Contribution a l'étude biologique d'Opius concolor Szepl. (Hym. Braconidae) En élevage de laboratoire

Summary It is possible to obtain a permanent breeding ofOpius concolor by use of third instar larvae ofCeratitis capitata as host. TheOpius obtained by such breeding will accept to parasitize successfully the larvae ofDacus oleae. This breeding will allow the study of many obscure points of the biology of the parasite, mainly conditions by which the host is chosen by the laying female and the reason of the endoparasitical development in the two hosts. It should be useful to know if the ecological strains are differenciated by similar experimentation withO. siculus Monastero. It should be aslo interesting to extend this experience to other Trypetid species (for instance to the hosts ofOpius humilis Silv.: Braconid which is spread in Hawaii might be a synonym ofconcolor asFischer supposes). This breeding could be eventually used to start the study and realisation of industrial multiplications in view of the biological control applications.      

Key to palaearctic species of the genusPsyllaephagus [Hym.:Encyrtidae]

The article contains a key to 42 species of the genusPsyllaephagus Ashmead, 1900—parasites ofPsylloidea, mainly from southern regions of Palaearctics.Psyllaephagus tobiasi Trjapitzin, 1967 is synonymized withP. belanensis (Hoffer, 1963).

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Résumé Il est fourni la clé de 42 espèces du genrePsyllaephagus Ashmead, 1990, parasites de psylles, principalement des régions méridionales de la zone paléarctique.Psyllaephagus tobiasi Trjapitzin, 1967 est mis en synonymie avecP. belanensis (Hoffer, 1963).

     

Nouvelle expérimentation à grande échelle de la lutte biologique contre la Mouche de l'olive (Dacus oleae Gmel.) au moyan D'Opius concolor siculus Mon. en Sicile en 1967

Summary In 1967 the artificial biological control against the olive fly was undertaken in Palermo (Sicily) on about 300,000 olive trees, grown in an area of about 2,800 hectares, partly on dry soil and partly on irrigated soil. From June 26th until October 31th 32,000,000Opius concolor Szepl.siculus Mon. were released, which had been produced in special insectaries onCeratitis larvae. In 1967 theDacus oleae infestation was tardy on the whole; nevertheless, in some biotopes of the area covered by olive trees where the biological control was carried out, olives infested withDacus could observed since June 20th with eggs and larvae in the first stage. In September and October the olive fly was present in all olive groves of the coastal and hill areas and immediately multiplied and spread to such a point that between September 15th and October 15th most of the olives had fallen to the ground and almost 100% of those that had remained on the trees were infested withDacus. The results of the biological control have been, on the contrary, most satisfactory and the olives in the entire area not only were almost completely healthy for the most part, but nearly all of them had remained on the trees until the crop was gathered. In 1967 the cost of the biological control amounted to Lit. 81 per tree and Lit. 0.60 perOpius produced, with a considerable saving as compared to1966. It is remarkable that about 100Opius were released per tree in 1967, whereas in 1966 about 28 had been released per tree. The good results of the biological control much depend on the mass releases made at the beginning of July in order to check the firstDacus generation; mass releases should be made also when apparently there are noDacus in the olive grove and the olives are for the most part intact. The biological control undertaken in Sicily against theDacus in 1967 is the first large-scale application of this control method in Europe and the results obtained clearly prove the certainty that by this method olives can be protected against theDacus and men defended against the residual toxic products, at less cost than that required for a chemical control.      

Première expérimentation à grande échelle,de lutte biologique contre la mouche de l'Olive (Dacus oleae Gmel.) au moyen d'Opius concolor Szepl. Siculus mon. en sicile

Summary In 1966, an important experiment of biological control againstDacus oleae Gmel. was undertook in a new area of Sicily to the west of Palermo. More than eight millionOpius concolor siculus were released in orchards including about 250 000 olive trees. The establishment of the parasite was observed at different rates in all the area, and a satisfactory protection of the crop was noticed. Some interesting informations on the factors concerning the Braconid establishment, and the chalcidid indigenous population fluctuations are pointed out by the authors.

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Ont participé à cette expérimentation:P. Genduso, G. Liotta, G. Mineo, S. Ragusa de l'Institut d'Entomologie agricole de Palerme etA. Sciortino, boursier, qui ont suivi et contr?lé en particulier l'activité des Insectaria et effectué les lachers, etR. Pralavorio de la Station de Zoologie agricole et de Lutte biologique d'Antibes qui s'est plus spécialement occupé de l'étude écologique et de l'organisation des élevages d'Antibes.     

Untersuchungen zur Apfelwicklerbekämpfung (Carpocapsa pomonella (L.)) mit Hilfe vonTrichogramma embryophagum hartig

Summary In the investigations described the number of parasites (Trichogramma embryophagum hartig (var.cacoeciae marchal)) released on each tree was determined in relation to the size of the trees. Since the sectional area of the trunks, measured below the ramification, is fairly well correlated with the size of the crowns, we correlated the number ofTrichogramma to the sectional area of the trunks. In 1961 we released a number which generally corresponded to 40 wasps for each square centimeter of the sectional area of the trunks. On the trees of one orchardTrichogramma in larval und pupal stage (in eggs ofSitotroga cerealella (oliv.)) were released in small pipes closed with wiregauze; so big predators could not enter and destroy the unhatchedTrichogramma. An apparatus, named by us “Dosierungs-Trommel” (dose drum) (described and illustrated in the text) makes it possible to spray a definite amount of parasitized and unparasitized eggs (ofAnagasta kuehniella) on the crowns of apple trees. The release ofTrichogramma in this way gave better results than the release of the same amount of wasps from containers fastened to the trunks of apple trees.

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Vortrag anl?sslich des Kolloquiums der “Internationalen Arbeitsgruppe für integrierte Sch?dlingsbek?mpfung der C.I.L.B.” — Wageningen (Holland), 5–9 Sept. 1961.     

A new egg-parasite of gipsy mothLymantria dispar (L.)

Summary Species ofScelionidae, parasiting in eggs ofLymantria dispar (L.) are mentioned and the results of use of these parasites are added. A new egg-parasite of gipsy moth —Hadronotus lymantriae n.sp. — is described. A key to Scelionid egg-parasites living inLymantria dispar (L.) is given. Attention is drawn to the fact thatH. bernardi Manev. is a nomen nudum. Finally, the author discusses the phylogenetical and taxonomical internal relations inHadronotus Foerst.

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Résumé L'auteur mentionne les différentes espèces de Scélionides parasites des œufs deLymantria dispar (L.) et rappelle les résultats obtenus par l'utilisation de ces parasites. Un nouveau parasite des œufs de ce Bombyx,Hadronotus lymantriae n. sp., est décrit. Il est montré en outre queH. bernardi Manev. doit être considérénomen nudum. Enfin l'auteur discute les relations phylogéniques et taxonomiques des espèces du genreHadronotus Foerst.

     

Caratteristiche morfologiche biochimiche e biologiche di Cryptococcus ater Castellani 1960

Riassunto Nel 1960Castellani descrisse un lievito capsulato produttore di un pigmento nero, isolato da un caso di ulcere multiple della gamba. In seguitoCastellani ha isolato altri due ceppi simili al primo. I tre ceppi, secondoCastellani, appartengono ad una nuova specie di criptococco:Cryptococcus ater. Questo fungo è stato oggetto di una nota pubblicata dagli AA. nel 1963.In questa comunicazione sono riportati i dati morfologici, biochimici e biologici relativi ai tre ceppi studiati dagli AA. nel loro laboratorio. Dopo aver confermata la diagnosi di criptococco gli AA. concludono trattarsi di una nuova specie denominabileCryptococcus ater Castellani 1960.

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Summary In 1960Castellani described a capsulated yeast which produces a black pigment, isolated from multiple ulcers of the legs.Castellani subsequently isolated two more yeasts similar to the first one and he pointed out that all of them belong to a new species ofCryptococcus: Cryptococcus ater.This fungus was already object of a note published in 1963. In this communication the morphological, chemical, and biological data regarding this yeast obtained in our laboratory are reported. We confirm that it is a new species ofCryptococcus: Cryptococcus ater Castellani 1960.

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Read at the First Congress of International Society for Tropical Dermatology, Naples, June 8–13, 1964.     

The occurrence of trichophyton indicum — Randhawa & Sandhu 1963 in rumanian soil. Some data concerning its immunobiological properties. (Preliminary report)

Summary Studies are carried out on the presence ofTrichophyton indicum —Randhawa &Sandhu 1963 in Rumanian soil and on some of its immunobiological properties. Recently the authors were able to demonstrate the presence of this fungus in Rumania, in soil samples from 4 different locations. In spite of the unsuccessful attempts to inoculate it with positive result in men and in test animals, the immunobiological properties of this fungus proved characteristic for a dermatophyte.

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Résumé Les auteurs ont réussi à mettre en évidence dans le sol roumain la présence duTrichophyton indicum —Randhawa &Sandhu 1963. Ce champignon a été isolé à partir d'échantillons de terre provenant de 4 régions différentes. Malgré la faillite des essais d'inoculation de ses cultures à l'homme et à l'animal, les propriétés immunobiologiques duT. indicum sont celles d'un dermatophyte vrai.

     

Braconiden als Schmarotzer von Staphyliniden

Summary The endoparasitic branconidsCentistes lucidator Nees andBlacus ruficornis Nees were reared fromTachyporus-species, common staphylinids of cultivated fields in Central Europe.Centistes occured inTachyporus hypnorum, obtusus, solutus andchrysomelinus, while only oneBlacus was found inT. obtusus. In the relatively cool and humid summer 1963 in the surroundings of Kiel (Germany) the rate of parasitism ofTachyporus-species byCentistes was about 3 to 8% (table 1). — During oviposition ofCentistes the host does not show any reaction. The immature stages develop in the haemocoele of the beetle. The final-instar larva emerges from the host beetle and spins a cocoon beside of it. The beetle dies while the parasite larva is emerging from it. The first-instar larva is described and illustrated. Both species hibernate as first-instar larvae in the beetles, which have an obligatory diapause and become adults in the next summer.      

Pistacia lentiscus cv. Chia (Anacardiaceae) on Chios island

The author discusses the history of an unusual form ofPistacia lentiscus L. (referred to as var.chia (Desf. exPoiret) DC. on the basis of literature data and personal field observations on Chios island. As a result of incisions made on the trunk and stems the tree exudes a specific resinous gum called mastic. The production of mastic currently amounts to 160–170 tons per annum and plays an important role in the economy of the island constituting the main source of income for approx. 20 villages in the south of Chios. The history of mastic dates back 2500 years to the time ofHerodotus. The author points out that on the plantation only male individuals are cultivated; these have been selected over a long period based on mastic yield. As they represent a group of cultivated clones it would be preferable to consider them as a collective cultivar Chia.     

Histopathologie de l'action de la δ-endotoxine deBacillus thuringiensis var.Israelensis sur les larves d'Aedes aegypti (Dip.:Culicidae)

Résumé L'ingestion de la δ-endotoxine deBacillus thuringiensis Berliner sérotype H 14 par les larves d'Aedes aegypti L. est suivie par l'apparition d'importantes lésions au niveau de l'intestin moyen. Les dégats ont une amplitude et une vitesse plus ou moins grandes suivant les types cellulaires du mesenteron, mais se traduisent toujours par une hypertrophie cellulaire suivie d'une lyse de l'épithélium.

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Summary Ingestion of theBacillus thuringiensis Berliner sérotype H-14 δ-endotoxin byAedes aegypti L. larvae is followed by important lesions at the midgut level. The severity and speed of injury are dependent upon the cellular types of the mesenteron, but are always expressed by a cellular hypertrophy followed by an epithelial lysis.

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Cette étude a bénéficié d'une aide financière du Programme Spécial PNUD — Banque Mondiale —OMS de Recherche et de Formation concernant les maladies tropicales.     

Beobachtungen Beim Züchten VonPerillus Bioculatus (Fabr.) (Heteropt., Pentatomidae), Einem Aus Nordamerika Importierten Räuber des Kartoffelkäfers

Zusammenfassung Die PentatomidePerillus bioculatus (Fabr.), ein natürlicher Feind vonLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in Nordamerika, wurde 1956 bis 1958 aus Kanada (Belleville) nach Deutschland (Darmstadt) geschickt und hier für eine sp?tere Verwendung zur biologischen Bek?mpfung des Kartoffelk?fers aufgezogen. Nach einer Schilderung der Lebensweise der einzelnen Entwicklungsstadien wird die Methode beschrieben, die sich beim Import der Wanzeneier aus Amerika und bei deren Versand nach Polen und Ungarn 1959 bew?hrt hat. Die bei der Durchführung von Gruppenzuchten und Massenzuchten erprobten K?figtypen und Verfahren werden geschildert. — Als mittlerer Nahrungsverbrauch eines Individuums w?hrend der Entwicklung zur Imago wurden entweder 285 Kartoffelk?fer-Eier oder 3,7 L₄ oder 5,1 K?fer dieser Art ermittelt. Das letzte (5.) Larvenstadium verbraucht dabei 69% der angegebenen Menge (Abb. 10). Für Erstlarven ist Saugen an Pflanzenstengeln lebenswichtig. Imagines nach der überwinterung verbrauchten meist 0,7–0,8 Kartoffelk?fer oder 0,5 L₄ am Tag. Ohne grosse Verluste k?nnen die Wanzen im Sommer 1–2 Monate hungern; gelegentlich tun sie das sogar spontan. Das Geschlechterverh?ltnis der Imagines betrug 1∶1. Die durchschnittliche Eizahl eines begatteten Weibchens wurde bei Ern?hrung mit Eiern oder Larven vonL. decemlineata mit 95–98 im Monat und mit sch?tzungsweise 100–120 im ganzen Leben ermittelt. Unbegattete oder nur mit K?fern ern?hrte Weibchen legten viel weniger Eier. Die Larvenentwicklung wird durch ungünstige Ern?hrung verlangsamt. Die Mortalit?t in den Zuchten war niedrig, wenn eine günstige Temperatur (tags über 25°C), eine hochwertige Ern?hrung (Eier und Larven des Kartoffelk?fers) und reichlich Versteckpl?tze in den K?figen zur Verfügung standen. Die praktische Durchführung einer Massenzucht wird geschildert, deren Ausbeute in 123 bzw. 91 Tagen das 45- bzw. 67 fache des Ausgangsbestandes war. Die überwinterung vonP. bioculatus ist unter allen bisher bekannten Bedingungen sehr verlustreich. Im Freiland konnte die Art bisher zweimal in Darmstadt überwintern. Obwohl warme Tage sie aus den Verstecken locken, gelang es in zahlreichen Versuchen bei hoher Temperatur und st?ndigem Futterangebot nicht, die Wanzen den Winter über sich fortpflanzen zu lassen; auch die Nahrung wurde monatelang nahezu ganz verweigert. Die Tiere sind im Winter nicht erstarrt, sondern nur lethargisch. — Als Vorbereitung für eine Freilassung der Raubwanze durchgeführte Versuche mit Pflanzenschutz-Mitteln, die auf Kartoffelfeldern weiterhin notwendig sein werden, wurde die verschiedenartige Empfindlichkeit vonP. bioculatus gegenüber einigen Insektiziden und Fungiziden bestimmt (Tab. 6). Besonders schonend waren Kalkarsen und die Phytophthora-Mittel Dithane, Maneb und Kupferoxydul.

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Summary The pentatomidPerillus bioculatus (Fabr.), a predator ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in North America, was sent to Germany (Darmstadt) from Canada (Belleville) in 1956–1958 and reared there for later use in biological control against the Colorado potato beetle. After outlining the life history of the different instars a method of shipment is described which was successfully employed in transferring the eggs from America and to Hungary and Poland. Cages and methods used in group- and in mass-rearings are depicted. — The average food intake of one individual ofP. bioculatus during its development from the egg to the adult stage was either 285 eggs or 3,7 fourth instar larvae (L₄) or 5,1 adults ofL. decemlineata. The last larval instar (L₅) consumed approx. 69% of it (Fig. 10). For first instar larvae sucking on plants is obligatory. Adults after hibernation use mostly 0,7–0,8 adult potato beetle or 0,5 L₄ of the prey per day. The predator is able to starve without great losses 1–2 months during summer time; occasionally, this is done spontaneously. The sexual index of adultP. bioculatus was 1∶1. The average egg number per mated female was 95–98 per month when fed with eggs or larvae ofL. decemlineata amounting to approx. 100–120 eggs during lifetime. Unmated females or such fed with beetles only produced much less eggs. Larval development is retarded through unfavourable nourishment. Mortality in the rearings was low when favourable temperature (day-time above 25°C), good food (eggs and larvae ofL. decemlineata) and enough hiding places were available. A practical mass rearing method is described which yielded in 123 or 91 days an 45- or 67- fold increase respectively of the start population. Hibernation ofP. bioculatus results under all conditions so far studied in high mortality. The species hibernated successfully twice in Darmstadt. Although warm temperatures activate them in the field it was not possible to obtain permanent reproduction and food intake in the laboratory at high temperatures and long day conditions (after end of August). The bugs are not motion-less but only lethargic during winter. — In field experiments using pesticides which remain to be necessary on potato fields the differential susceptibility ofP. bioculatus was tested (Tab. 6). Most selective properties were shown by the stomac insecticide calcium arsenate and the fungicides Dithane, Maneb and cuprous oxide.

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Herr Dr.A. Szmidt vom Forstschutz-Institut in Posen (Katedra Ochrony Lasu, Poznań, Polen) arbeitete von M?rz bis Oktober 1959 als Stipendiat der Rockefeller-Foundation in Darmstadt.     

Die intraspezifische Variabilität des heterochromatischen Armes eines Chromosoms bei der GattungCarabus L. (Coleoptera)

The chromosome complement ofC. auronitens Fabr. is 2n _♂=26+XY. One autosomal pair—called A-chromosomes—is relatively long.A-chromosomes consist of a euchromatic and a heterochromatic arm. Labelling of mitotic chromosomes with³H-thymidine shows that replication of the heterochromatic arm continues when it has ended in the euchromatic arm. In males and females the length of the heterochromatic arm varies intraindividually. In 47 of 99 males the heterochromatic arms were heteromorphic. Calculations of the quotient length of the euchromatic/length of the heterochromatic arm have shown that at least 6 different types of the A-chromosome exist. These types differ from each other in the number of heterochromatic sections separated by constrictions. The longest heterochromatic arm observed consisted of 8 such sections. The genetic significance of the heterochromatin in the genus ofCarabus is at present unknown (Zusammenfassung see p.305).      

Mid- and late-Holocene vegetation and fire history at Biviere di Gela, a coastal lake in southern Sicily, Italy

The vegetation and fire history of few coastal sites has been investigated in the Mediterranean region so far. We present the first paleoecological reconstruction from coastal Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. We analysed pollen and charcoal in the sediments of Biviere di Gela, a lake (lagoon) on the south coast of Sicily. Our data suggest that the area became afforested after a marine transgression at ca. 7200 cal b.p. (5250 b.c.). Build-up of forest and shrublands took ca. 200–300 years, mainly with the deciduous trees Quercus, Ostrya and Fraxinus. Juniperus expanded ca. 6900 cal b.p. (4950 b.c.), but declined again 6600 cal b.p. (4650 b.c.). Afterwards, evergreen trees (Q. ilex-type and Olea) became dominant in the forest and Pistacia shrublands were established. Forest and shrubland reached a maximum ca. 7000–5000 cal b.p. (5050–3050 b.c.); subsequently forest declined in response to human impact, which was probably exacerbated by a general trend towards a more arid climate. During the Neolithic, fire was used to open the landscape, significantly reducing several arboreal taxa (Q. ilex, Fraxinus, Juniperus) and promoting herbs and shrubs (Achillea, Cichorioideae, Brassicaceae, Ephedra). Final forest disruption occurred around 2600 cal b.p. (650 b.c.) with the onset of the historically documented Greek colonization. We conclude that the open maquis and garrigue vegetation of today is primarily the consequence of intensive land-use over millennia. Under natural or near-natural conditions arboreal taxa such as Q. ilex, Olea and Pistacia would be far more important than they are today, even under the hot and rather dry coastal conditions of southern Sicily.     

Toxicité comparée de produits insecticides a l'égard d'Eupelmus urozonus [Hym.: Eupelmidae] et deDacus oleae [Dipt.: Trypetidae]

Résumé L'étude de la toxicité de 11 produits insecticides a été réalisée en laboratoire (application locale) sur des femelles deEupelmus urozonus.Dalm. Elle montre selon les insecticides utilisés une DL50 qui peut varier de 3,2 ng par insecte pour le parathion jusqu'à 76,7 ng par insecte pour le trichlorfon. D'autre part, le dimethoate, le fenthion, le diazinon et le bromophos ont été testés en ce qui concerne leur action résiduelle sur feuilles d'olivier vis-à-vis du parasite et deDacus oleae Gmel. Après le traitement des oliviers avec ces 4 insecticides, utilisés soit à la dose de 0,3‰ de matière active, soit sous forme d'un mélange attractif (3‰ de matière active et 4% d'hydrolysat de protéines), on observe toujours une mortalité supérieure deD. oleae par rapport à celle enregistrée chezE. urozonus.

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Summary The toxicity of 11 insecticides was determined in the laboratory (topical application) for females ofE. urozonus. The LD 50 s ranged from 3,2 ng per insect for parathion to 76,7 ng per insect for trichlorfon. In addition, the residual activity of dimethoate, fenthion, diazinon and bromophos on olive leaves was determined for the parasite andD. oleae. After olive leaves were treated with the 4 insecticides at dosages of 0,3‰ or 3‰ active material (this latter in combination with 4% protein hydrolyzate), there was consistently higher mortality ofD. oleae thanE. urozonus.

     

Zur Biologie vonSpongomorpha aeruginosa (Linnaeus) van den Hoek

Zusammenfassung 1. Durch wiederholte Versuchsserien während des Winters 1963/64 wurde bestätigt, daßChlorochytrium inclusum undCodiolum petrocelidis Sporophyten vonSpongomorpha aeruginosa sind.2. Unter den ökologischen Gegebenheiten von Helgoland ist der jahreszeitliche Rhythmus der heteromorphen Generationen durch die Reife des Gametophyten im Mai bis Juni, des Sporophyten im Dezember bis Januar bestimmt.3. Nur ein kleiner Teil der Sporophyten wird im Alter von etwa 8 Monaten fertil, die meisten benötigen etwa 18 Monate. Zu jeder Jahreszeit sind Endophyten in vegetativem Zustand vorhanden.

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On the biology ofSpongomorpha aeruginosa (Linnaeus) van den Hoek

The results of my formerly published investigation on the life-cycle ofSpongomorpha aeruginosa (= Sp. lanosa) are confirmed:Codiolum petrocelidis from Helgoland as type-locality is the sporophytic stage of the above mentioned alga. The development of the gametophyte both from zoospores ofCodiolum petrocelidis and ofChlorochytrium inclusum is quite identical. This was proved by numerous series of cultures during the period of fertility of these two endophytes in the winter 1963/64. There is no relation betweenCodiolum petrocelidis andAcrosiphonia arcta, as stated byJónsson on the basis of his experiments performed at Roscoff. Unfortunately, he did not observe the complete life-history of these algae in culture. It is possible, however, thatCodiolum petrocelidis from Roscoff represents the sporophytic stage of anotherSpongomorpha-species.

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Herrn Professor Dr.Adolf Bückmann zum 65. Geburtstag in Verehrung gewidmet.     

Asolcus bennisi n. sp. (Hymenoptera,Proctotrupoidea) parasite oophage deGraphosoma lineata L. (Het. Pentatomidae)

Summary The Author describes from Morocco a new species ofAsolcus which is closely related to the sibling speciesA. basalis Wollaston andA. nigribasalis Voegelé. The species is namedA. bennisi and parasitizes in nature the eggs ofGraphosoma lineata L. The separation ofA. bennisi from the species of thebasalis group is based on biological tests and on a characteristic pigmentation of the parasitized host eggs reared under optimal laboratory conditions.      

Observations sur la biologie et le comportement cleptoparasite d'Eurytoma waachtli [Chalc.: Eurytomidae], parasite dePissodes validirostris [Col.: Curculionidae] dans les cones de pin sylvestre a Fontainebleau

Résumé Des observations ont été effectuées sur la morphologie des stades préimaginaux et le cycle de développement d'Eurytoma waachtli Mayr., qui se développe en ectoparasite sur les larves de 4^e stade du curculionidePissodes validirostris Gyll. dans les c?nes de pin sylvestre. On a constaté que le chalcidien n'attaque les larves dePissodes que si celles-ci sont préalablement parasitées et paralysées par des ichneumonides du genreScambus. E. waachtli détruit d'abord la larve deScambus puis se développe sur la larve du Coléoptère. Un tel comportement peut être qualifié de cleptoparasite. Le développement d'E.waachtli, en général monovoltin, est étroitement lié à la fois à celui dePissodes et à celui deScambus sp. En limitant le nombre de parasites primaires,E. waachtli joue un r?le favorable à l'accroissement des populations dePissodes validirostris.

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Summary Observations have been carried out on the morphology of the pre-imaginal stages and the life cycle ofEurytoma waachtli Mayr., which occurs as ectoparasite on 4th instar larvae of the weevilPissodes validirostris Gyll. in cones of Scotch pines. It has been established that the attack by this chalcidid ofPissodes larvae occurs only when they have been previously parasitized and paralysed by ichneumonids of the genusScambus. First,E. waachtli kills the larva ofScambus, then feeds on the weevil larva. Such a behaviour may be called “cleptoparasitism”. The development ofE. waachtli generally monovoltine, is strongly related both to the development ofPissodes and ofScambus sp. By limiting the number of primary parasites,E. waachtli is playing a part in the increase ofP. validirostris population levels.

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Avec la collaboration technique deJ.-P. Raimbault.     

The release ofOpius concolor andO. Concolor var.Siculus [Hym.: Braconidae] against the spring generation ofDacus oleae [Dipt.: Trypetidae] on Corfu

Releases ofOpius concolor Szepl. andO. concolor var.siculus Mon. were carried out in the spring to determine if they could be used as a biological control agent against the heavy infestation ofDacus oleae Gmel. which occurs on Corfu at that time. At an initial density of 300–400 parasites per tree the mean parasitism rates of 3rd stage larvae ranged from 30–50% in the 1st week following the release, indicating thatOpius could work well in the spring in the tall trees with large numbers of ripe and heavily infested fruits that are found on Corfu.     

Zur Isolierung und Kultur insektenpathogener Entomophthoraceen

Zusammenfassung Massenvermehrungen wirtschaftlich wichtiger Schadinsekten k?nnen durch Pilze aus der Familie der Entomophthoraceen in wenigen Tagen zusammenbrechen. Ihre Isolierung und Kultur bereitet oft Schwierigkeiten. Hier wird als einfache und erfolgreiche Methode die Isolierung mittels Hühnerei-Dotter, der bei 80°C 40–50 Min. im Heissluftsterilisator (Trockenschrank) in schr?g liegenden R?hrchen koaguliert wurde, empfohlen. Die Technik der Isolierung — ausgehend von Konidien—wird beschrieben. Der koagulierte Dotter eignet sich ebenso für die laufende Kultur von Entomophthoraceen-St?mmen. Weiterimpfungen der bei Zimmertemperatur gehaltenen Kulturen müssen alle 3–4 Wochen vorgenommen werden. Will man gelegentlich seltener weiterimpfen, k?nnen die St?mme in Kultur-R?hrchen gehalten werden, die 3–4 cm hoch Vollmilch enthalten und dreimal bei 100°C 20 Min. oder einmal bei 110°C 15 Min. sterilisiert wurden. Die Entomophthoraceen wachsen hier vor allem in dem oben abgeschiedenen Milchfett. Solche Kulturen waren noch nach 1 1/2 Monaten, bei manchen Arten auch noch nach 4 Monaten lebensf?hig. Für die Kultivierung eigneten sich auch Milch-Agar, Milch-Hafermehl-Agar, Fleischextrakt-Pepton-Dotter-Agar und manchmal Kartoffelkeile, wenn das Wachstum auf ihnen allen auch nicht so gut war wie auf koaguliertem Dotter. N?hrb?den, die mit 25 I.E. Penicillin und 50 Gamma Streptomycin/l ccm zubereitet waren, hemmten den Wuchs vonEmpusa aulicae Reich. und einer vonAphis fabae scop. isoliertenEmpusa sp. nicht. — Isolierung und Kultur insektenpathogener Entomophthoraceen erscheinen für Versuche zur biologischen Bek?mpfung ebenso n?tig wie zur Kl?rung taxonomischer und biologischer Fragen.

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Summary An outbreak of an insect pest may be controlled in a few days by fungi of the familyEntomophthoraceae. Isolation and culture of such fungi is often difficult. A simple and successful method is herein recommended, utilizing a substrate of hen's egg yolk previously coagulated 40–50 minutes at 80°C in a hot air oven. The medium is prepared in tubes in a slanted position. The culture technique, starting with conidia is described. Coagulated yolk is also a suitable medium for successive transfer and maintenance ofEntomophthoraceae cultures. Stock cultures maintained at room temperature must be transferred once every three or four weeks. If desirable, subcultures ofEntomophthoraceae fungi may be held in test tubes at greater intervals. For this purpose tubes are filled with whole milk 3–4 cm in depth and sterilized at 100°C three times or autoclaved at 110°C for 15 minutes. The fungi grow essentially in the top layer of milk fat. Such cultures live up to 1 1/2 months, some species survive 4 months. Milk agar, milk oatmeal agar, beef extract pepton yolk agar, and potato pieces are also suitable for cultivation. The growth on such substrates is not as good as on the coagulated yolk. Media with 25 international units of penicillin and 50 gamma of streptomycin per ml did not influence the growth ofEmpusa aulicae Reich. and oneEmpusa sp. isolated fromAphis fabae scop. Isolation and cultivation of entomophagousEntomophthoraceae are considered to be as important for experiments in biological control as for studies on taxonomy and biology of distinct species.

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Nach einem Vortrag im Kolloquium der C.I.L.B. über Insektenpathologie und mikrobiologische Bek?mpfung, Paris, Oktober 1958.