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1.
Nature’s care: diarrhea, watershed protection, and biodiversity conservation in Flores, Indonesia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Part of the puzzle surrounding biodiversity loss lies in an incomplete understanding of how humans value the functions and
services that flow from biodiversity conservation projects. This paper takes a closer look at the links between the conservation
of biodiversity and the livelihoods of rural people who live on the fringes of the parks and protected areas. We revisit some
of the key aspects of ecosystem valuation—purpose, methodology, and policy design and implementation—because the links between
biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, and human welfare are obscured by considerable smoke and mirrors. Using a biodiversity conservation project (Ruteng Park) on Flores Island in Indonesia as a case study, we build a concrete
empirical example of ecosystem valuation. This conservation project has resulted in spatially patchy watershed protection
that allows us to identify and estimate the impacts of watershed services on human health (diarrhea prevalence) in the buffer
zone of the park. We conclude by offering a plan of research to improve the design of conservation interventions for protecting
biodiversity and providing ecosystem services. These recommendations include developing more conceptual knowledge on the linkages
between biodiversity and ecosystem services; scaling up valuation efforts of underappreciated services such as health; shifting focus from valuing services individually to valuing multiple benefits from the same area;
and conducting conservation policy experiments to identify causal outcomes (including defensible estimates of ecosystem values).
相似文献
Subhrendu K. PattanayakEmail: |
2.
Melis Ece 《Dialectical Anthropology》2008,32(4):353-382
Based on research conducted in Senegal in 2004, this field report focuses on the politics of access to land at the northern
periphery of the Niokolo-Koba National Park, where a group of villages evicted from the national park were resettled in the
1970s. Conflicts over the allocation of land resurfaced in the 1980s, following the application of laws authorizing rural
community councils to allocate use rights in village agricultural lands. The land claims of evicted villages were challenged
by the rural council and local state authorities, who sought to define such claims as illegal or ambiguous based on exclusionary
discourses of productive use of land, autochthony and citizenship. The politics of access to land at the northern periphery
are shaped by land and administrative reforms undertaken since the end of colonial rule in Senegal and the on-going local
transformation of authority and property relations under increasing commoditization and insecurity of land use rights.
相似文献
Melis EceEmail: |
3.
Koen Kusters Hubert de Foresta Andree Ekadinata Meine van Noordwijk 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(4):427-438
In 1998, a decree issued by the Indonesian government enabled communities in Krui, Indonesia, to register for concession rights
over the area of state forest land planted with their agroforests. Registration would provide farmers with the legal right
to manage and benefit from these agroforests. In 2005, we found that even though none of the Krui communities has ever formally
applied for their concession rights, the decree has been instrumental in stopping outsiders’ attempts to appropriate these
agroforests. Farmers within the state forest zone felt secure enough to continue investing in their complex agroforestry systems,
while planting trees reinforced their feeling of security. We conclude that it is not the legal status of tenure, but the
perception of tenure security that is of significance in people’s land-use decisions. These results are considered in the
wider context of state–community conflicts over forest land in the tropics.
相似文献
Koen KustersEmail: |
4.
Beyond Population and Environment: Household Demographic Life Cycles and Land Use Allocation Among Small Farms in the Amazon 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stephen G. Perz Robert T. Walker Marcellus M. Caldas 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2006,34(6):829-849
Most research featuring demographic factors in environmental change has focused on processes operating at the level of national or global populations. This paper focuses on household-level demographic life cycles among colonists in the Amazon, and evaluates the impacts on land use allocation. The analysis goes beyond prior research by including a broader suite of demographic variables, and by simultaneously assessing their impacts on multiple land uses with different economic and ecological implications. We estimate a system of structural equations that accounts for endogeneity among land uses, and the findings indicate stronger demographic effects than previous work. These findings bear implications for modeling land use, and the place of demography in environmental research.
相似文献
Marcellus M. CaldasPhone: +1-517-4327058Fax: +1-517-4321671 |
5.
Julio C. Postigo Kenneth R. Young Kelley A. Crews 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2008,36(4):535-551
Pastoralists of the high Andes Mountains raise mixed herds of camelids and sheep. This study evaluates the land use of herdsmen
who are confronted by both socioeconomic and climate changes in Huancavelica, central Peru. Land use/ land cover change (LULCC)
was measured through satellite imagery, and pastoralists’ capacity to adapt to socioenvironmental changes was evaluated through
interviews and archival research. The most dynamic LULCCs between 1990 and 2000 were large increases in wetlands and a loss
of permanent ice. We conclude that the people’s responses to these changes will depend on availability of institutions to
manage pastures, other household resources, and perceptions of these biophysical changes. Socioenvironmental change is not
new in the study area, but current shifts will likely force this community to alter its rules of access to pastures, its economic
rationales in regards to commodities produced, and the degree of dependence on seasonal wage labor. In this scenario, households
with a greater amount of livestock will fare better in terms of assets and capital that will allow them to benefit from the
increasing presence of a market economy in a landscape undergoing climate change.
相似文献
Julio C. PostigoEmail: |
6.
Timothy D. Baird Paul W. Leslie J. Terrence McCabe 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2009,37(4):463-474
In this study, we examine the effect of Tarangire National Park (TNP) on local perceptions of risk and how these perceptions
may influence behavioral responses. Data were collected during 2004–2005 through household surveys and participatory risk
mapping (PRM) in eight villages east of TNP. By identifying and rank-ordering respondents’ perceived risks, PRM enhances understanding
of the nature and variation of risks faced within a population by distinguishing between the incidence and severity of subjective
risk perceptions. Results indicate that proximity to the park has a strong effect on the type and severity of perceived risks.
Within villages close to the park, however, behavioral response to perceived risks varies considerably. This study contributes
to an appreciation of how behavioral response to environmental and socioeconomic factors is mediated by human perception.
相似文献
Timothy D. BairdEmail: |
7.
In East Africa, human population growth and demands for natural resources cause forest loss contributing to increased carbon emissions and reduced biodiversity. Protected Areas (PAs) are intended to conserve habitats and species. Variability in PA effectiveness and 'leakage' (here defined as displacement of deforestation) may lead to different trends in forest loss within, and adjacent to, existing PAs. Here, we quantify spatial variation in trends of evergreen forest coverage in East Africa between 2001 and 2009, and test for correlations with forest accessibility and environmental drivers. We investigate PA effectiveness at local, landscape and national scales, comparing rates of deforestation within park boundaries with those detected in park buffer zones and in unprotected land more generally. Background forest loss (BFL) was estimated at -9.3% (17,167 km(2)), but varied between countries (range: -0.9% to -85.7%; note: no BFL in South Sudan). We document high variability in PA effectiveness within and between PA categories. The most successful PAs were National Parks, although only 26 out of 48 parks increased or maintained their forest area (i.e. Effective parks). Forest Reserves (Ineffective parks, i.e. parks that lose forest from within boundaries: 204 out of 337), Nature Reserves (six out of 12) and Game Parks (24 out of 26) were more likely to lose forest cover. Forest loss in buffer zones around PAs exceeded background forest loss, in some areas indicating leakage driven by Effective National Parks. Human pressure, forest accessibility, protection status, distance to fires and long-term annual rainfall were highly significant drivers of forest loss in East Africa. Some of these factors can be addressed by adjusting park management. However, addressing close links between livelihoods, natural capital and poverty remains a fundamental challenge in East Africa's forest conservation efforts. 相似文献
8.
Sarah Southwold-Llewellyn 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2006,34(5):637-653
Devolution of natural resource management is a widely claimed aim in policy discourse. The Government of Pakistan is undertaking devolution of Provincial Government, including the Provincial Forest Departments. In historical and current practice, forest management has been devolved to local, community-based jirgas. Jirgas achieve some of the aims claimed by devolution which often fail in community-based management organizations. They represent the interests of different asset-based groups and ensure use rights of all for subsistence. However, the internal logic on which they work is based on different principles than those envisaged by policymakers. A case study of Pukhtun agropastoralists in the Malakand Division, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan, illustrates the jirga's role in forest management and questions some of the assumptions on which community-based management is founded.
相似文献
Sarah Southwold-LlewellynEmail: |
9.
Policies,Political-Economy,and Swidden in Southeast Asia 总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2
Fox Jefferson Fujita Yayoi Ngidang Dimbab Peluso Nancy Potter Lesley Sakuntaladewi Niken Sturgeon Janet Thomas David 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2009,37(3):305-322
For centuries swidden was an important farming practice found across the girth of Southeast Asia. Today, however, these systems
are changing and sometimes disappearing at a pace never before experienced. In order to explain the demise or transitioning
of swidden we need to understand the rapid and massive changes that have and are occurring in the political and economic environment
in which these farmers operate. Swidden farming has always been characterized by change, but since the onset of modern independent
nation states, governments and markets in Southeast Asia have transformed the terms of swiddeners’ everyday lives to a degree
that is significantly different from that ever experienced before. In this paper we identified six factors that have contributed
to the demise or transformation of swidden systems, and support these arguments with examples from China (Xishuangbanna),
Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. These trends include classifying swiddeners as ethnic minorities within nation-states,
dividing the landscape into forest and permanent agriculture, expansion of forest departments and the rise of conservation,
resettlement, privatization and commoditization of land and land-based production, and expansion of market infrastructure
and the promotion of industrial agriculture. In addition we note a growing trend toward a transition from rural to urban livelihoods
and expanding urban-labor markets.
相似文献
David ThomasEmail: |
10.
Despite growing interest in traditional and local ecological knowledge for conservation and resource management, the role of migrant resource users is largely unexplored. Challenging many assumptions about what constitutes “local knowledge,” migrant and immigrant harvesters of non-timber forest products on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington possess useful ecological knowledge of overstory–understory relationships and how forestry practices affect understory biological and commercial production. Harvesters of salal (Gaultheria shallon), a shrub used in the multi-million dollar floral greens industry, were interviewed in Mason County, Washington in 2001–2003. Interviews revealed that harvesters possess different kinds of resource management knowledge depending on whether they are experienced harvesters or more recent newcomers to the area. These differences may also correlate with differences in their harvesting practices. Understanding how resource management knowledge differs between experienced and newcomer harvesters can inform forest managers in their efforts to develop effective management and permitting policies for floral greens and other non-timber forest resources in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
相似文献
Heidi L. BallardEmail: |
11.
Human behavioral ecology (HBE) began as an attempt to explain human economic, reproductive, and social behavior using neodarwinian
theory in concert with theory from ecology and economics, and ethnographic methods. HBE has addressed subsistence decision-making,
cooperation, life history trade-offs, parental investment, mate choice, and marriage strategies among hunter-gatherers, herders,
peasants, and wage earners in rural and urban settings throughout the world. Despite our rich insights into human behavior,
HBE has very rarely been used as a tool to help the people with whom we work. This article introduces a special issue of Human
Nature which explores the application of HBE to significant world issues through the design and critique of public policy
and international development projects. The articles by Tucker, Shenk, Leonetti et al., and Neil were presented at the 104th
annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association (AAA) in Washington, D.C., in December 2005, in the first organized
session of the nascent Evolutionary Anthropology Section (EAS). We conclude this introduction by summarizing some theoretical
challenges to applying HBE, and ways in which evolutionary anthropologists can contribute to solving tough world issues.
相似文献
Bram TuckerEmail: |
12.
Susan Charnley Rebecca J. McLain Ellen M. Donoghue 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2008,36(5):743-761
This paper examines the relation between public land management policy, amenity migration, and socioeconomic well-being using
the case of the Northwest Forest Plan—a forest management policy that caused 11.6 million acres of federal land in the US
Pacific Northwest to be reallocated from commodity production to biodiversity services. Our analysis focuses on three propositions
implicit in much of the amenity migration literature in the USA: land management policies that reduce commodity production
and/or increase environmental protection (1) improve the natural amenity values of public lands; (2) increase amenity migration
to communities near public lands; and (3) stimulate economic development and increase socioeconomic well-being in these communities.
Our findings indicate that all three propositions are problematic and demonstrate the importance of community-scale analysis
for understanding the relation between land management policies, amenity migration, and community well-being. We discuss the
implications of our findings for public land management and rural community development.
相似文献
Ellen M. DonoghueEmail: |
13.
M. Irfan-Ullah Giriraj Amarnath M. S. R. Murthy A. Townsend Peterson 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2007,16(6):1917-1925
Aglaia bourdillonii is a plant narrowly endemic to the southern portion of the Western Ghats (WG), in peninsular India. To understand its ecological
and geographic distribution, we used ecological niche modeling (ENM) based on detailed distributional information recently
gathered, in relation to detailed climatic data sets. The ENMs successfully reconstructed key features of the species’ geographic
distribution, focusing almost entirely on the southern WG. Much of the species’ distributional potential is already under
protection, but our analysis allows identification of key zones for additional protection, all of which are adjacent to existing
protected areas. ENM provides a useful tool for understanding the natural history of such rare and endangered species.
相似文献
M. Irfan-UllahEmail: Email: |
14.
This study documents labor migration and its impacts on household income, material well-being, and land-use practices in Mexico’s
southern Yucatán and examines the relation of labor migration to local forest recovery. Drawing on a 203-household survey
in 14 communities, we contrast migrating and non-migrating households, showing that migration earnings substitute for agricultural
earnings and that migrating households cultivate significantly less farmland. A larger percentage of migrating households
maintain pasture, but, on average, not more hectares. These dynamics are consistent with the decline in deforestation registered
in the area for the year 2000. Incipient local forest recovery is considered in light of current forest transition theory,
with an examination of three hypothesized paths to forest recovery: economic development, forest scarcity, and smallholder
agricultural adjustment. The southern Yucatán case illustrates the need to explicitly incorporate the role of globalizing
household economies into forest transition theory.
相似文献
Claudia RadelEmail: |
15.
Genetic containment of forest plantations 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Amy M. Brunner Jingyi Li Stephen P. DiFazio Olga Shevchenko Brooke E. Montgomery Rozi Mohamed Hao Wei Cathleen Ma Ani Anna Elias Katherine VanWormer Steven H. Strauss 《Tree Genetics & Genomes》2007,3(2):75-100
Dispersal of pollen, seeds, or vegetative propagules from intensively bred, exotic, or recombinant DNA modified forest plantations
may cause detrimental or beneficial ecological impacts on wild or managed ecosystems. Insertion of genes designed to prevent
or substantially reduce dispersal could reduce the risk and extent of undesired impacts. Containment measures may also be
required by law or marketplace constraints, regardless of risks or benefits. We discuss: (1) the context for when genetic
containment or mitigation systems may be needed; (2) technology approaches and mechanisms; (3) the state of knowledge on genes/genomics
of sexual reproduction in forest trees; (4) stability of transgene expression during vegetative growth; (5) simulation studies
to define the level of containment needed; and (6) needed research to deliver effective containment technologies. We illustrate
progress with several examples from our research on recombinant DNA modified poplars. Our simulations show that even partial
sterility can provide very substantial reductions in gene flow into wild trees. We conclude that it is impossible to define
the most effective containment approaches, nor their reliability, based on current genomic knowledge and technological tools.
Additional genomic and technological studies of a wide variety of options are needed. Studies in field environments are essential
to provide data relevant to ecological analysis and regulatory decisions and need to be carried out in phylogenetically diverse
representatives of the economically most important taxa of forest trees.
相似文献
Steven H. StraussEmail: |
16.
Tanya Marie Hayes 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(6):733-747
This article compares how public protection of forests and common-property forest institutions serve to control outside encroachment
into frontier forests in Honduras and Nicaragua. The article combines institutional analysis with ethnographically based fieldwork
and analysis of land-cover images to evaluate how property-rights arrangements influence monitoring, enforcement, and compliance
with rules to restrict agricultural expansion in two biosphere reserves in the Mosquitia Corridor. Findings show that territorial
demarcation and common-property rights are important components for frontier forest conservation. In areas with weak enforcement
mechanisms and heavy reliance on social norms over official regulatory measures, the findings suggest that the perceived legitimacy
of tenure arrangements and their respective land-use rules are fundamental to controlling the agricultural frontier.
相似文献
Tanya Marie HayesEmail: |
17.
Fred Nelson Elisa Collins Alain Frechette Cynthia Koenig Mosé Jones-Yellin Brihannala Morgan Gita Ramsay Gautam Rao Claudia Rodriguez Zewdie Jotte Tulu Cristy Watkins John Zinda 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2008,17(11):2757-2772
Local communities play an increasingly important role in the management and conservation of forests at local and global scales.
Conventional analyses of community forest management tend to view the outcomes of these efforts, as with common pool resources
(CPRs) more generally, as contingent on the ability of local institutions to control collective levels of extractive use and
enforce group rules. This paper provides a case study of a community forest in southern Michigan, in the Midwestern United
States, that challenges these assumptions about community-based forest management. The factors driving change in this forest
are not tied to excessive extraction or disturbance by human agents but rather the proliferation of shade-tolerant invasive
species. The community institutions and values that made it possible for the forest to grow and mature now threaten its very
existence. By discouraging any form of active management, the forest has become susceptible to the growing pressures of human-induced
environmental change such as the introduction of exotic plant species. Biodiversity conservation in such contexts consequently
relies not only on restraining local forest utilization practices or the preservation of land from development, but on active
management interventions by local forest users. Understanding the impact of community management on CPRs in human-dominated
ecosystems will require broadening the scope of analysis to account for the importance of active management and the potentially
deleterious effects of preservationist approaches on native biota.
相似文献
Fred NelsonEmail: |
18.
Various buffer management and congestion control mechanisms have been proposed to support differentiated Quality-of-Service
(QoS) requirements due to the heterogeneous properties of real-world network traffic and applications. Active Queue Management
(AQM) with multiple thresholds, which starts dropping packets before the queue becomes full in order to notify incipient stages
of congestion, is a promising buffer allocation mechanism. With the aim to capture the effects of heterogeneous traffic and
justify the choice of appropriate parameters, this paper develops an original analytical model for a finite buffer queueing
system with AQM under two heterogeneous classes of traffic which are modelled, respectively, by the non-bursty Poisson Process
and bursty Markov-Modulated Poisson Process (MMPP). We derive the aggregated and marginal performance metrics including the
mean queue length, response time, utilization, throughput, and loss probability. Extensive simulation experiments are used
to validate the accuracy of the analytical model. Furthermore the model is adopted to evaluate the performance of AQM with
heterogeneous traffic and under different working conditions.
相似文献
Irfan AwanEmail: |
19.
J. Stephen Athens 《Biological invasions》2009,11(7):1489-1501
Paleoenvironmental and archaeological investigations from the ’Ewa Plain of O’ahu provide insight into the problem of understanding
lowland native forest loss in Hawai’i. Data from pollen analysis of a pond core record, avian paleontology, and archeology,
document a precipitous decline of the native forest starting before Polynesian settlement on the ’Ewa Plain but after Polynesian
colonization of O’ahu. It is hypothesized that rats, introduced by Polynesian colonizers, increased exponentially in the absence
of significant predators or competitors, feeding on a largely endemic vegetation that had evolved in the absence of mammalian
predators. Rats radiated ahead of human colonizers on O’ahu, eating their way through the vegetation, perhaps before the colonizers
had encountered much of the pristine lowland forest into which the rats had radiated. This hypothesis is supported by several
observations, including the almost complete absence of extinct or extirpated avian faunal remains in archaeological deposits,
the present distribution of endemic vegetation in Hawai’i, rat ecology, population biology, and other evidence.
相似文献
J. Stephen AthensEmail: |
20.
We surveyed slender lorises (Loris lydekkerianus) in Karnataka, south India intermittently during November 2001–July 2004 and estimated their relative abundance via direct sightings. Two subspecies, Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus and L. l. malabaricus, with different morphological traits, occur in the eastern drier region and the western wet region of the state, respectively. The distribution of Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus is patchy in a small region in the southeast, which contradicts earlier reports of its abundance throughout the state. Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus occurs throughout the Western Ghats as a contiguous population. The encounter rates of Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus and L. l. malabaricus are 0.41 individuals/km and 0.21 individuals/km, respectively. Whereas several forest tracts in the distributional range of Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus are protected areas, no such area exists in the distributional range of L. l. lydekkerianus. Loris lydekkerianus faces serious challenges of conservation because it largely occurs in commercial plantations, which can be relatively unstable habitats as harvesting can take place at any time.
相似文献
Mewa SinghEmail: |