共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
2.
管氏肿腿蜂的胚胎发育观察 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani Xiao et Wu的卵在24℃和RH60%~70%条件下发育约140h孵化。根据胚胎外形的发育特点,可将整个发育过程可分5个阶段:早期发育阶段、胚胎伸长期、原躯原头分化阶段、器官形成阶段和胚胎成熟期。胚层形成趋于简单化,未形成解剖学上比较完整的呼吸、排泄及循环等系统。口道形成后,胚胎体积逐渐增加,这表明胚胎在发育过程中吸收了寄主的营养物质。 相似文献
3.
管氏肿腿蜂触角感器的扫描电镜观察 总被引:5,自引:4,他引:5
扫描电镜观察表明 ,管氏肿腿蜂SclerodermaguaniXiaoetWu触角上存在 1 3种感器 ,其中毛形感器Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、刺形感器、锥形感器、鳞形感器、栓锥形感器、钟形感器和坛形感器雌雄均有 ,仅数量和分布存在差异 ;板形感器、柱形感器Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、长锥形感器和耳形感器只在雌蜂触角上存在。感器的种类、数量和分布在性别间的差异 ,为研究该蜂寻找生境和寄生行为提供了形态学依据。 相似文献
4.
经连续多代利用中间寄主黄粉甲人工扩繁管氏肿腿蜂后,种蜂出现一定退化,主要表现为寄生率和寄生成功率下降、单管出蜂量减少、子代蜂体型趋小等等。种蜂退化与繁育寄主的营养状况、种蜂保藏条件和接蜂繁育条件等因素有关。本研究根据设定的形态差异标准把种蜂划分为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型种蜂,将3种类型种蜂分别进行繁育试验,统计比较各型种蜂的母代寄生率、寄生成功率、单管出蜂量、子代性比、存活率等参数,确定在人工扩繁应选用的种蜂类型。结果表明:Ⅰ型种蜂经50 d的适宜条件保藏后,以3∶1蜂虫比接蜂繁育,繁育效果更佳。 相似文献
5.
平均单管出蜂量、子代蜂的平均千头重和平均体长是评价管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani Xiao et Wu人工繁育效果的三项重要指标.试验测定并分析了利用青杨天牛Saperda populnea幼虫作为中间寄主繁育管氏肿腿蜂时,在不同虫蜂量条件下对这三项指标的影响,结果显示:接蜂时选用的种蜂与寄主的量对繁蜂效果存在不同影响,种蜂量对出蜂量无显著影响,对子代雌蜂千头重和体长均存在显著影响;寄主量对出蜂量、子代雌蜂千头重和体长影响显著.繁蜂生产中,采用规格为12mm×50mm指形管繁蜂时,多选用5只青杨天牛幼虫和4~5头种蜂.也可以根据防治实际中目标害虫的虫口密度及单株放蜂数量来确定每管的接入寄主数和种蜂数. 相似文献
6.
利用中间寄主黄粉甲Tenebrio molitor L.蛹大量扩繁管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani Xiao et Wu经多代后寄生效果下降,系由蜂种退化所致:利用一种中间寄主导致蜂种的营养来源单一;采用同一种群的蜂及较低的蜂虫比造成近亲繁殖。据此设计复壮措施:利用自然寄主回接、杂交和控制交尾方式。结果表明:(1)回接1代,其子代蜂种的寄生率和寄生成功率分别提高26%和28%~33%。(2)用外缘蜂种与本群蜂种杂交,其子代蜂的发育历期比对照少4d,寄生率和寄生成功率分别提高22%和17%。(3)控制交尾方式促进蜂种复壮。 相似文献
7.
【目的】揭示寄主体型大小对肿腿蜂生殖潜力的影响,进一步认识寄生蜂准社会行为的进化以及为大规模繁殖和利用肿腿蜂的生物防治实践提供科学依据。【方法】以管氏肿腿蜂Sclerodermus guani和寄主青杨天牛Saperda populnea幼虫为材料,为雌蜂终身连续提供称重的寄主,观察逐日产卵量及在无抚育条件下其子代蜂发育至成虫的表现,分析产卵时期(早、中和晚期)、寄主体重对产卵量及其子代发育指标的影响。【结果】寄主体重和产卵期均影响管氏肿腿蜂终身产卵量,产卵量随寄主体重增大而呈二次函数式增大,但随产卵期延长而大幅减小。寄主体重和产卵期互作影响管氏肿腿蜂子代蜂存活率、岀蜂数、成虫体重和性比等子代发育指标,表现在:(1)产卵早期所产子代蜂的存活率随寄主体重增大而略降低,产卵中期所产子代蜂存活与寄主体重无关,产卵晚期所产子代蜂的存活率可能与寄主体重无关;(2)产卵早期和晚期产子代蜂的羽化成虫数和性比不受寄主体重的影响,但产卵中期产的子代蜂出蜂数随寄主体重增大而增加,性比随寄主体重增大而逐渐减小;(3)产卵早期产的子代雌蜂体重随寄主体重增大而呈二次函数式增大,而产卵中期产的子代蜂体重不受寄主体重的影响。【结论】寄主体型大小对管氏肿腿蜂早期产卵量及其子代蜂发育表现有显著影响。 相似文献
8.
管氏肿腿蜂对锈色粒肩天牛的防治试验 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
利用管氏肿腿蜂进行了防治锈色粒肩天牛幼虫的试验,结果表明:锈色粒肩天牛幼虫的寄生死亡率可达40%~70%,而且幼虫的寄生死亡率随着放蜂量的增加而提高,按虫蜂比1∶1、1∶5和1∶10分别放蜂,寄生死亡率依次为35.4%、48.3%和68.9%;最佳放蜂时间为8月中旬,此时放蜂的校正寄生率为55.67%,明显地高于7月份和9月份。 相似文献
9.
在人工扩繁条件下观察管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani对中间寄主黄粉甲Tenebrio molitor的寄生行为,其过程可分为:搜寻-识别-螯刺-清理和取食-产卵-护幼。雌蜂在寄生黄粉甲蛹时上蜂速度和螯刺率变异大,上蜂前时间为1.4~7.0天, 螯刺率为8.7%~91.7%,影响两者的因素包括: 雌蜂的交配状况、寄主状况及繁育温度等。蜂毒螯入寄主后可使其组织不腐烂而适于被寄生,被螯刺后的蛹可表现为 “保鲜”状态,平均“保鲜”时间为12.6天。蜂在蛹体的平均产卵量为30粒,最多为91粒。蜂卵在蛹体上分布合理,有利于幼虫有效利用寄主营养并避免拥挤和取食竞争。母蜂对幼虫期的发育具保护行为,包括护卵和保护幼虫正常发育并能搬运老熟幼虫集中结茧化蛹。 相似文献
10.
11.
朱登辉;程欢;卢丰;黄沙玲;周操;章冰川;何树林;李飞 《昆虫学报》2025,68(2):231-242
【目的】硬皮肿腿蜂属Sclerodermus物种是我国林业蛀干害虫重要的天敌寄生蜂。本研究旨在明确硬皮肿腿蜂属在针尾部(Aculeata)中的分类地位;对4种硬皮肿腿蜂的线粒体基因组进行测序;分析其线粒体基因组结构和系统发育位置。【方法】利用Illumina HiSeq对硬皮肿腿蜂属4个种(松褐天牛肿腿蜂Sclerodermus alternatusi、白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariae、川硬皮肿腿蜂Sclerodermus sichuanensis和苹小吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus sp.)线粒体基因组进行测序;然后对其进行组装和注释;分析其结构特点和碱基组成;在NCBI下载膜翅目(Hymenoptera)其他46个种的注释完整的线粒体基因组与本研究获得的4种硬皮肿腿蜂线粒体基因组;基于13个蛋白编码基因(protein-coding genes, PCGs)序列;利用贝叶斯法(Bayesian inference, BI)和最大似然法(maximum likelihood, ML)构建系统发育树;分析肿腿蜂科(Bethylidae)在针尾部中的系统发育位置。【结果】 4种硬皮肿腿蜂线粒体基因组全长为15 000~16 000 bp;由37个基因组成;包括13个PCGs、 2个rRNA基因和22个tRNA基因及1个非编码控制区。13个PCGs中;使用频率较高的4种氨基酸为Ile, Leu, Phe和Met。22个tRNA基因中;仅trnS1缺失DHU臂;其余21个tRNA基因都能形成典型的三叶草结构。37个基因中共有17个基因发生基因重排;包括15个tRNA基因和2个PCGs。与其余细腰亚目(Apocrita)昆虫相比;4种硬皮肿腿蜂线粒体基因组中trnT-trnP发生基因洗牌的同时;trnT发生了基因倒置。系统发育分析结果表明;肿腿蜂科具有单系性;且硬皮肿腿蜂属和头甲肿腿蜂属Cephalonomia的亲缘关系最近。【结论】本研究提供了4种硬皮肿腿蜂的线粒体基因组特征;发现基因重排现象复杂;系统发育分析表明硬皮肿腿蜂属隶属于肿腿蜂科;支持传统形态学分类结果;肿腿蜂科具有单系性;与蚁蜂科(Mutillidae)互为姐妹群。本研究的结果为后续肿腿蜂科分类和系统发育研究奠定了基础。 相似文献
12.
本研究以管氏肿腿蜂Sclerodermus guani雌成蜂为研究对象,拟探明寄生蜂密度对其寄生及繁衍能力的影响,为该寄生蜂行为生物学研究提供科学依据。本研究以松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus幼虫(0.350~0.450 g)为寄主,设置8种不同雌蜂密度(1~8头/寄主),对比分析不同雌蜂密度下,管氏肿腿蜂的寄生行为和效能,以及雌蜂生殖力和子代适合度变化。结果表明,随雌蜂密度增加,管氏肿腿蜂蛰刺发生前历时、寄主麻痹历时及产卵前历时均缩短。基于Hassell-Varley数据模型分析(E=0.9023×P-0.9378),雌蜂的寻找效应随自身密度增加而逐渐变小,雌蜂间的干扰降低了寄生效能。雌蜂生殖力随其密度增加而降低,单雌平均产卵量及产雌量明显下降,雌蜂密度为1头/寄主时,单雌产卵量分别是4头/寄主和8头/寄主处理下的1.4倍和2.4倍。子代适合度也随雌蜂密度增加而变化,子代发育历期明显缩短,低龄幼虫存活率和单雌体重均下降。雌蜂密度为1头/寄主时,其子代发育历期最长,平均为26.7 d, 8头/寄主时最短,平均为24.0 d。雌蜂密度为1头/寄主时... 相似文献
13.
《Ethology, Ecology and Evolution》2012,24(3):217-231
Most models describing the evolution of animal cooperative behaviour are based on the principle of reciprocal altruism. However, according to the “advertising hypothesisrdquo;, based on Zahavi's handicap principle, an altruistic act is a signal indicating an individual's quality and is profitable even if its recipient never reciprocates. In this paper, this hypothesis has been tested in three computer simulations of the evolution of altruistic behaviour. A model of a population has been studied, where individuals' fitness was calculated as a product of two parameters: “energy” and “prestige”. It was assumed that as a result of an altruistic act its donor loses energy and gains prestige, and a recipient gains energy and loses prestige. Individuals played a game based on decision-making: to cooperate (i.e. to behave altruistically) or not in a particular round. An individual's strategy influenced its fitness, i.e. the number of its offspring. As offspring inherited their parent's strategy, frequency of “good” strategies increased in the population, and “bad” ones disappeared. The results of these simulations show that if altruistic acts are costly and bring social prestige, cooperation can persist in the population under a wide range of conditions, despite the lack of direct reciprocity. However, besides the strategy of cooperation with a frequency proportional to an individual's quality, as predicted by the advertising hypothesis, other strategies, even unconditional altruism, can persist in the population in some conditions. 相似文献
14.
Sarah Mathew Robert Boyd 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2009,276(1659):1167-1174
Altruistic punishment has been shown to invade when rare if individuals are allowed to opt out of cooperative ventures. Individuals that opt out do not contribute to the common enterprise or derive benefits from it. This result is potentially significant because it offers an explanation for the origin of large-scale cooperation in one-shot interactions among unrelated individuals. Here, we show that this result is not a general consequence of optional participation in cooperative activities, but depends on special assumptions about cooperative pay-offs. We extend the pay-off structure of optional participation models to consider the effects of economies and diseconomies of scale in public-goods production, rival and non-rival consumption of goods, and different orderings of the pay-offs of freeriding and opting out. This more general model highlights the kinds of pay-offs for which optional participation favours cooperation, and those in which it does not. 相似文献
15.
Explaining the evolution and maintenance of cooperation among unrelated individuals is one of the fundamental problems in biology and the social sciences. Recent findings suggest that altruistic punishment is an important mechanism maintaining cooperation among humans. We experimentally explore the boundaries of altruistic punishment to maintain cooperation by varying both the cost and the impact of punishment, using an exceptionally extensive subject pool. Our results show that cooperation is only maintained if conditions for altruistic punishment are relatively favourable: low cost for the punisher and high impact on the punished. Our results indicate that punishment is strongly governed by its cost-to-impact ratio and that its effect on cooperation can be pinned down to one single variable: the threshold level of free-riding that goes unpunished. Additionally, actual pay-offs are the lowest when altruistic punishment maintains cooperation, because the pay-off destroyed through punishment exceeds the gains from increased cooperation. Our results are consistent with the interpretation that punishment decisions come from an amalgam of emotional response and cognitive cost-impact analysis and suggest that altruistic punishment alone can hardly maintain cooperation under multi-level natural selection. Uncovering the workings of altruistic punishment as has been done here is important because it helps predicting under which conditions altruistic punishment is expected to maintain cooperation. 相似文献
16.
【目的】逃离危险对集群生活的动物来说是一项重要挑战。白蚁是真社会性昆虫,群体密度较大。因此,白蚁可能进化出了特殊的策略集体逃离危险情境。【方法】本研究比较了实验室条件下台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus工蚁在不同形状容器(没有出口的圆形和方形容器)的逃遁行为,并调查了在有出口的情况下,台湾乳白蚁工蚁从圆形容器边缘、方形容器直角处和方形容器直角边中间的撤离效率。【结果】在没有出口的情况下,受惊的台湾乳白蚁立即移动到圆形或方形容器的边缘区域并沿着容器的壁移动。然而,在方形容器的直角处,逃遁的台湾乳白蚁工蚁形成明显的堵塞(直角附近的白蚁密度显著高于其他区域,而移动速度显著低于其他区域的白蚁)。当容器上有出口时,大部分台湾乳白蚁工蚁分散在容器边缘,因此在出口位置周围未发现明显的堵塞。有趣的是,台湾乳白蚁工蚁逃出有出口的圆形容器的时间与从出口在直角附近的方形容器的无显著差异,但其从出口在直角边中间的方形容器的逃出时间更长。【结论】研究结果表明容器形状与出口位置均对台湾乳白蚁工蚁的逃遁行为与撤离效率造成影响。此外,白蚁使用了特殊的策略来避免多见于其他群居动物(如人类、小鼠等)的“快即慢”效应。由于白蚁工蚁没有视觉,研究白蚁的逃遁策略可为人群如何高效撤离可视度较低的危险环境提供启示。 相似文献
17.
Laurin K Shariff AF Henrich J Kay AC 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2012,279(1741):3272-3281
The sanctioning of norm-transgressors is a necessary--though often costly--task for maintaining a well-functioning society. Prior to effective and reliable secular institutions for punishment, large-scale societies depended on individuals engaging in 'altruistic punishment'--bearing the costs of punishment individually, for the benefit of society. Evolutionary approaches to religion suggest that beliefs in powerful, moralizing Gods, who can distribute rewards and punishments, emerged as a way to augment earthly punishment in large societies that could not effectively monitor norm violations. In five studies, we investigate whether such beliefs in God can replace people's motivation to engage in altruistic punishment, and their support for state-sponsored punishment. Results show that, although religiosity generally predicts higher levels of punishment, the specific belief in powerful, intervening Gods reduces altruistic punishment and support for state-sponsored punishment. Moreover, these effects are specifically owing to differences in people's perceptions that humans are responsible for punishing wrongdoers. 相似文献
18.
肿腿蜂是防治林木蛀干害虫的重要天敌。为了解肿腿蜂搜索寄主的行为机制,研究了白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao搜索和寄生我国重大林木蛀干害虫——栗山天牛Massicus raddei(Blessig)幼虫过程中的学习行为。结果表明,白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的记忆效应随着搜索次数的增加而增加。用寄主虫粪和木屑混合物预处理后,白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂搜索到寄主的时间缩短。不同学习经历的白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂对与寄主栗山天牛相关的气味源物质嗅觉测定结果表明,白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂经历栗山天牛幼虫虫粪和蛀屑环境后明显倾向于选择栗山天牛虫粪和木屑混合物,而经历栗山天牛幼虫或辽东栎树皮环境的肿腿蜂对相应的气味选择偏好性不显著。研究结果表明,多寄主型寄生蜂白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂具有较强的联系性学习能力有利于用来防治多种非原始寄主害虫,能够明显提高其对新寄主的寄生作用。 相似文献
19.
Antonio M. Espín Pablo Bra?as-Garza Benedikt Herrmann Juan F. Gamella 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2012,279(1749):4923-4928
Costly punishment of cheaters who contribute little or nothing to a cooperating group has been extensively studied, as an effective means to enforce cooperation. The prevailing view is that individuals use punishment to retaliate against transgressions of moral standards such as fairness or equity. However, there is much debate regarding the psychological underpinnings of costly punishment. Some authors suggest that costly punishment must be a product of humans'' capacity for reasoning, self-control and long-term planning, whereas others argue that it is the result of an impulsive, present-oriented emotional drive. Here, we explore the inter-temporal preferences of punishers in a multilateral cooperation game and show that both interpretations might be right, as we can identify two different types of punishment: punishment of free-riders by cooperators, which is predicted by patience (future orientation); and free-riders'' punishment of other free-riders, which is predicted by impatience (present orientation). Therefore, the picture is more complex as punishment by free-riders probably comes not from a reaction against a moral transgression, but instead from a competitive, spiteful drive. Thus, punishment grounded on morals may be related to lasting or delayed psychological incentives, whereas punishment triggered by competitive desires may be linked to short-run aspirations. These results indicate that the individual''s time horizon is relevant for the type of social behaviour she opts for. Integrating such differences in inter-temporal preferences and the social behaviour of agents might help to achieve a better understanding of how human cooperation and punishment behaviour has evolved. 相似文献