胡桃揪、落叶松纯林及其混交林根际土壤有效磷特性的研究

用剥落分离采集胡桃揪（Juglans mandshurica）、落叶松（Larix gmelinii）纯林及其混交林根际与非根际土壤并分析有效P含量特性。结果表明,落叶松纯林根际土有效P含量较非根际土高出55．8％,而胡桃揪纯林根际土有效P含量较其纯林仅高10．1％,表现出落叶松根第泽根际P较强的活化能力。树种混交后,借助落叶松根系的作用使混交林中胡桃揪根际土有效P含量较其纯林高出45．2％,通过P的吸附／解吸及无机P分级等方面,对落叶松根际土壤有效P含量较高的原因进行了分析。     

赤杨对辽东落叶松人工林土壤氨基糖积累的影响

微生物残留物是土壤稳定性碳库的重要组成部分,然而其对固氮树种的响应还不清楚。以辽东山区日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)人工纯林和落叶松-赤杨混交林为研究对象,以氨基糖作为微生物残留物的生物标识物,研究了赤杨对落叶松人工林根际和非根际土壤氨基糖积累的影响。结果表明,混交林中落叶松根际和非根际各氨基糖单体含量均显著高于纯林,说明赤杨引入有利于土壤微生物残留物的积累。其中,混交林落叶松根际及非根际土壤氨基糖葡萄糖含量分别比纯林高出99.5%(P0.01)和154%(P0.01);胞壁酸含量分别比纯林高出66.1%(P0.01)和132.3%(P0.01)。赤杨引入对氨基葡萄糖/胞壁酸比值的影响不显著,但显著增加氨基糖对土壤有机碳的贡献。冗余度分析表明全氮是驱动土壤中氨基糖发生变化的主要因子。表明赤杨引入显著提高微生物固持的土壤碳库和有机碳稳定性,这对落叶松人工林合理经营具有重要意义。     

辽东山区不同树种幼苗根际土微生物性质及其对氮磷添加的响应

辽东山区是东北重要的生态屏障区，主要分布经干扰形成的次生林和人工林。与原始林相比，该区森林土壤有效氮、磷低。本研究比较了辽东山区主要树种幼苗的根际土微生物学性质及其对氮、磷添加的响应，以期为辽东山区树种优化提供依据。以该区6个主要树种幼苗(2年生):水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)、色木槭(Acer mono)、蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)、落叶松(Larix gmelinii)、红松(Pinus koraiensis)为对象，采用盆栽试验，比较不同树种幼苗根际土的微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性。结果发现，不同树种幼苗根际土微生物生物量碳、氮差异显著，表现为：水曲柳>落叶松、胡桃楸、色木槭>蒙古栎、红松，水曲柳幼苗根际土微生物生物量碳、氮分别比其他树种高27.2%～482.9%、15.7%～333.1%;根际土酶活性因树种和酶类型而异，其中胡桃楸β-葡萄糖甘酶和落叶松N-乙酰-β-葡萄糖甘酶活性分别比其他树种高25.0%～72.4%、50.0%～200.0%。与不同树种对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的...     

土壤养分对辽东山区主要阔叶树种幼苗生长的影响

将人工针叶纯林诱导形成针阔混交林、促进阔叶树种在针叶林内的更新是解决辽东山区针叶纯林问题的关键。幼苗生长是树种更新过程的重要环节、决定着植物更新成功与否,而且对环境变化较敏感;土壤养分的变化是影响幼苗生长的主导因子之一。本文以辽东山区3种主要阔叶树种(胡桃楸Juglans mandshurica、花曲柳Fraxinus rhynchophylla和蒙古栎Quercus mongolica)幼苗为研究对象,初步探讨3种树种幼苗在3种林型(针叶(落叶松、红松)人工林、次生林(参照))土壤下的生长状况及其与土壤养分的关系。结果表明:除花曲柳外,其他2种阔叶树种幼苗各部位器官的生物量在不同林型土壤下未表现出显著差异;而且胡桃楸幼苗根、茎、叶的养分含量与土壤养分之间几乎无显著相关性(P0.05)。但是,蒙古栎和花曲柳幼苗的根茎叶生物量分配和养分含量均与土壤养分显著正相关(P0.05)。比较3种幼苗叶片的N/P发现,生长在次生林土壤(N/P=10.7)和红松人工林土壤(N/P=11.6)的胡桃楸幼苗生长可能受到N限制;生长在次生林土壤(N/P=25.0)和落叶松人工林土壤(N/P=19.4)的花曲柳幼苗生长可能受到P限制;蒙古栎幼苗生长并未表现出N或P限制。上述结果表明,花曲柳和蒙古栎幼苗生长对土壤养分变化的响应较大,而胡桃楸幼苗在落叶松人工林下的生长不易受到土壤养分的限制。今后研究中,需要探讨可能影响针叶林内的阔叶树种幼苗生长的其他因素(例如:光照、温度等),进而为促进阔叶树种在针叶林内的幼苗更新提供全面参考。     

落叶松根际土壤磷的有效性研究

野外用剥落法采集落叶松(Larixgmelini)根际土与非根际土,分析P浓度的变化,结果表明,落叶松根际土与非根际土全P浓度无明显差异,但根际土有效P却明显高于非根际土.12年生时根际土有效P增加12.6%,40年生时增加23.4%,表明落叶松根际对土壤中的P具有活化作用.落叶松根际土无机P各组分与非根际土亦有差异,表现出根际土OP低于非根际土,AlP、FeP、CaP和NH4ClP则高于非根际土的趋势.落叶松根际土的pH低于非根际土,但落叶松根际并未发生明显酸化.落叶松根际有效P与pH变化相关不显著.     

杉木、马尾松及其混交林根际土壤磷素特征

2007-2010年,在福建省南平市延平区太平试验林场比较分析了杉木、马尾松纯林及其混交林根际土壤的磷素特征.结果表明:在杉木、马尾松纯林中,根际土壤的有效磷含量均大于非根际土壤.与非根际土壤相比,杉木、马尾松纯林及其混交林的根际土壤pH值均出现下降趋势;根际土O-P的数量低于非根际土,而Al-P和Fe-P则高于非根际土;3种林型中,根际土壤对磷的吸附量小于非根际土壤;而根际土壤磷解吸量和解吸率均高于非根际土壤.杉木、马尾松纯林中,马尾松根际土壤的有效磷、Fe-P、Al-P、解吸量和解吸率均高于杉木,而O-P、磷吸附量则低于杉木.杉木与马尾松混交后,二者根际土壤磷的活化作用进一步加强,且杉木的增幅更大.杉木与马尾松混交有利于杉木根系磷素营养的改善.     

落叶松根限土壤磷的有效性研究

野外用剥落法采集落叶松（Larix gmelini）根际土与非根际土,分析P浓度的变化,结果表明,落叶松根际土与非根际土全P浓度无明显差异,但根际土有效P却明显高于非根际土,12年生时根限土有效P增加12.6％,40年生时增加23.4%,表明落叶松根限对土壤中的P具有活化作用,落叶松根限土无机P各组分与非根际土亦有差异,表现出根际土O－P低于非要际土,Al-P,Fe-P,Ca-P和NH4Cl-P则高于非根际土的趋势,落叶松根限土的pH低于非根际土,但落叶松根限并未发生明显酸化,落叶松要际有效P与pH变化相关不显著。     

不同类型城市森林对土壤肥力的影响

以东北林业大学城市林业示范研究基地中9种人工林(兴安落叶松林、樟子松林、黑皮油松林、黄波罗林、胡桃楸林、水曲柳林、白桦林、蒙古栎林、针阔混交林)及附近的农耕地和撂荒地土壤为研究对象,通过对林地土壤不同层次pH值、有机质及主要养分含量的测定分析,研究了不同林型对土壤肥力的影响.结果表明：阔叶林(除蒙古栎林)的土壤趋于中性,针阔混交林、兴安落叶松林、樟子松林和黑皮油松林的土壤呈微酸性,蒙古栎林的土壤呈酸性;随土壤深度增加,土壤有机质、水解氮、速效钾、有效磷、全氮、全磷含量均呈下降趋势.不同林地土壤同一层次化学指标整体差异显著(P＜0.05).土壤肥力优劣为：水曲柳林>黄波罗林>针阔混交林>胡桃楸林>白桦林>撂荒地>农耕地>樟子松林>兴安落叶松林>蒙古栎林>黑皮油松林,说明阔叶林(除蒙古栎林)和针阔混交林中的土壤肥力增加,而针叶林的土壤肥力趋于下降.     

白桦和落叶松苗木对其纯林土壤养分的生物检测

利用35年生白桦、落叶松纯林土壤分别栽植白桦、落叶松1年生苗木,通过对苗木生长、生物量、叶片养分及土壤养分变化的研究,对两种土壤的肥力进行评价,探讨白桦、落叶松混交林种间互作机制.结果表明:白桦纯林土壤全氮、碱解氮含量显著高于落叶松纯林土壤(P<0.05),落叶松纯林土壤全磷、全钾、速效磷含量显著高于白桦纯林土壤(P<0.05).盆栽第1年,白桦纯林土壤上的白桦苗木苗高、地径和生物量分别比在落叶松纯林土壤上增加69%、52%和65%(P<0.05),落叶松苗木分别增加12%、8%和37%(P>0.05).以白桦纯林土壤为基质时,白桦、落叶松苗木叶片氮浓度高于落叶松纯林土壤,而磷浓度低于落叶松纯林土壤.白桦凋落量大且分解速度快,落叶松对土壤磷具有活化作用,导致白桦纯林土壤氮素有效性较高,落叶松纯林土壤有效磷含量较高.推测两树种混交时,土壤氮、磷的互补作用可能对林分产量产生有益的作用.     

元谋干热河谷20年生人工恢复植被生物量分配与空间结构特征

采用分层收获法,对元谋干热河谷20年生赤桉、新银合欢纯林及其混交林的生物量分配与空间结构进行对比研究.结果表明:混交林林分生物量(82.99t·hm-2)介于赤桉纯林(60.64t·hm-2)与新银合欢纯林(127.79t·hm-2)之间;混交林内赤桉单株平均生物量(44.32kg)较其纯林(29.58kg)提高了49.8%.新银合欢纯林的枝叶生物量分配比例(25.4%)显著高于赤桉纯林(8.9%),且地上部生物量分配比例(78.0%)显著高于赤桉纯林(73.4%).新银合欢纯林及混交林中新银合欢的根系主要分布于0～40cm土层,赤桉纯林及混交林中赤桉的根系则主要分布于0～80cm和0～60cm土层.混交林中新银合欢的侧根(中根、小根和细根)分配比例均高于其纯林,而赤桉则相反.新银合欢的引入在一定程度上可促进赤桉生长,尤其是增加其地上部生物量及表层土壤(0～20cm)中的侧根生物量,对该地区的水土保持具有重要意义.     

Race and Racism in America and in Anthropology

Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview . Audrey Smedley
Anthropology and Race . Eugenia Shanklin     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

MPD and DNA Bending in Crystals and in Solution

Bending of 15 to 24° is observed within crystal structures ofB-DNA duplexes, is strongly sequence-dependent, and exhibits no correlation with the concentration of MPD (2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol) in the crystallizing solution. Two types of bends are observed: facultative bends or flexible hinges at junctions between regions of G·C and A·T base-pairs, and a persistent and almost obligatory bend at the center of the sequence R-G-C-Y. Only A-tracts are characteristically straight and unbent in every crystal structure examined to date. A detailed examination of normal vector plots for individual strands of a double helix provides an explanation, in terms of the stacking properties of guanine and adenine bases. The effect of high MPD concentrations, in both solution and crystal, is to decrease local bending somewhat without removing it altogether. MPD gel retardation experiments provide no basis for choosing among the three models that seek to explain macroscopic curvature of DNA by means of microscopic bending: junction bending, bent A-tracts, or bent general- sequence DNA. Crystallographic data on the straightness of A-tracts, the bendability of non-A sequences, and the identity of inclination angles in A-tract and non-A-tractB-DNA support only the general-sequence bending model. The pre-melting transition observed in A-tract DNA probably represents a relaxation of stiff adenine stacks to a flexible conformation more typical of general-sequence DNA.     

Update in research and methods in proteomics and bioinformatics

The 3rd International Conference on Proteomics & Bioinformatics (Proteomics 2013)

Philadelphia, PA, USA, 15–17 July 2013

The Third International Conference on Proteomics & Bioinformatics (Proteomics 2013) was sponsored by the OMICS group and was organized in order to strengthen the future of proteomics science by bringing together professionals, researchers and scholars from leading universities across the globe. The main topics of this conference included the integration of novel platforms in data analysis, the use of a systems biology approach, different novel mass spectrometry platforms and biomarker discovery methods. The conference was divided into proteomic methods and research interests. Among these two categories, interactions between methods in proteomics and bioinformatics, as well as other research methodologies, were discussed. Exceptional topics from the keynote forum, oral presentations and the poster session have been highlighted. The topics range from new techniques for analyzing proteomics data, to new models designed to help better understand genetic variations to the differences in the salivary proteomes of HIV-infected patients.     

Parasitism and epibiosis in native and non-native gammarids in freshwater in Ireland

The introduced amphipod crustaceans Gammarus pulex and G. tigrinus are displacing the native G. ducheni celticus in a number of freshwater sites in Northern Ireland. We investigated parasite and epibiont infection in populations in the Rivet Lagan and Lough Neagh where both native and invading species occur. Prevalence of the four parasites and epibionts observed was higher in the native G. d. celticus than in the invading amphipods at both field sites. In Lough Neagh. G. d. celticus individuals suffered higher burdens of the rotifer Embata parasitica and the protozoan Epistylis in comparison with the invading species. These patterns may reflect host specificity by the parasites or may result from different susceptibilities of the native and invading host species. We consider the influence of parasitism on host invasions and resulting species distributions.