自噬对鼠伤寒沙门菌所致的巨噬细胞凋亡的影响

为探讨鼠伤寒沙门菌与巨噬细胞共作用时细胞自噬对凋亡的影响,用加入自噬诱导剂雷帕霉素(Rapamycin,RAPA)和未加RAPA的RPMI1640过夜培养小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞J774A.1,以携带一分子量为100kb毒力质粒的鼠伤寒沙门菌标准毒株SR-11为受试菌。首先测定RAPA对菌量及细胞活性的影响,然后建立细胞感染模型,在细菌与细胞共作用后动态观察24h,不同时间点检测细胞超微结构变化、自噬泡的形成、Beclin-1和Bcl-2的表达、细胞存活率和胞内活菌计数以及细胞凋亡情况。结果显示,RAPA单独作用于细菌或细胞时菌量及细胞活性均无变化;而对细胞感染模型而言,RAPA作用与否细胞内的细菌数及细胞存活率均有显著改变,RAPA可明显降低细胞内活菌数及其所致的巨噬细胞凋亡率(P0.05);RAPA干预组在细菌与细胞共作用早期,部分细菌可被双层膜包裹形成自噬泡,细胞超微结构正常;Beclin-1的表达量增加,而Bcl-2的表达量降低;后期细胞破坏程度明显轻于未用RAPA组。以上结果提示,通过调控细胞自噬水平以减轻宿主细胞凋亡,可作为防治某些感染性疾病的新途径。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌pStSR100质粒对生物膜形成的影响

目的：鼠伤寒沙门菌在多种表面形成的生物膜对其致病性和引起食物中毒等方面起着重要作用,本研究探讨鼠伤寒沙门菌pStSR100质粒对细菌在不同材质表面生物膜形成的影响。方法：用LB（Lufia—Bertani,LB）培养基和TSB（TryptoseSoyaBroth,TSB）培养基分别将携带pStSR100质粒的野生株在96孔板与放置无菌小圆玻片的24孔板中静态培养48h,用结晶紫半定量法确定生物膜形成的适宜培养基。将野生株与消除质粒的突变株,用结晶紫半定量法和激光共聚焦显微镜（ConfocalLaserscanningmicroscopy,CLSM）观察其在聚苯乙烯培养板和小圆玻片表面形成生物膜的差异。结果：用LB培养时细菌生物膜的形成能力高于用TSB培养,LB培养基更适宜生物膜形成;结晶紫半定量法结果表明野生株比突变株在小圆玻片表面形成生物膜的能力明显增强,而在聚苯乙烯培养板表面两者则无明显差异;CLSM观察发现,野生株在小圆玻片表面形成融合成片的大克隆,突变株仅形成较小克隆。结论：鼠伤寒沙门菌pStSR100质粒能促进该茵在亲水性材质表面生物膜的形成,但其对该菌在疏水性材质表面生物膜的形成未见明显影响,这一新发现为进一步研究鼠伤寒沙门菌生物膜形成的调控机制,研制抗感染材料提供了理论和实验依据。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌pStSR100质粒对生物膜形成的影响

目的:鼠伤寒沙门菌在多种表面形成的生物膜对其致病性和引起食物中毒等方面起着重要作用,本研究探讨鼠伤寒沙门菌pStSR100质粒对细菌在不同材质表面生物膜形成的影响。方法:用LB(Luria-Bertani,LB)培养基和TSB(Tryptose Soya Broth,TSB)培养基分别将携带pStSR100质粒的野生株在96孔板与放置无菌小圆玻片的24孔板中静态培养48 h,用结晶紫半定量法确定生物膜形成的适宜培养基。将野生株与消除质粒的突变株,用结晶紫半定量法和激光共聚焦显微镜(Confocal Laser scanning microscopy,CLSM)观察其在聚苯乙烯培养板和小圆玻片表面形成生物膜的差异。结果:用LB培养时细菌生物膜的形成能力高于用TSB培养,LB培养基更适宜生物膜形成;结晶紫半定量法结果表明野生株比突变株在小圆玻片表面形成生物膜的能力明显增强,而在聚苯乙烯培养板表面两者则无明显差异;CLSM观察发现,野生株在小圆玻片表面形成融合成片的大克隆,突变株仅形成较小克隆。结论:鼠伤寒沙门菌pStSR100质粒能促进该菌在亲水性材质表面生物膜的形成,但其对该菌在疏水性材质表面生物膜的形成未见明显影响,这一新发现为进一步研究鼠伤寒沙门菌生物膜形成的调控机制,研制抗感染材料提供了理论和实验依据。     

调控巨噬细胞自噬水平可降低免疫细胞的凋亡率

<正>自噬是不同于凋亡的另一种程序性细胞死亡,是当今国际研究的热点,但有关病原菌感染与细胞自噬的研究还鲜见报道。自噬对胞内菌具有双重作用,一方面是天然免疫应答的重要组成部分,宿主细胞通过自     

沙门菌-斑马鱼感染模型用于自噬的研究

本文旨在构建沙门菌-斑马鱼感染模型,研究幼年斑马鱼体内的异源自噬。用不同浓度鼠伤寒沙门菌浸染受精后72h的幼年斑马鱼,绘制7d内斑马鱼的存活率曲线以确定适宜的细菌感染量。以上述细菌量感染斑马鱼后,荧光显微镜下观察沙门菌在体内的播散情况;在不同时间点计数细菌菌落,并用蛋白免疫印迹法检测自噬相关蛋白Lc3和p62的表达,同时在电子显微镜下观察自噬体结构。结果显示,以1×109CFU/ml细菌量感染斑马鱼后,2d内斑马鱼存活率为100%,第3天开始出现死亡。荧光显微镜下发现,感染后4h鱼体中有细菌侵入,3d后细菌扩散至全身。细菌计数结果显示,整条鱼感染的细菌量随时间延长不断增加,但感染后10h侵入鱼体细胞中的菌量显著低于8h。蛋白免疫印迹结果显示,感染后8hLc3-Ⅱ表达显著升高,p62表达显著降低。透射电子显微镜下,感染后8h幼鱼细胞中可观察到自噬体和自噬溶酶体结构。以上结果提示,用鼠伤寒沙门菌浸染幼年斑马鱼构建的模型可用于追踪病原菌感染引起的异源自噬的动态变化。     

伤寒沙门菌耐药质粒体内接合转移的研究

目的研究伤寒沙门菌耐药质粒pRST98在小鼠体内向大肠埃希菌的接合转移,比较质粒在体内、外接合转移的异同。方法由于伤寒沙门菌是一种只对人类致病的病原菌,因此将伤寒沙门菌的耐药质粒pRST98导入遗传背景明确的鼠伤寒沙门菌低毒株RIA中,用接合子pRST98/RIA口饲BALB/c小鼠进行体内接合转移。结果在体外伤寒沙门菌很容易将pRST98转移给大肠埃希菌E.coliK12W1485(F-)RifrLac+,该接合子又可将pRST98转移给鼠伤寒沙门菌RIA,但在不同宿主菌中耐药标志的表达有差异。未经人工感染小鼠肠道分离的大肠埃希菌耐药情况严重,口饲pRST98/RIA后出现了部分耐药标志与pRST98耐药谱相同的大肠埃希菌,但有些抗生素的耐药标记未能表达。质粒检测显示体内形成的接合子均含耐药质粒pRST98。结论伤寒沙门菌耐药质粒pRST98在动物体内、外均可转移给大肠埃希菌,但同一质粒在体内、外大肠埃希菌株中耐药标志表达有差异,即使在同一小鼠体内分离的不同接合子,pRST98/E.coli菌株耐药性亦有不同,显示耐药质粒表达的多样性和复杂性。     

结核休眠菌与巨噬细胞自噬

结核休眠菌是残存于人体巨噬细胞内处于代谢静止期的极微量结核分枝杆菌(MTB),了解其生物学特性和相关作用机制对MTB潜伏感染新靶点药物的研究具有重要意义。巨噬细胞作为机体固有免疫和适应性免疫的重要组成部分,是清除胞内感染的MTB的首要屏障。巨噬细胞可以通过自噬途径清除MTB,而处于休眠状态的MTB可以逃避巨噬细胞的杀伤而持续存在。此外,目前有关休眠菌如何逃逸巨噬细胞自噬的具体机制也并不十分明确,本文则对休眠菌及其与巨噬细胞自噬相关研究的最新进展作一综述。     

TassC结合过氧化物酶体对早期受染巨噬细胞内的鼠伤寒沙门菌的影响

探讨鼠伤寒沙门菌在感染鼠巨噬细胞早期与细胞器的相互作用。用pTassC-GFP质粒转染鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7,结合多抗的溶酶体标志物溶酶体相关膜蛋白-1用键合了Alexa594的羊抗鼠二抗显色,以观察标记了绿色荧光蛋白的TassC与溶酶体的关系;用pTassC-GFP和pDsRed2-Perxi质粒共转染RAW264.7细胞,以观察TassC-GFP与过氧化物酶体的关系;用SYTO42标记鼠伤寒沙门菌,感染用pTassC-GFP和pDsRed2-Perxi质粒共转染的RAW264.7细胞,以观察细菌与TassC和过氧化物酶体的关系。免疫荧光显示TassC-GFP不与鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7中的溶酶体结合,但与标记了红色荧光的过氧化物酶体共定位;感染1 h的RAW264.7胞内SYTO42标记的鼠伤寒沙门菌吞噬泡可招募TassC-GFP和过氧化物酶体。这些发现提示在鼠伤寒沙门菌感染早期过氧化物酶体携带杀菌成分通过TassC介导可参与发挥一定的杀菌作用。     

伤寒沙门菌Ⅵ型分泌系统对SopE表达影响的初步研究

为探索伤寒沙门菌Ⅵ型分泌系统(type 6 secretion system, T6SS)对SopE表达的影响,阐明其中的分子机制,本研究利用自杀质粒同源重组法构建携带sopE∷3×Flag的伤寒沙门菌野生株(WT-pBAD33)、T6SS功能分子缺陷株(ΔsciG-pBAD33)和回补株(C-ΔsciG),用构建成功的菌株感染巨噬细胞THP-1并在模拟巨噬细胞内环境(LPM培养基、微需氧)下培养,通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, qRT-PCR)与蛋白质印迹法(Western blot, WB)试验探索T6SS对SopE表达的影响,采用β-半乳糖苷酶活性检测来进一步验证sopE基因启动子的转录水平,Ni柱纯化T6SS功能蛋白SciG,电泳迁移率变动分析(electrophoretic mobility shift assay, EMSA)研究SciG蛋白对sopE基因启动子的调控作用。结果显示：ΔsciG-pBAD33中SopE表达水平较于WT-pBAD33明显降...     

伤寒沙门菌动物模型研究进展

目前伤寒沙门菌引起的人类伤寒仍是一种严重危害人类健康的疾病,且近年来多重耐药伤寒沙门菌株频频出现,使伤寒的治疗更加棘手.由于该菌具有严格的宿主特异性,又缺乏理想的动物模型,其致病机制的研究、疫苗及药物的研发受制约.新近研究发现,免疫系统人源化小鼠模型和诱导型一氧化氮合酶基因敲除小鼠模型可用于伤寒沙门菌的体内实验.本文就其应用现状及缺憾作一综述.     

Macrophage apoptosis associated with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi plasmid

The present study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between plasmid isolated from S. enterica serovar Typhi (pR(ST98)) and macrophage apoptosis. pR(ST98) was transferred into an attenuated S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain RIA to create a transconjugant pRsT98/RIA. Standard S. enterica serovar Typhimurium virulence strain SR-11 was used as a positive control, and RIA as a negative one. Murine macrophage-like cell line (J774A.1) was used as an infectious cell model in vitro. In order to determine the inhibition and bactericidal effect of amikacin (AMK) to extracellular bacteria and the best optimization co-culture ratio between Salmonella and J774A.1, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of AMK to strains SR-11, pR(ST98)/RIA and RIA and multiplicity of infection (MOI) were detected first, and then J774A.1 was infected by the above three serovar Typhimurium strains. Apoptosis of J774A.1 was examined with electron microscopy and flow cytometry after annexin-V/propidium iodide labeling at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h. Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by JC-1 staining method. It was demonstrated that MIC of AMK to the three strains was 10 microg/ml, MBC was 80 microg/ml, and optimal MOI was 100:1. pR(ST98)/RIA resulted in a higher apoptosis of J774A.1 than RIA, apoptotic features such as chromatin margination could be observed after 3 h, and death of J774A.1 cells was associated with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. These results indicated that pR(ST98) could enhance the virulence of its host bacteria, evidenced by increased macrophage apoptosis.     

The Genomic Blueprint of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi P-stx-12

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacterium. It belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae in the class Gammaproteobacteria, and has the capability of residing in the human gallbladder by forming a biofilm and hence causing the person to become a typhoid carrier. Here we present the complete genome of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Typhi strain P-stx-12, which was isolated from a chronic carrier in Varanasi, India. The complete genome comprises a 4,768,352 bp chromosome with a total of 98 RNA genes, 4,691 protein-coding genes and a 181,431 bp plasmid. Genome analysis revealed that the organism is closely related to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain Ty2 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain CT18, although their genome structure is slightly different.     

Diversity of genome structure in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi populations

The genomes of most strains of Salmonella and Escherichia coli are highly conserved. In contrast, all 136 wild-type strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi analyzed by partial digestion with I-CeuI (an endonuclease which cuts within the rrn operons) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and by PCR have rearrangements due to homologous recombination between the rrn operons leading to inversions and translocations. Recombination between rrn operons in culture is known to be equally frequent in S. enterica serovar Typhi and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium; thus, the recombinants in S. enterica serovar Typhi, but not those in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, are able to survive in nature. However, even in S. enterica serovar Typhi the need for genome balance and the need for gene dosage impose limits on rearrangements. Of 100 strains of genome types 1 to 6, 72 were only 25.5 kb off genome balance (the relative lengths of the replichores during bidirectional replication from oriC to the termination of replication [Ter]), while 28 strains were less balanced (41 kb off balance), indicating that the survival of the best-balanced strains was greater. In addition, the need for appropriate gene dosage apparently selected against rearrangements which moved genes from their accustomed distance from oriC. Although rearrangements involving the seven rrn operons are very common in S. enterica serovar Typhi, other duplicated regions, such as the 25 IS200 elements, are very rarely involved in rearrangements. Large deletions and insertions in the genome are uncommon, except for deletions of Salmonella pathogenicity island 7 (usually 134 kb) from fragment I-CeuI-G and 40-kb insertions, possibly a prophage, in fragment I-CeuI-E. The phage types were determined, and the origins of the phage types appeared to be independent of the origins of the genome types.     

A genomic snapshot of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Colombia

Little is known about the genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) circulating in Latin America. It has been observed that typhoid fever is still endemic in this part of the world; however, a lack of standardized blood culture surveillance across Latin American makes estimating the true disease burden problematic. The Colombian National Health Service established a surveillance system for tracking bacterial pathogens, including S. Typhi, in 2006. Here, we characterized 77 representative Colombian S. Typhi isolates collected between 1997 and 2018 using pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE; the accepted genotyping method in Latin America) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). We found that the main S. Typhi clades circulating in Colombia were clades 2.5 and 3.5. Notably, the sequenced S. Typhi isolates from Colombia were closely related in a global phylogeny. Consequently, these data suggest that these are endemic clades circulating in Colombia. We found that AMR in S. Typhi in Colombia was uncommon, with a small subset of organisms exhibiting mutations associated with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. This is the first time that S. Typhi isolated from Colombia have been characterized by WGS, and after comparing these data with those generated using PFGE, we conclude that PFGE is unsuitable for tracking S. Typhi clones and mapping transmission. The genetic diversity of pathogens such as S. Typhi is limited in Latin America and should be targeted for future surveillance studies incorporating WGS.     

Complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi P-stx-12

We report here the complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi P-stx-12, a clinical isolate obtained from a typhoid carrier in India.     

Instability of Escherichia coli R-factors in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi involves formation of recombinant composite plasmid structures

In spite of a well-documented ability of Samonella enterica Typhi strains to receive R factors from Escherichia coli and other enterobacteria, epidemiological data show that Typhi is a rather poor host of antibiotic-resistance genes and in fact, of plasmids, suggesting that most of the plasmids naturally acquired by Typhi strains become unstable and eventually segregate. We have previously reported evidence that each of three plasmids conjugatively transferred to S. enterica Typhi experienced deletion-mediated loss of a resistance determinant before plasmid segregation occurred. We now report that in Typhi strains containing these unstable plasmids a superhelical DNA species of lower mobility is detected, probably representing plasmid dimer structures. Plasmid deletion is a RecA-dependent process since it is not detected in derivatives of a recA1 S. enterica Typhi strain containing the corresponding plasmids, and in such strains we were unable to detect either the low-mobility species. We propose that the deletable segments contain key information for plasmid stability in S. enterica Typhi, possibly a multimer resolution system.     

Yersinia pestis pFra shows biovar-specific differences and recent common ancestry with a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi plasmid

Population genetic studies suggest that Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a clonal pathogen that has recently emerged from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Plasmid acquisition is likely to have been a key element in this evolutionary leap from an enteric to a flea-transmitted systemic pathogen. However, the origin of Y. pestis-specific plasmids remains obscure. We demonstrate specific plasmid rearrangements in different Y. pestis strains which distinguish Y. pestis bv. Orientalis strains from other biovars. We also present evidence for plasmid-associated DNA exchange between Y. pestis and the exclusively human pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.     

The influence of reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi on the clinical response to ofloxacin therapy

Background

Infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones has been associated with fluoroquinolone treatment failure. We studied the relationship between ofloxacin treatment response and the ofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the infecting isolate. Individual patient data from seven randomised controlled trials of antimicrobial treatment in enteric fever conducted in Vietnam in which ofloxacin was used in at least one of the treatment arms was studied. Data from 540 patients randomised to ofloxacin treatment was analysed to identify an MIC of the infecting organism associated with treatment failure.

Principal Findings

The proportion of patients failing ofloxacin treatment was significantly higher in patients infected with S. Typhi isolates with an MIC≥0.25 µg/mL compared with those infections with an MIC of ≤0.125 µg/mL (p<0.001). Treatment success was 96% when the ofloxacin MIC was ≤0.125 µg/mL, 73% when the MIC was between 0.25 and 0.50 µg/mL and 53% when the MIC was 1.00 µg/mL. This was despite a longer duration of treatment at a higher dosage in patients infected with isolates with an MIC≥0.25 µg/mL compared with those infections with an MIC of ≤0.125 µg/mL.

Significance

There is a clear relationship between ofloxacin susceptibility and clinical outcome in ofloxacin treated patients with enteric fever. An ofloxacin MIC of ≥0.25 µg/mL, or the presence of nalidixic acid resistance, can be used to define S. Typhi infections in which the response to ofloxacin may be impaired.