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1.
Twenty-one rice samples from field (ten), store (six) and market (five) from the traditional rice-growing areas of Niger State,
Nigeria were analysed for aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2), and patulin (PAT) by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) respectively. T-2
toxin was determined using TLC only. AFs were detected in all samples, at total AF concentrations of 28–372 μg/kg. OTA was
found in 66.7% of the samples, also at high concentrations (134–341 μg/kg) that have to be considered as critical levels in
aspects of nephrotoxicity. ZEA (53.4%), DON (23.8), FB1 (14.3%) and FB2 (4.8%) were also found in rice, although at relatively low levels. T-2 toxin was qualitatively detected by TLC in only one
sample. Co-contamination with AFs, OTA, and ZEA was very common, and up to five mycotoxins were detected in a single sample.
The high AF and OTA levels as found in rice in this study are regarded as unsafe, and multi-occurrences of mycotoxins in the
rice samples with possible additive or synergistic toxic effects in consumers raise concern with respect to public health. 相似文献
2.
Patrick B. Njobeh Mike F. Dutton Susan H. Koch Anil A. Chuturgoon Stoycho D. Stoev Joseph S. Mosonik 《Mycotoxin Research》2010,26(1):47-57
Eighty-two samples of dried food commodities from Cameroon were screened and quantified for different mycotoxins, including
fumonisin B1 (FB1), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxin (AF) and ochratoxin A (OTA), by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. The percentage of positive samples was as follows: FB1 41%, AF 51%, ZEA 57%, DON 65% and OTA 3%. High FB1 contents were found in maize, averaging 3,684 μg/kg (range: 37-24,225 μg/kg), whereas the highest average ZEA level was found
in peanuts (70 μg/kg), followed by maize (69 μg/kg), rice (67 μg/kg) and beans (48 μg/kg) with no ZEA was detected in soybeans.
DON contents were low, ranging from 13 to 273 μg/kg, and for AF the average content was 2.6 μg/kg with peanuts and maize as
principal substrates. The incidence of OTA was low, with a mean level of 6.4 μg/kg recorded. The majority (79%) of samples
contained more than one mycotoxin and the most frequent co-occurrence found was FB1 + ZEA + DON, detected in 21% of samples (mainly maize) analysed. Co-contamination with FB1 + ZEA + DON + AF was found in 11% of the samples. Although a large proportion of samples had fairly low levels of individual
mycotoxins, this should be of concern as the co-occurrence of mycotoxins may generate additive or synergistic effect in humans,
especially if the respective commodities are consumed almost on a daily basis. 相似文献
3.
Kristina Liesener Valeriu Curtui Richard Dietrich Erwin Märtlbauer Ewald Usleber 《Mycotoxin Research》2010,26(1):23-30
A total of 62 samples of commercial horse feed preparations (complementary feeds) containing cereal mixtures (“muesli” or
mash, n = 39; pelleted feeds, n = 12), and plain horse feed grains (maize, n = 5; oats, n = 4; barley, n = 2) were purchased from 21 different producers/distributors from the German market. All samples were analysed by competitive
enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for six different mycotoxins (mycotoxin groups). Analytes (detection limit, mean recovery) were:
deoxynivalenol (DON, 10 μg/kg, 84%), zearalenone (ZEA, 5 μg/kg, 93%), fumonisin B1 (FB1, 2 μg/kg, 113%), T-2 toxin (T-2, 0.1 μg/kg, 71%), sum of T-2 + HT-2 toxin (T-2/HT2, 0.2 μg/kg, 97%), ochratoxin A (OTA, 0.2 μg/kg,
67%), and total ergot alkaloids (Generic Ergot Alkaloids “GEA”, 30 μg/kg, 132%). All samples contained DON (16–4,900 μg/kg,
median 220 μg/kg), T-2/HT-2 (0.8–230 μg/kg, median 24 μg/kg), and T-2 (0.3–91 μg/kg, median 7 μg/kg). ZEA was detected in
98% of the samples (7–310 μg/kg, median 61 μg/kg). Most samples (94%) were positive for FB1 (2–2,200 μg/kg, median 27 μg/kg). Ergot alkaloids were detected in 61% of samples (28–1,200 μg/kg, median 97 μg/kg), OTA
was found in 42% of samples (0.2–4 μg/kg, median 0.35 μg/kg). The results demonstrate that a co-contamination with several
mycotoxins is very common in commercial horse feed from the German market. The toxin concentrations were in most cases well
below the levels which are usually considered as critical or even toxic. The highest mycotoxin concentrations were mostly
found in single-grain cereal feed: the maximum values for DON and FB1 were found in maize, the highest T-2/HT-2 toxin concentrations were found in oats, and the highest concentration of ergot
alkaloids was found in barley. In composed feeds, no correlation between cereal composition and mycotoxin levels could be
found. 相似文献
4.
In this presentation, the mycotoxin levels—as analysed by the analytical centre for mycotoxin surveillance of the state food
laboratory (LAVES Braunschweig)—for approximately 500 food samples are reported. The samples were collected in the year 2009
at retail in the German federal state of Lower Saxony. Aflatoxin and ochratoxin A were analysed in dried fruits, spices, cereals
and tree nuts. Ochratoxin A was detected in all samples of dried vine fruits, at levels up to 8.1 μg/kg. Aflatoxins and ochratoxin
A were also found in nutmeg and curry powder: the maximum regulatory levels for aflatoxins were exceeded in 25% of the nutmeg
samples. Nearly all samples of basmati rice contained aflatoxins, although at levels below the maximum regulatory level in
all but one sample. Aflatoxins were also detected in about 50% of hazelnut samples, in 20% of the samples the maximum levels
was exceeded (maximum 23.2 μg/kg). In contrast, aflatoxin contents in pistachios were surprisingly low. Fusarium toxins were
analysed in cereals and cereal products such as flour, bread, and pasta. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was the predominant toxin found
in these samples: DON was found in about 40% of the samples, although the maximum levels were not exceeded (max. 418 μg/kg).
Fumonisins (FBs) and zearalenone (ZEA) were specifically analysed in maize products (snacks, flour and oil). Most of these
samples (80%) were positive, but at levels not exceeding the maximum levels. Maximum levels were 98 μg/kg (ZEA) and 577 μg/kg
(sum of FB1 and FB2). Ergot alkaloids (six major alkaloids) were analysed in rye flour, and approximately 50% were positive. The highest concentration
of ergot alkaloids was 1,063 μg/kg; the predominant alkaloids were ergotamine and ergocristine. In conclusion, the results
indicate that continuous and efficient control measures for mycotoxins in a wide range of critical foods are necessary to
ensure compliance with maximum levels. Although the mycotoxin levels in the vast majority of samples were below maximum levels,
year-to-year variation and changes in the production of relevant commodities may result in a different picture in the future. 相似文献
5.
Fusarium toxins are secondary metabolites produced byfungi of these genera in many commodities under certain conditions. A study was carried out to investigate the co-occurrence of
zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FB1 and FB2) in 52 samples of mixed-feed for poultry contaminated withFusarium verticillioides. The zearalenone and deoxynivalenol were checked using immunoaffinity column and the extraction of fumonisin was performed
by strong anion exchange (SAX) solid phase column. Detection and quantification were determined by high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC). The limit of detection was 5 μg/kg for ZEN, 100 μg/kg for DON and 50 and 100 μg/kg for FB1 and FB2 respectively.Fusarium toxins were detected in 20 samples. Sixteen samples were positive for ZEN (30.7%) presenting levels that ranged from 7.4
μg/kg to 61.4 μg/kg (mean=27.0 μg/kg). 13.5% of the samples presented contaminations of DON, with levels ranging from 100.0
μg/kg to 253 μg/kg (mean=l18.07 μg/kg). FB1 was detected in 19.2% of samples, with levels ranging from 50.0 μg/kg to 110.0 μg/kg (mean=73.6 μg/kg). FB2 was not detected
in any sample. In positive samples simultaneously contamination with two or three mycotoxins were detected in 9 of them (17.3%). 相似文献
6.
S. A. Ghiasian M. R. Aghamirian A. H. Maghsood G. S. Shephard L. van der Westhuizen 《Mycotoxin Research》2009,25(1):25-28
Fumonisins, fungal toxins found primarily in maize and produced by various Fusarium species, have been shown to cause a variety of significant adverse health effects in livestock and experimental animals,
and are probable human carcinogens. Thirty-three maize samples were collected at ports from bulk shipments, which were imported
into Iran from six countries during 2001–2002, and analysed by HPLC for the most abundant of the naturally occurring fumonisin
analogues, namely fumonisins B1 (FB1), B2 (FB2) and B3 (FB3). Of the 33 samples, 21 (64%) were found to contain FB1 (58–512 μg/kg) at levels above 10 μg/kg. The frequency of FB1 found in maize samples imported from Uruguay and Canada was 75%, followed by China and Argentina (67%), USA (60%), and Brazil
(50%). The average FB1 level was 266 and 169 μg/kg for positive and all samples, respectively. Medians were 250 and 146 μg/kg for positive and all
samples, respectively. FB2 levels ranged from not detected (<10 μg/kg) to 53 μg/kg, whereas no sample had an FB3 level above the detection level (10 μg/kg). This is the first report of fumonisin contamination of imported maize in Iran.
Although, the level of all detected fumonisins were below the Iranian and FDA tolerance levels for foods and feeds, It is
necessary to maintain the strict rules to ensure continued safety of imported maize. 相似文献
7.
A total of 220 samples comprising cereals, cereal byproducts, corn plants and corn silage as well as non-grain based feedstuffs
was randomly collected during 2000 and 2001 from sources located in Germany and analysed for 16 Fusarium toxins. The trichothecenes scirpentriol (SCIRP), 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (MAS), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 tetraol, T-2
triol, HT-2 and T-2 toxin (HT-2, T-2), neosolaniol (NEO), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivealenol
(15-ADON), nivalenol (NIV) and fusarenon-X (FUS-X) were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Zearalenone (ZEA)
and α- and β-zearalenol (α- and β-ZOL) were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and UV-detection.
Detection limits ranged between 1 and 19 μg/kg. Out of 125 samples of a group consisting of wheat, oats, corn, corn byproducts,
corn plants and corn silage only two wheat samples did not contain any of the toxins analysed. Based on 125 samples the incidences
were at 2–11% for DAS, NEO, T-2 Triol, FUS-X, α- and β-ZOL, at 20–22% for SCIRP, MAS, T-2 tetraol and 3-ADON, at 44–74% for
HT-2, T-2, 15-ADON, NIV and ZEA, and at 94% for DON. Mean levels of positive samples were between 6 and 758 μg/kg. Out of
95 samples of a group consisting of hay, lupines, peas, soya meal, rapeseed meal and other oilseed meals, 64 samples were
toxin negative. DAS, T-2 triol, NEO and FUS-X were not detected in any sample. The incidences of DON and ZEA were at 14 and
23% respectively, those of the other toxins between 1–4%, mean levels of positive samples were between 5 and 95 μg/kg. 相似文献
8.
The commercially available dog food samples (29 dry foods and 11 wet foods) were analysed for deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin
A (OTA) using ELISA. All (100%) dry foods were contaminated with DON with various amount of the toxin (22-1837 μg/kg). In
wet food 3 samples were found to be positive for DON in the range of 95-170 μg/kg. There were a few samples contaminated with
OTA: 3 samples in dry foods (7-40 μg/kg) and 2 samples in wet foods (45 and 115 μg/kg). 相似文献
9.
In 2004–2005, samples of several selected Polish foods such as cereal products, nuts, dried fruits, coffee and culinary spices
collected from Warsaw market and taken from food producers were analyzed on presence of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 (AF), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON). After extraction and clean-up of extracts on immunoaffinity
columns (IAC), mycotoxin analyses were carried out by HPLC using fluorescence and UV detectors. The concentrations of aflatoxins
and ochratoxin A depending on the kind of sample ranged from 0.02 to 7.8 (one sample, of peanuts) and 0.02–11.9 μg/kg (one
coffee sample), respectively. The levels of ZEA and DON were found to be below 50 °g/kg. 相似文献
10.
Feed grain production for on-farm use is widespread in Bavarian agriculture and garants a reliable production of healthy foodstuff. Therefore the quality of feed grain is very important for farmers. In an orientating investigation of the on-farm stored feed grain quality from the harvest years 1991 to 2000 1757 samples were analysed. Based on values for guidance by the German government for DON and ZEA and Commission Regulation EC No 472/2002 for OTA the results show that only 2% of the positive samples have amounts higher then 0,05 mg ZEA/kg grain, 4% of the positive samples contain more then 1 mg DON/kg grain and 2% of the positive samples have amounts higher then 0,003 mg OTA/kg feed grain. These illustrate the good conservation and storage quality on Bavarian farms. 相似文献
11.
Josef Böhm Lisa Koinig Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli Anja Blajet-Kosicka Magda Twaruzek Jan Grajewski Christiane Lang 《Mycotoxin Research》2010,26(3):147-153
The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of mycotoxins in commercial dog food, as a basis to estimate
the risk of adverse effects. Seventy-six dry dog food samples from 27 producers were purchased from retail shops, supermarkets,
and specialized pet food shops in Vienna, Austria. The frequency and levels of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins
(FUM), ochratoxin A (OTA). and aflatoxins (AF) in dry dog food were determined. Mycotoxin analysis were performed by commercial
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kits. Confirmatory analyses were done for DON, ZEA, and FUM by high performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) after extract clean-up with immunoaffinity columns. The correlations between ELISA and HPLC results
for DON and ZEA were acceptable and indicated that ELISA could be a simple, low cost, and sensitive screening tool for mycotoxins
detection, contributing to quality and safety of pet food. DON was the mycotoxin most frequently found (83% positives; median
308 μg/kg, maximum 1,390 μg/kg). ZEA (47% positives, median 51 μg/kg and maximum 298 μg/kg) and FUM (42% positives, median
122 μg/kg and maximum 568 μg/kg) were also frequently detected in dog food. OTA was less frequently found (5%, median 3.6 μg/kg,
maximum 4.7 μg/kg. AF were not detected (<0.5 μg/kg) in any sample. The results show that dry dog food marketed in Vienna
are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins (DON > ZEA > FUM > OTA) in low concentrations, but do not contain AF. The high
frequency of Fusarium toxins DON, ZEA, and FUM indicates the need for intensive control measures to prevent mycotoxins in dog foods. The mycotoxin
levels found in dry dog food are considered as safe in aspects of acute mycotoxicoses. However, repeated and long-time exposure
of dogs to low levels of mycotoxins may pose a health risk. 相似文献
12.
13.
Jelka Pleadin Manuela Zadravec Nina Per?i Ana Vuli? Vesna Jaki Mario Mitak 《Mycotoxin Research》2012,28(3):157-162
The aim of this study was to investigate the contamination of pig feed with moulds and the occurrence of mycotoxins. A total of 30 feed samples were collected at different animal feed factories in the north-western part of Croatia. Mycological analysis showed that the total number of moulds ranged from 1?×?103 to 1?×?105?cfu/g with samples contaminated with Aspergillus spp. (63?%), Penicillium spp. (80?%), and Fusarium spp. (77?%). A determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2) and fumonisin (FUM) concentration was done using the validated ELISA method. The mean concentrations of AFB1 (0.5?±?0.6???g/kg), OTA (1.53?±?0.42???g/kg) and FUM (405?±?298???g/kg) were below the maximum levels or recommended values in the EU in all the investigated samples. The observed results indicated an increased contamination of pig feed with Fusarium mycotoxins DON and ZEA with mean concentrations of 817?±?447 and 184?±?214???g/kg, higher than recommended in 40 and 17?% of the analysed samples, respectively. 相似文献
14.
Forty-seven samples of corn were collected from various street bazaars and market outlets in different regions of Turkey and
total aflatoxin (AF) and ochratoxin A (OTA) levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following
sample preparation. Levels of AF and OTA in corn samples ranged between 1.75–120.3 μg/kg and 1.08–8.57 μg/kg, respectively.
Although 53% of the samples analysed had no detectable levels of AF, 4% of similar samples were found to contain AFs above
the acceptable limit of 10 μg/kg in Turkey. For OTA, 4% of the corn samples had levels above the acceptable limit (3 μg/kg)
in Turkey, with over 43% samples not found to contain this mycotoxin. Although the levels of mycotoxins analysed in this study
were not found to be high and the percentage of samples contaminated above permitted limits were low, the importance of overall
daily dietary intake should not be underestimated and control of these fungal metabolites in corn must be explored to minimise
the hazards they may cause in humans. 相似文献
15.
Methods to determine zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxins (AF) and their metabolites in pig urine were developed
as biomarkers for pig exposure to the mycotoxins in feed. Urine samples were incubated with β-glucuronidase to cleave conjugates,
extracted and cleaned-up with solid phase and immunoaffinity columns, followed by HPLC with UV and fluorescence detection.
Good recoveries (83–130%), low variation (2–10%), and low detection limits (0.3–9.9 ng/ml) were obtained. The results of controlled
AFB1 feeding trials found no difference in urine concentrations of AFB1 or AFM1 from pigs fed three different levels (127, 227, 327 μg/kg) of AFB1 in diets. The excretion of AFB1 and AFM1 in urine was on average 30% of the oral dose and the ratio AFB1 to AFM1 was around 23%. The analysis of 15 Vietnamese pig urine samples indicate a relatively high exposure of ZEA, DON and AF, which
were found as toxin or metabolites in 47, 73, and 80% of the urine samples, respectively. 相似文献
16.
Occurrence of Fumonisin B<Subscript>1</Subscript> in Corn from the Main Corn-Producing Areas of China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most abundant of the fumonisin mycotoxins, mainly produced in maize by F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. A total of 282 corn samples harvested in 2005 from six provinces, the main corn-producing areas of China, were analyzed
for FB1 using high-performance liquid chromatography. All samples except one were (99.6%) positive for FB1 at levels varying from 3 to 71,121 ng/g with mean and median levels for all samples of 6,662 and 1,569 ng/g, respectively.
During an analysis of the distribution pattern for FB1, it became apparent that 43.6% of tested samples had FB1 concentrations below 1,000 ng/g, while 25.2% contained in excess of 5,000 ng/g. The average exposure to FB1 (1.1 μg/kg body weight/day) is within the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 2 μg/kg body weight/day set by the
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. 相似文献
17.
The aim of this study was a monitoring of the occurrence ofAlternaria andFusarium mycotoxins in winter wheat from domestic crop in the year 2003. Altenuene was determined in 56 (100%) samples of winter wheat,
range 14.5–41 μg/kg, mean 25 μg/kg. Alternariol was determined in 16 (28.6%) samples of winter wheat, range 6.3–22.1 μg/kg,
mean 5.7 μ/kg. DON was determined in 42 (100%) samples of winter wheat, range 250–3500 μg/kg, mean 330 μg/kg. T2-toxin was
determined in 42 (100%) samples of winter wheat, range 25–337 μg/kg, mean 99 μg/kg. ZEA was not determined in samples of winter
wheat.
Presented at the 26th Mykotoxin-Workshop in Herrsching, Germary, May 17–19, 2004
Financial support. Supported (one part of experiments, the determination of Fusarium mycotoxins) by the Ministry of Agricu
ture of the Czech Rebublic (Propect No QF3121) 相似文献
18.
Tanja Goyarts Klaus-Peter Brüssow Hana Valenta Ute Tiemann Kathrin Jäger Sven Dänicke 《Mycotoxin Research》2010,26(2):119-131
Six pregnant sows of 180.6 ± 5.6 kg were fed either a Fusarium-contaminated (4.42 mg DON and 48.3 μg ZON per kg, DON per os, n = 3) or a control diet (0.15 mg DON and 5 μg ZON/kg) in the period of days 63 and 70 of gestation. On day 63 of gestation,
sows fed the control diet were implanted with an intraperitoneal osmotic minipump (delivery rate of 10 μL/h, for 7 days) containing
50 mg pure (98%) DON in 2 ml 50% DMSO (DON ip, n = 3). Frequent plasma samples were taken to estimate the kinetics after oral and ip DON exposure. The intended continuous
delivery of DON by the intraperitoneal minipump could not be shown, as there was a plasma peak (Cmax) of 4.2–6.4 ng DON/mL either immediately (sow IP-2+3) or 2.5 h (sow IP-1) after implantation of the pump followed by a one-exponential
decline with a mean half-time (t1/2) of 1.75–4.0 h and only negligible DON plasma concentrations after 12 h. Therefore, the DON ip exposure has to be regarded
as one single dose 1 week before termination of experiment. The DON per os sows showed a mean basis level (after achieving
a steady state) of DON plasma concentration of about 6–8 ng/mL, as also indicated by the plasma DON concentration at the termination
of the experiment. On day 70, caesarean section was carried out, the fetuses were killed immediately after birth, and samples
of plasma, urine, and bile were taken to analyze the concentration of DON and its metabolite de-epoxy-DON. At necropsy there
were no macroscopic lesions observed in any organ of either sows or piglets. Histopathological evaluation of sows liver and
spleen revealed no alterations. The proliferation rate of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with or without stimulation
was not affected by the kind of DON treatment. The exposure of pregnant sows at mid-gestation (days 63–70, period of organogenesis)
to a Fusarium toxin-contaminated diet (4.42 mg DON and 0.048 mg ZON per kg) or pure DON via intraperitoneal osmotic minipump did not cause
adverse effects on health, fertility, maintenance of pregnancy, and performance of sows and their fetuses. However, DON was
detected in fetus plasma, indicating that this toxin can pass the placental barrier and may cause changes in the proportion
of white blood cells (lower monocyte and neutrophil and higher lymphocyte proportion in DON per os fetuses). 相似文献
19.
Ono EY Fungaro MH Sofia SH Figueira EL Gerage AC Ichinoe M Sugiura Y Ueno Y Hirooka EY 《Mycopathologia》2004,158(4):451-455
Eleven feed samples associated with six animal (horse and poultry) intoxication outbreaks (1991) in the state of Paraná, Brazil,
were evaluated for fungal and fumonisin contamination. In order to estimate the␣trend of livestock intoxication, fumonisin
contamination was monitored in corn produced both at the commercial level (1991, 1995 crop), and in an experimental field
at a local Agronomy Institute (1997 crop). The total mould count in the feed samples ranged from 2.9 × 103 to 1.9 × 107 CFU/g, with Fusarium verticillioides as the predominant species, at a high count of 2.4 × 104–6.5 × 105 CFU/g. Fumonisins (FB1 + FB2) were detected in all corn-based feed samples at levels ranging from 2.89 to 14.54 μg/g. All 27 Northern corn samples (1991 crop) were contaminated with fumonisins at levels ranging from 2.32 to 16.64 μg/g. Twenty-six (96.3%) out of 27 corn samples from the Central-Southern region (1995 crop) were positive for fumonisins (FB1+FB2), with the range of 0.07–3.66 μg/g, while all 37 Northern samples (1995 crop) were contaminated with fumonisins ranging from 0.57 to 9.97 μg/g. Twenty-one out of 37 corn samples from the Northern region (1997 crop) were positive for fumonisins, but at low level
(range of 0.05–2.67 μg/g). The results showed a decreasing trend in fumonisin contamination over the years. Nowadays animal intoxication outbreaks
rarely occur in this State, as both animal producers and feed industries have become conscious about monitoring of corn and
other raw materials at the quality control level. 相似文献
20.
Workers in grain elevators are exposed to grain dust and may therefore have an increased risk of inhalatory contact with mycotoxins.
To study the mycotoxin burden of such environments, settled grain dust samples (n=35) were collected from several locations
of a total of 13 grain elevators in Germany, and analysed for ochratoxin A (OTA, detection limit 0.01 ng/g), deoxynivalenol
(DON, detection limit 15 ng/g), and zearalenone (ZEA, detection limit 6 ng/g), respectively. Cytotoxicity of these samples
was assessed by a MTT bioassay with a swine kidney target cell line. Additionally, the airborne dust concentration of these
locations was determined. Nearly all settled dust samples contained OTA (96%), DON (100%), and ZEA (100%) with median concentrations
of 0.4 ng/g, 416 ng/g, and 126 ng/g, respectively. Cytotoxic effects in varying degrees from weakly to highly toxic were caused
by crude extracts of 86% of the dust samples. However, cytotoxicity did not correlate with mycotoxin levels in these samples
and thus indicated the presence of cytotoxic compounds of unknown origin. Based on the mycotoxin findings in settled dust
samples and the airborne dust concentrations, the average airborne mycotoxin concentrations were estimated to be 0.002 ng/m3 (OTA), 2 ng/m3 (DON), and 1 ng/m3 (ZEA), respectively. The relevance of these findings for occupational health was assessed by comparison with WHO recommendations
for the maximum tolerable daily (oral) intake (TDI). Even in a worst case scenario, the calculated inhalatory intake was far
below the TDI values. However, considering the uncertainties resulting from different exposure pathways, namely oral ingestion
versus inhalation, further research should primarily address the problem of how adequate assessment criteria for airborne
exposure to mycotoxins could be established.
Presented at the 28th Mykotoxin-Workshop, Bydgoszcz, Poland, May 29–31, 2006 相似文献