for years. It was reported that gelatinase played an important role in maintaining brain function through regulating permeability in the blood–brain barrier (BBB). To investigate the effects of EMP on gelatinase of BBB, an in vitro BBB model was established using primary cultured rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC), astrocytes and half-contact culture of these cells in a transwell chamber. Cultured supernatant and cells were collected at different time points after exposure to EMP (peak intensity 400 kV/m, rise time 10 ns, pulse width 350 ns, 0.5 pps and 200 pulses). Protein levels of cellular gelatinase MMP-2 and MMP-9, and endogenous inhibitor TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were detected by Western blot. The activity of gelatinase in culture supernatant was detected by gelatin zymography. It was found that compared with the sham-exposed group, the protein level of MMP-2 was significantly increased at 6 h (p < 0.05), and the protein level of its endogenous inhibitor TIMP-2 did not change after EMP exposure. In addition, the protein levels of MMP-9 and its endogenous inhibitor TIMP-1 did not change after EMP exposure. Gelatin zymography results showed that the activity of MMP-2 in the inner pool and the outer pool of the transwell chamber was significantly increased at 6 h after EMP exposure compared with that of the sham group. These results suggested that EMP exposure could affect the expression and activity of MMP-2 in the BBB model.     

Characterization of the distinct collagen binding, helicase and cleavage mechanisms of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 14 (gelatinase A and MT1-MMP): the differential roles of the MMP hemopexin c domains and the MMP-2 fibronectin type II modules in collagen triple helicase activities

Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2, gelatinase A) and membrane type (MT)1-MMP (MMP-14) are cooperative dynamic components of a cell surface proteolytic axis involved in regulating the cellular signaling environment and pericellular collagen homeostasis. Although MT1-MMP exhibits type I collagenolytic but poor gelatinolytic activities, MMP-2 is a potent gelatinase with weak type I collagenolytic behavior. Recombinant linker/hemopexin C domain (LCD) of MT1-MMP binds native type I collagen, blocks MT1-MMP collagenolytic activity in trans, and by circular dichroism spectroscopy, induces localized structural perturbation in the collagen. These changes were reflected by enhanced cleavage of the MT1-LCD-bound collagen by the collagenases MMP-1 and MMP-8 but not by trypsin or MMP-7. Thus, the MT1-LCD alone can initiate triple helicase activity. In contrast, the native and denatured collagen binding properties of MMP-2 reside in the fibronectin type II modules, accordingly termed the collagen binding domain (CBD). Recombinant CBD (but not the MMP-2 LCD) also changed the circular dichroism spectra leading to increased MMP-1 and -8 cleavage of native collagen. However, recombinant CBD reduced gelatin and collagen cleavage by MMP-2 in trans as did CBD23, which comprises the second and third fibronectin type II modules, but not the CBD23 mutant W316A/W374A, which neither binds gelatin nor collagen. This indicates that MMP-2 and MT1-MMP bind collagen at a different site than MMP-1 and MMP-8. Thus, MMP-2 utilizes the CBD in cis for collagen binding and triple helicase activity, which compensates for the lack of collagen binding by the MMP-2 LCD. Hence, the MMP family has evolved two distinct mechanisms for collagen triple helicase activity using two structurally distinct domains, with triple helicase activity occurring independent of alpha-chain hydrolysis.     

The role of gelatinases in colorectal cancer progression and metastasis

Various proteases are involved in cancer progression and metastasis. In particular, gelatinases, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, have been implicated to play a role in colon cancer progression and metastasis in animal models and patients. In the present review, the clinical relevance and the prognostic value of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expression and proenzyme activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 are evaluated in relation to colorectal cancer. Expression of tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) in relation with MMP expression in cancer tissues and the relevance of detection of plasma or serum levels of MMP-2 and/or MMP-9 and TIMPs for prognosis are also discussed. Furthermore, involvement of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in experimental models of colorectal cancer is reviewed. In vitro studies have suggested that gelatinase is expressed in cancer cells but animal models indicated that gelatinase expression in non-cancer cells in tumors contributes to cancer progression. In fact, interactions between cancer cells and host tissues have been shown to modulate gelatinase expression in host cells. Inhibition of gelatinases by synthetic MMP inhibitors has been considered to be an attractive approach to block cancer progression. However, despite promising results in animal models, clinical trials with MMP inhibitors have been disappointing so far. To obtain more insight in the (patho)physiological functions of gelatinases, regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression is discussed. Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling has been shown to be involved in regulation of gelatinase expression in both cancer cells and non-cancer cells. Expression can be triggered by a variety of stimuli including growth factors, cytokines and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. On the other hand, MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity regulates bioavailability and activity of growth factors and cytokines, affects the immune response and is involved in angiogenesis. Because of the multifunctionality of gelatinases, it is unpredictable at what stage of cancer development and in which processes gelatinase activity is involved. Therefore, it is concluded that the use of MMP inhibitors to treat cancer should be considered carefully.     

膜型基质金属蛋白酶亚家族和基质金属蛋白酶-2在人恶性造血细胞株中的表达谱及其相关性

为探讨不同恶性血液病中膜型基质金属蛋白酶（memberane-type matrix metalloproteinases, MT-MMPs）和基质金属蛋白酶-2（matrix metalloproteinase-2,MMP-2）的表达差异,用半定量RT-PCR检测了13株不同谱系恶性造血细胞株中MT-MMPs和MMP-2的mRNA表达差异.明胶酶谱法分析各细胞株MMP-2的酶活,并用流式细胞术检测了MT1-MMP蛋白的表达,用SPSS10.0分析了各基因的表达与细胞来源的相关性和各基因相互间表达的相关性.结果提示,各种MT-MMPs和MMP-2在13株细胞中呈现不同的表达谱,其中MT2、MT4、MT1-MMP和MMP-2表达较广泛,而MT3、MT5、MT6-MMP在检测的细胞株中较少表达.统计分析显示,MT-MMPs和MMP-2的表达与细胞的来源无明显的相关性（P>0.1）,而MT1-MMP和MMP-2的表达有相关性（P<0.05）.同时也发现,MT3-MMP和MT5-MMP的表达有相关性（P<0.05）.MT-MMPs在恶性造血细胞中的表达差异,提示它们在不同类型的血液系统肿瘤发展中发挥各自独特的作用.另外,MT1 MMP和MMP-2,MT3-MMP和MT5-MMP之间表达的相关性提示,它们在功能上密切相关.