中华蟾蜍与黑斑蛙消化道粘液细胞的组织化学染色

利用阿利新蓝-过碘酸雪夫试剂染色对中华蟾蜍Bufo gargarizans、黑斑蛙Rana nigromaculata消化道粘液细胞的类型与分布进行了观察.结果 显示:阿利新蓝-过碘雪天染色后,消化管粘液细胞表现为4个类型:Ⅰ型玫瑰红色、Ⅱ型蓝绿色、Ⅲ型紫红色、Ⅳ型蓝紫色.食管始部粘液细胞多为圆形或椭圆形,食管中部粘液细胞主要是Ⅱ型和Ⅳ型杯状细胞,胃体柱状粘膜上皮细胞与胃腺颈部细胞主要为Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型,粘液颗粒主要集中在细胞的核上区.黑斑蛙胃幽门粘液细胞为Ⅰ型,中华蟾蜍胃腺粘液细胞主要为Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型,小肠的杯状细胞主要为Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型,大肠杯状细胞主要为Ⅱ型和Ⅳ型.     

中华蟾蜍与黑斑蛙消化道黏液细胞的观察

目的：探索两栖类动物消化道黏液细胞的类型与分布规律。方法：利用阿利新蓝与过碘酸雪夫试剂染色法对中华蟾蜍（Bufo bufo gargazizans）、黑斑蛙（Rana nigromaculata）消化道黏液细胞进行石蜡切片和染色。结果与结论：黏液细胞表现为4个类型：Ⅰ型玫瑰红色;Ⅱ型蓝绿色;Ⅲ型紫红色;Ⅳ型蓝紫色。两种动物食管黏膜上皮中黏液细胞主要是杯状细胞,其中中华蟾蜍的黏液细胞主要为Ⅱ型和Ⅳ型细胞,黑斑蛙的黏液细胞主要Ⅲ型细胞。胃体柱状黏膜上皮细胞与胃腺颈细胞主要为Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型细胞,黏原颗粒主要集中在细胞的核上区。胃腺浅部有成团分布并着色较浅的黏液细胞,其中黑斑蛙胃腺黏液细胞主要为Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型细胞,中华蟾蜍胃腺黏液细胞主要为Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型细胞。小肠杯状细胞主要为Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型细胞。大肠杯状细胞主要为Ⅱ型和Ⅳ型细胞。     

三种淡水鱼消化道黏液细胞的组织化学染色

目的：探索淡水鱼消化道黏液细胞的组织化学染色。方法：利用阿利新蓝和过碘酸雪夫试剂染色对鲶鱼（Silurus aso-tus）、鲢鱼（Hypophthalmichthys molirtix）、鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）消化道黏液细胞的类型与分布进行了观察,结果：AB-PAS（Alcian blue and periodic acid schiff’s reation）染色后动物消化管黏液细胞表现为4个类型：Ⅰ型玫瑰红色、Ⅱ型蓝绿色、Ⅲ型紫红色、Ⅳ型蓝紫色。除鲫鱼外动物食管始部黏液细胞多为圆形或椭圆形,食管中部黏液细胞主要是Ⅱ型和Ⅳ型杯状细胞。除鲫鱼动物胃体柱状黏膜上皮细胞与胃腺颈部细胞主要为Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型,黏液颗粒主要集中在细胞的核上区。链鱼、鲶鱼胃腺黏液细胞为Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型。链鱼、鲶鱼小肠的杯状细胞主要为Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型。鲫鱼小肠杯状细胞主要有Ⅱ型和Ⅳ型。这三种动物大肠杯状细胞主要为Ⅱ型和Ⅳ型。     

美洲黑石斑鱼消化道的形态结构

采用解剖和光镜技术观察了美洲黑石斑鱼消化道的形态及组织学结构。消化道由口咽腔、食道、胃、肠构成。口咽腔较大,具颌齿、腭齿及犁齿;舌由基舌骨突出部分覆盖粘膜构成。食道、胃及肠均由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层及外膜构成。食道粘膜层绒毛分柱状上皮区及扁平上皮区,扁平上皮区表面为杯状细胞层;食道粘膜下层中有食道腺。胃呈V形,由贲门部、胃体部及幽门部组成,胃壁粘膜层上皮为单层柱状上皮,胃腺位于贲门部与胃体部的固有层中。肠细长,呈S型,由前、中、后肠构成,粘膜层向肠腔突起形成肠绒毛,粘膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,上皮游离面有微绒毛密集排列而成的纹状缘,上皮中含有杯状细胞,且杯状细胞的数量从前向后呈递减趋势;肠长/体长约为1.6。胃与小肠相接处有3对指状幽门盲囊,幽门盲囊的组织学结构与肠相同。     

高山倭蛙消化道结构初步观察

高山倭蛙食道粘膜上皮为复层柱状上皮,且固有膜中有丰富的复泡状腺;胃贲门部粘膜上皮无杯状细胞,PAS反应显示固有膜中有深红色颗粒分布,胃体中胃腺丰富;肠分为小肠、大肠、直肠3部分.小肠和直肠上皮中杯状细胞数量多.无尾类消化道结构与海拔高度无明显相关关系.     

鳜鱼消化道黏液细胞和6种酶的组织化学定位

采用阿利新蓝-过碘酸雪夫氏(AB-PAS)染色和酶组织化学方法对鳜鱼消化道各部位黏液细胞和6种酶的分布与定位进行了研究。结果显示,黏液细胞可为分为4种类型,食道黏液细胞多数为Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型,未见Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型;胃贲门和胃幽门黏膜上皮仅有Ⅰ型黏液细胞;胃体黏膜上皮则以Ⅲ型细胞为主;幽门盲囊中主要为Ⅱ型细胞;前肠和中肠中Ⅳ型黏液细胞最多,Ⅰ型最少;后肠黏液细胞则以Ⅳ型和Ⅱ型为主。酸性磷酸酶(ACP)主要分布于幽门盲囊和前肠的黏膜上皮;碱性磷酸酶(ALP)主要分布于食道、幽门盲囊和整个肠道黏膜上皮;非特异性酯酶(NSE)主要分布于胃幽门、中肠和后肠黏膜上皮;过氧化物酶(POX)在胃幽门黏膜上皮中活性较高;琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)主要分布于胃腺中;腺苷三磷酸酶(ATPase)在消化道各部位均有较多分布。鳜鱼消化道黏液细胞和酶的分布型与其它动物有相似之处,也有其一定的特异性,与消化道不同部位的消化吸收机能相适应。     

香鱼消化道及肝脏的形态结构特征

采用解剖及石蜡切片显微技术观察了香鱼消化道及肝脏的组织学结构。香鱼消化道由口咽腔、食道、胃及肠构成。口咽腔大且狭长,其底壁前部有一对粘膜褶,两颌边缘着生宽扁梳状齿,腭骨及舌骨具齿,犁骨无齿;舌由基舌骨突出部分覆盖粘膜构成,舌粘膜上皮为复层扁平上皮,含有较多的杯状细胞和味蕾。食道、胃及肠均由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层及外膜构成。食道粘膜层上皮为复层扁平上皮,杯状细胞发达。胃呈V形,由贲门部、胃体部及幽门部组成,胃壁粘膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,贲门部与胃体部的固有层中有胃腺。肠较短,由前、中、后肠构成,肠壁粘膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,其游离面具微绒毛;上皮细胞间有杯状细胞。幽门盲囊有350～400条,其组织学结构与肠相同。肝脏单叶,外被浆膜;肝细胞形态不规则,肝小叶界限不明显。     

白鲟消化道形态学与组织学的初步观察

白鲟消化道具有肉食性鱼类的典型特征,其口咽腔结构既适合捕食又适合吞食与滤食水生动物。咽后消化道可分为食道、胃后行支、胃前行支、小肠、瓣肠、直肠与肛门。幽门盲囊似一致密器官,小肠与瓣肠连接处有一特殊淋巴器官,肛门两侧有腹孔。白鲟口咽腔被覆层扁平上皮,上皮内有味蕾分布。咽后消化道组织分层为粘膜(无粘膜肌层)、粘膜下层(小肠及瓣肠前部无)、肌层与外膜。粘膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,由纤毛柱状细胞、一般柱状细胞和杯状细胞组成,其间还散在有颗粒细胞和游走细胞。食道后部与胃的一般柱状细胞为分泌粘液的细胞,肠内的一般柱状细胞为吸收细胞。胃后行支及部分前行支固有膜内有消化腺,其余各部的固有膜为致密层。小肠前中部粘膜形成蜂窝状粘膜窦,无肠腺。除食道前部肌层中有横纹肌外,其余部的肌层均为平滑肌。外膜内结缔组织有的致密有的疏松,外膜表面细胞柱状或立方形或扁平。     

皱纹盘鲍外套膜、鳃和足粘液细胞的类型与分布

以阿新兰和过碘酸雪夫氏反应(AB．PAS)染色法显微观察皱纹盘鲍(1taliotis discus hannai)的外套膜、鳃和足的粘液细胞。根据所显示颜色的不同,可将粘液细胞分为Ⅰ～Ⅳ4种类型：分别呈红色、蓝色、紫红色和蓝紫色。外套触手和外套膜上皮的粘液细胞以Ⅱ型为主,Ⅳ型较少,密度不均,多为近圆形细胞,大型和小型细胞均有分布。鳃轴和鳃叶上皮的粘液细胞密度较大,以Ⅱ型和Ⅰ型为主,Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型较少,形态有杯形、近圆形或棒状等,多为中型及小型细胞。足的上皮粘液细胞较少,均为Ⅱ型,但局部上皮的细胞含有许多棕色颗粒。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.