光照和温度对望天树种子萌发的影响

在实验室内人工气候箱控制的条件下, 研究了我国重要珍稀濒危植物望天树 (Shorea wantianshuea,龙脑香科 (Dipterocarpaceae)) 种子萌发对持续光照、14小时光照 / 10小时黑暗周期性光照的反应; 同时研究了望天树种子的萌发对不同温度的反应和低温贮藏对种子活力的影响。结果表明, 不论是持续光照还是周期性光照都不能提高望天树种子的萌发率, 相反, 持续光照和周期性光照都不同程度降低了种子萌发率。光照能通过加速或延迟种子萌发的进程、或改变幼苗活力指数和萌发指数而影响种子萌发的质量; 持续光照延迟种子萌发的进程, 而周期性光照加快种子萌发的进程。30℃是种子的最适萌发温度, 虽然15℃和5℃的相对低温对幼苗活力指数影响不大, 但大大延迟了种子萌发进程, 并提高萌发率。望天树种子不能耐受5℃低温贮藏, 但具有在15℃下短期贮藏的潜力和一定程度的生理性休眠。     

光照对绒毛番龙眼种子萌发的影响

在实验室和自然条件下,研究了光照强度和光照时间对西双版纳季节雨林冠层树种绒毛番龙眼(Pometia tomentosa)种子萌发的影响.结果表明:不论是在持续光照还是在周期性光照条件下,3种不同强度光照处理的绒毛番龙眼种子萌发率都很高,均与对照(全黑暗)无显著差异;光照可加快种子萌发速度(降低萌发速率系数),提高萌发指数和幼苗活力指数.人工遮荫有利于绒毛番龙眼种子萌发率的提高,在100%自然全光照(natural sunlight, NS)下萌发率最低(27.8%),而在0.6% NS处理萌发率最高(78.9%);萌发速率系数在全光照下最大,随遮荫程度的增加而降低,萌发指数和幼苗活力指数则随遮荫程度的增加而增大.在遮荫萌发实验中,绒毛番龙眼种子的萌发可能主要受种子脱水敏感性的影响,即强光下剧烈的水分蒸发引起的暂时水分亏缺导致种子脱水死亡或萌发延迟;已经"萌发"的种子也可能因短期水分胁迫而不能生长到"第一对真叶出现"这一萌发标准就死亡,从而降低种子萌发率.在绒毛番龙眼种质资源保护工作中,既要注意避免强光下温度升高引起的种子过度脱水死亡,又要保证提供适宜光照条件以提高萌发质量和幼苗成活率.     

低温和长时间储藏对烟草种子萌发及幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

以长时间贮藏和当年收获的烟草品种‘红花大金元’裸种为材料, 研究了16℃条件对烟草种子萌发、幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明, 当年收获种子在25℃下萌发率最高, 为95.9%, 长时间贮藏(15 年)种子在16℃下最低, 为67.8%; 长时间贮藏和低温均能显著降低种子的发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数。当年收获种子在25℃下根长度最长, 为2.71 cm, 长时间贮藏(15 年)种子在16℃下最低, 为0.91 cm, 长时间贮藏和低温均能抑制幼苗的根系生长。同一温度(16℃)下, 长时间贮藏和当年收获种子的SOD 和POD 活性差异不显著; 同一贮藏时间下, 低温和常温条件下种子幼苗SOD 和POD 活性均达差异显著水平。由此可见, 低温和长时间贮藏都能抑制种子的萌发和生长, 低温能显著降低幼苗抗氧化酶活性。     

种皮和环境温度对橡胶树种子萌发的影响

在人工气候箱控制的条件下,研究了种皮和环境温度对橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)种子萌发的影响.结果表明,种皮对橡胶树种子的吸水和萌发具有明显的机械限制作用;去除种皮后种子萌发速率加快,萌发指数增大,但萌发率从83.8%下降到47.8%,幼苗活力指数从332.3下降到187.9.15℃以下的温度明显推迟种子萌发,且萌发率下降.去除种皮后的种仁萌发率、萌发指数和幼苗活力指数均随着温度的升高而增大;有种皮种子的萌发率、萌发指数和幼苗活力指数分别在20℃(94.7%)、30℃(1.86)和25℃(374.4)时最大,而萌发速率系数随着温度的升高先增大后减小.在橡胶树栽培和胶园建设中,可利用种皮对种仁水分散失的限制作用以及对低温的不敏感性,有效延长橡胶树种子的贮藏时间,提高萌发率和籽苗质量.     

外来入侵植物三叶鬼针草种子萌发与贮藏特性研究

研究了光照和温度对外来入侵植物三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L．)种子萌发的影响及种子在不同温度下贮藏后的发芽力变化。结果表明,光照和变温不是三叶鬼针草种子萌发的必要条件,在15～30℃恒温条件下萌发率均达到80％以上,35℃恒温显著抑制其萌发且发芽的种子不能正常发育;零下低温(-10℃)和零上低温(4℃)贮藏6个月的三叶鬼针草种子萌发率(分别为95％和94．7％)与贮藏前的萌发率(97．7％)相比无显著差异,而在室温下贮藏6个月的种子,随着贮藏时间的增加萌发率逐渐下降,6个月后不仅萌发率急剧下降到16％、萌发时间延长至10d,而且发芽的种子亦不能正常发育。     

鄂尔多斯高原固沙禾草沙鞭种子休眠和萌发与环境的关系

沙鞭是鄂尔多斯高原流动沙丘上分布的多年生禾草。新采收的种子能够在15～35℃的光照和暗中萌发。在25℃光照下,通过14d的培养,种子的萌发率能够达到80％。在25～35℃温度范围内,种子的萌发在光照下比暗中好。通过低温层积处理表明,沙鞭的种子处于非深度休眠状态。4星期的低温层积处理能够有效地加速和提高种子在20～30℃、光照和暗中萌发。对低温贮藏的需求可能是种子对其生境的适应。另外,划伤颖果的果皮和种皮,以及不同程度地部分移走胚乳也能够不同程度地加速和提高种子的萌发,但幼苗的干重以及根和苗的长度显著地受到了移走胚乳的影响。     

六盘山区辽东栎的实生苗更新及其影响因子

研究了六盘山区辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)灌丛的种子产量、土壤种子库组成、湿沙和风干贮藏对种子寿命的影响以及动物取食子叶对种子萌发和幼苗建立的影响。结果表明, 辽东栎灌丛种子的完好率为27.51%, 被动物取食或搬运种子的比例(41.51%)显著高于其他类型种子(p < 0.01); 辽东栎次生林土壤种子库中萌发和虫蛀种子分别占35.16%和38.29%, 完好种子仅占13.65%, 捕食动物主要通过贮藏或搬运而影响土壤种子库中的种子密度。湿沙贮藏60天的辽东栎种子自动萌发率高达96.67%, 短期贮藏可加快种子的萌发进程, 提高萌发率和萌发指数, 但随着贮藏时间的延长, 种子萌发进程延迟, 萌发率、萌发指数和活力指数均不同程度地降低。排除动物取食处理的幼苗在林窗和林下生境的存活率分别为80%和83%, 而不排除动物取食幼苗在2种生境中分别仅有25%和31%能够存活, 表明子叶在幼苗建立中具有重要作用。林窗中幼苗子叶的动物取食率(85.00%)高于林下(71.00%), 子叶留存的幼苗在林窗中的存活率(6.00%)低于林下(15.50%), 而子叶被取食幼苗的存活率在两种环境中基本相等(分别为18.50%和18.00%)。     

报春花属滇海水仙花种子萌发特性

通过种子萌发试验,研究常温和低温储藏方式及赤霉素、光照、温度等不同处理对滇海水仙花种子萌发的影响。结果表明,光照及清水浸泡处理有利于滇海水仙花种子的萌发;在光照条件下滇海水仙花种子萌发的最适温度为20 ℃,发芽率可达94%,温度的升高或降低均会降低种子发芽率;5 ℃低温储藏方式能较好保持滇海水仙花种子的活力,但贮藏时间不宜超过4个月,最好随采随播。     

白木香种子脱水耐性的发育变化及贮藏特性

研究白木香种子发育进程中种子性状、萌发能力和脱水耐性的变化,以及不同光温条件对种子萌发的影响和种子的贮藏特性。结果表明：白木香种子在花后78d获得最大干重,进入生理成熟期,此时萌发率接近最大值;胚在花后57～85d,脱水耐性逐渐增强,并在花后85d获得最大脱水耐性。种子萌发的适宜温度范围为25℃-35℃,光照对种子萌发有一定的抑制作用。新鲜自木香种子（含水量27．45％）在4℃低温条件下贮藏1个月后萌发率仅为30％左右,而含水量7．38％的干燥种子在4℃低温条件下贮藏120d,萌发率仍有53．33％,因此,4℃低温和适度脱水有利于种子短期贮藏。白木香种子能忍耐一定程度的脱水,但干燥至含水量7．50％以下时种子会发生损伤,因此推测白木香种子是一种中间性种子。     

獐牙菜种子萌发的研究

对温度、光照、植物激素（GA₃、NAA）条件对獐牙菜（Swertia bimaculata）种子萌发的影响进行了研究。结果表明,獐牙菜种子萌发的适宜温度为15～20℃,低温贮藏可促进其萌发,而有无光照对獐牙菜种子萌发没有明显影响,GA₃处理可提高其萌发势和萌发率,而NAA处理仅提高其萌发势。研究认为：獐牙菜种子具有休眠现象;激素及低温贮藏对打破种子的休眠具有重要作用。     

Comparative study of circadian variation in oral,tympanic, forehead,axillary and elbow pit temperatures measured in a cohort of young university students living their normal routines

The primary objective of the present research work is to study and compare the circadian variability in body temperature recorded from different locations of the body during subjects’ normal routines. Temperatures of oral cavity (sublingually), tympanum, forehead, axilla and the elbow pit were measured simultaneously at approximate 1-h intervals for five consecutive days during subjects’ waking span in their routine living condition. The observations were made in eight young, apparently healthy, university students. Data were analysed using cosinor rhythmometry for evaluation of circadian rhythms and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures to assess the effect of time of day and measuring site on body temperatures and their interaction. Significant circadian rhythms in body temperature, irrespective of site, were found. Based on autocorrelation analysis, it was observed that the day-to-day variability in body temperature was consistent. The acrophases of all the studied temperature rhythms were located in the afternoon, except axillary temperature, which occurred in the early evening. The mean daytime temperature was found to be the highest when recorded sublingually and it was the lowest on the forehead or elbow pit. On the basis of the results of this study, we recommend that the methods used could be introduced into laboratory courses in a curriculum of chronobiology courses for both UG and PG classes for the demonstration/study of circadian rhythms in body temperature under normal routines. The methods used are valuable as they are non-invasive, easily accepted and assessable in a student setting.     

灰飞虱发育起点温度及有效积温的探讨

利用培养箱在恒温条件下饲养灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus Fallén,测定了卵、若虫、成虫繁殖前和全世代发育历期,用直线回归法计算了灰飞虱各虫态和全世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为10.06、6.43、10.29、8.08℃和102.3、365.2、87.5、552.1日·度。并根据有效积温法则预测了该虫在济宁市1年完成的代数为4～5代。     

桑树(Morus alba)朱砂叶螨（Tetranychus cinnabarinus）实验种群的温度效应

采用生命表分析、生存分析、"王-兰-丁"模型及线性模型等分析方法,对15～28℃温区的5个恒温处理朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)实验种群进行了系统研究.结果表明,此温区内,种群在生殖、发育和生存3方面,有明显的温度效应:内禀增长力、周限增长力、净增殖力和平均日产卵量、世代平均周期、及种群倍增时间的倒数呈线性增长;而平均寿命、最大死亡年龄,随温度升高而递减;性比和实际产卵天数对温度不敏感.种群在生殖、发育和生存三者之间,采取了较为"折衷"的策略:8℃为发育临界点;13℃左右为生殖和种群增长临界温度;22℃左右为生殖和种群增长最适温度;30℃左右为发育最适温度.     

竹织叶野螟发育起点温度和有效积温

采用19,22,25,28和31℃5个温度对竹织叶野螟Algedonia coclesalis Walker各虫态(龄)发育起点温度和有效积温进行测定。结果表明,竹织叶野螟的在19～31℃范围内均能正常生长发育,尤其是28～31℃范围最适宜于竹织叶野螟的生长发育。卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、5龄幼虫、6龄幼虫、7龄幼虫、蛹、成虫及世代的发育起点温度分别为6.63,12.51,11.18,10.93,10.05,8.01,6.80,5.78,6.20,7.81和8.33℃,有效积温分别为124.19,64.54,72.59,82.08,93.46,136.84,155.42,201.06,211.55,111.49和1235.50日.度。     

核桃扁叶甲的发育起点温度和有效积温

室内观察测定5个恒温条件下,核桃扁叶甲Gastrolina depressa Baly各虫态的发育历期及起点温度和有效积温。结果表明:在16～32℃温度范围内,核桃扁叶甲均能完成发育,其发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为9.4,12.2,14.3和11.1℃,有效积温分别为43.2,77.2,36.0和104.7日.度;整个世代的发育起点温度为12.0℃,有效积温为260.5日.度。持续过高温度不适合核桃扁叶甲的生长发育。     

恒温下大戟长管蚜的发育起点温度和有效积温

在16,19,22,25,28和31℃恒温条件下以花卉一串红(Salvia splendens)饲养大戟长管蚜Macrosiphum euphorbiae(Thomas),测得该蚜虫的各龄历期和产仔前期,得出全若虫期的历期。依据有效积温法则计算的1～4龄若蚜和全若虫期的发育起点分别是12.5,7.8,10.3,4.1和9.3℃,有效积温分别是14.6,43.9,29.9,31.9和117.2日.度。大戟长管蚜适合生长发育的温度是19～28℃,最适合温度为25℃。     

变温和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲发育速率的影响

沙葱萤叶甲为近年来在内蒙古草原猖獗成灾的新害虫,为明确温度对其发育速率的影响,分别设置5个变温组合(8/20℃,11/23℃,14/26℃,17/29℃和20/32℃)和6个恒温(13℃,17℃,21℃,25℃,29℃和33℃),比较了变温和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹发育速率的影响。结果表明,不同变温组合和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹的发育速率有显著的影响。发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,在变温条件下,1龄幼虫期、2龄幼虫期、3龄幼虫期、总幼虫期和蛹期分别从最低温度组合(8/20℃,平均15℃)的11.00,13.44,23.18,46.42和16.89 d,缩短至最高温度组合(20/32℃,平均27℃)的4.92,4.63,9.17,17.83和5.83 d;在恒温条件下,13℃下幼虫不能发育和存活,1龄幼虫期、2龄幼虫期、3龄幼虫期、总幼虫期和蛹期分别从17℃的14.50,10.75,20.63,45.50和11.00 d,缩短至33℃的6.10,5.47,10.60,22.17和5.33 d。在变温条件下,幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为7.44℃和8.48℃,有效积温分别为344.82日度和113.52日度;在恒温条件下,幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为0.64℃和5.11℃,有效积温分别为714.28日度和147.06日度。变温促进了沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹的发育,本研究结果为沙葱萤叶甲的预测预报及综合防控提供了科学依据。     

Evaluation of the cold strain index (CSI) for peripheral cold environmental stress

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cold strain index (CSI) for peripheral environmental stress using data from a previous footwear study. Eight men (20±2 yr) dressed in protective cold weather clothing with varying footwear underwent 5 days of cold air (−23.4 °C) testing while attempting to sit for 240 min. Rectal, skin, and toe temperatures (T_toe) were continuously measured. All test exposures were ended after 50–165 min due to cold foot discomfort or T_toe<5 °C. However, CSI values indicated little cold strain. Therefore, we revised CSI to include peripheral cold assessment, which was found to be consistent with subject behavior and measured low T_toe.     

Considerations for the measurement of core,skin and mean body temperatures

Despite previous reviews and commentaries, significant misconceptions remain concerning deep-body (core) and skin temperature measurement in humans. Therefore, the authors have assembled the pertinent Laws of Thermodynamics and other first principles that govern physical and physiological heat exchanges. The resulting review is aimed at providing theoretical and empirical justifications for collecting and interpreting these data. The primary emphasis is upon deep-body temperatures, with discussions of intramuscular, subcutaneous, transcutaneous and skin temperatures included. These are all turnover indices resulting from variations in local metabolism, tissue conduction and blood flow. Consequently, inter-site differences and similarities may have no mechanistic relationship unless those sites have similar metabolic rates, are in close proximity and are perfused by the same blood vessels. Therefore, it is proposed that a gold standard deep-body temperature does not exist. Instead, the validity of each measurement must be evaluated relative to one's research objectives, whilst satisfying equilibration and positioning requirements. When using thermometric computations of heat storage, the establishment of steady-state conditions is essential, but for clinically relevant states, targeted temperature monitoring becomes paramount. However, when investigating temperature regulation, the response characteristics of each temperature measurement must match the forcing function applied during experimentation. Thus, during dynamic phases, deep-body temperatures must be measured from sites that track temperature changes in the central blood volume.     

A study of human skin and surface temperatures in stable and unstable thermal environments

Skin temperature is a common physiological parameter that reflects human thermal responses. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of radiant temperature on human skin temperature and surface temperature in stable and unstable thermal environments. For a clothed human body, the skin temperature is the surface temperature of the skin, while the surface temperature is the outer surface temperature of the clothes. For this aim, the radiant temperature from 26 to 38 °C and then from 38 to 26 °C was controlled in three different ways; in stable condition keeping stable above 40 min, in unstable condition at a rate of 2 °C/5 min, and in another unstable condition at a rate of 2 °C/10 min. Experimental data showed that at the same radiant temperature, the local skin/surface temperatures during the radiant temperature decrease were higher compared to those during the radiant temperature increase. During the radiant temperature increase/decrease, the increments/decrements of the mean skin temperature and the mean surface temperature decreased gradually from the stable condition, 2 °C/10 min to 2 °C/5 min. Compared to surface temperature, the faster the radiant temperature changed, the more obviously the change in skin temperature was delayed. These data demonstrated that the human body has physiological adaptability to unstable thermal environments.