DYSFUNCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEDING—The Relationship of Microscopic Observations to Treatment

Dysfunctional bleeding is not an entity, it is a symptom. With proper history, physical examination and laboratory aids a definitive diagnosis can be made. With this diagnosis rational and direct treatment may be instituted. Both diagnosis and treatment are outlined and discussed. When hormonal treatment is indicated, the type, amount and timing must be fitted to the patient''s needs.     

Patient navigation pathway and barriers to treatment seeking in cancer in India: A qualitative inquiry

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Early diagnosis and treatment of cancer may curb the growing burden of the disease. Understanding cancer patients’ navigation pathways for seeking treatment is important in order to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment. With this background we conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study comprising 68 randomly selected cancer inpatients in a tertiary cancer specialty hospital in Odisha, India, to explore the treatment-seeking pathways of the cancer patients and the barriers and enablers in seeking treatment. Financial constraint is one of the major reasons for the delay in accessing treatment, even when patients are suspected of or diagnosed with cancer. Low awareness of the presenting signs and symptoms of cancer and limited knowledge of the availability of cancer diagnosis and treatment facilities are major factors contributing to delay. Family and friends’ support is found to be the major enabling factor toward seeking treatment. Generation of awareness of cancer among the general population and primary-care practitioners – including those in alternative systems of medicine – is important. Information on diagnostic and treatment services appears to be a felt need.     

腰椎峡部裂诊治的研究进展

腰椎峡部裂和峡部裂型腰椎滑脱症是临床上腰痛症状的常见原因,越来越多的患者饱受其困扰。随着对疾病认识的加深和医学技术的不断发展,因本病临床表现的特异性及敏感性较低,影像学主要依赖于X线片、CT、MRI、SPECT等诊断。治疗方式包括保守治疗和手术治疗(包括峡部裂修复术和不同方式的融合术等),其影像学诊断及治疗方式的选择尚未达成统一的认识,其诊断和治疗方式仍在争论和探索中。本文将对该病的诊断和治疗的选择进行总结。     

Malignant hyperthermia crisis

Clearly the malignant hyperthermia crisis offers a significant challenge in the well cosmetic surgical patient. Aggressive early treatment is mandatory in these cases. Any delay can be disastrous. At times, the crisis may be aborted due to such therapy, leaving some doubt as to the current diagnosis. With such a disease entity, this is the hopeful scenario.     

基于焦磷酸测序技术的 基因突变检测在精准医疗中的应用研究进展

基因突变检测在肿瘤等疾病的早期诊断、个体化给药指导、疾病治疗进程与耐药监控等方面具有极其重要的意义。随着测序技术的 不断发展,DNA 突变的检测与分析已为病毒感染、血液病和实体瘤等疾病的个体化诊治提供重要参考。焦磷酸测序技术是一种基于生物发 光法测定焦磷酸盐的实时 DNA 测序技术,其用于 DNA 序列分析时不需电泳和荧光标记,定量性能好,结果准确,易于实现自动化,在基 因突变检测分析与肿瘤等疾病诊治中发挥巨大作用。综述基于焦磷酸测序技术的基因突变检测在分子靶向个体化治疗和疾病诊断中的应用 研究进展。     

面向精准医学时代的胆总管结石影像学及内镜诊断

胆总管结石是胆道外科一种常见病、多发病。随着"精准医学"时代的到来,因人因病而异的胆总管结石精准诊断及精准的个体化治疗意义重大。影像医学作为胆总管结石精准治疗的"导航"手段,其检查方法种类多样且各种方法有着各自的优点及局限性,对于满足精准治疗需要有特殊的要求。因此,本文对胆总管结石的各种影像学及内镜检查方法的优点及局限性进行综述并提出精准医学时代影像学诊断策略,以期能为胆总管结石精准诊断的提供一定的参考。     

子宫内膜癌肿瘤标志物的研究进展

子宫内膜癌是妇科最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,早期诊断、早期治疗、规范随访是改善预后的重要手段。随着检测技术的发展和研究的深入,近年来出现了一些新的肿瘤标志物,在子宫内膜癌早期诊断及预后判断方面发挥重要的作用。本文主要归纳总结了子宫内膜癌肿瘤标志物的最新研究进展。     

B-型利尿钠肽在冠心病所致慢性充血性心力衰竭的诊断、治疗和愈后评估中的作用

冠心病的发病率在我国呈逐年上升的趋势,因冠心病心肌供血不足造成心肌损害最终导致心力衰竭。慢性心力衰竭特别是症状不典型的心力衰竭至今仍然是临床诊断上的一个难点,临床医生根据临床症状及体征所作出的诊断往往准确性偏低,应同时根据客观指标加以判断。BNP是近年来国内外研究的热点激素,在CHF的诊断、治疗和预后评估上受到广泛的重视,2003年被美国心脏病学会列为医学十大进展之一。本文就B-型利尿钠肽在冠心病所致慢性充血性心力衰竭的诊断、治疗和愈后评估中的作用作一全面的介绍。     

Developments in the scientific and clinical understanding of autoinflammatory disorders

The autoinflammatory diseases, also known as periodic fever syndromes, are disorders of innate immunity which can be inherited or acquired and which cause recurrent, self-limiting, seemingly spontaneous episodes of systemic inflammation and fever in the absence of autoantibody production or infection. There has been much recent progress in elucidating their aetiologies and treatment. With the exception of familial Mediterranean fever, which is common in certain populations, autoinflammatory diseases are mostly rare but should not be overlooked in the differential diagnosis of recurrent fevers since DNA diagnosis and effective therapies are available for many of them.     

耐药性结核性脑膜炎研究进展

结核性脑膜炎是由结核杆菌引起的中枢感染性疾病,是肺外结核病中最严重的一种,其多侵袭脑膜,有时可累及脑实质、脊髓,有很高的致死率。结核病在发展中国家中的感染趋势尤为突出。我国为人口大国,抗结核治疗和预防的形势异常严峻。随着抗结核药物的广泛使用,耐药性结核性脑膜炎患者数量增加,严重影响了结核性脑膜炎的预后。在耐药性结核性脑膜炎患者的治疗中,早期诊断、经验性治疗、调整治疗方案对患者的预后尤为重要。本文对耐药性结核性脑膜炎的分布、临床诊断、基因检测、治疗方案及预后进行系统性的总结。     

核酸适配体在三阴性乳腺癌诊疗中的研究进展*

乳腺癌是女性高发恶性肿瘤,三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer, TNBC)恶性程度极高,且发病机制复杂,是乳腺癌分型中预后最差的类型,但目前其早期筛查和诊断的敏感度仍处在较低水平。因此,亟须通过应用具有高度特异性的肿瘤标志物分子探针,实现其早期诊断和治疗。核酸适配体是在人工合成的随机单链核酸序列文库中,通过指数富集的配体系统进化技术(systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, SELEX)筛选获得的寡核苷酸序列。高效的分子识别能力使其成为最具潜力的生物靶向分子,在肿瘤诊断及治疗中具有广阔的应用前景。目前,通过筛选已获得了多种靶向TNBC细胞的核酸适配体。重点综述基于SELEX及其衍生技术筛选TNBC相关核酸适配体的新进展,以及核酸适配体在TNBC诊断和治疗中的应用,为相关研究提供参考。     

磷酸化蛋白质组学在三阴性乳腺癌诊治研究中的进展

三阴性乳腺癌是乳腺癌中恶性程度最高的亚型,其治疗仍以化疗为主,但容易出现耐药,且患者预后较差。随着蛋白质组学技术的发展,磷酸化蛋白质组学研究取得了长足的进步,并在肿瘤发生发展机制和诊治研究中得到了广泛的应用。同样,磷酸化蛋白质组学在三阴性乳腺癌的发生发展、靶向治疗和耐药机制研究等方面也发挥着重要作用。本文主要对目前磷酸化蛋白质组学在三阴性乳腺癌中的研究进展进行综述,旨在为基于磷酸化蛋白质组学的三阴性乳腺癌发生发展机制和诊治研究提供指导和帮助。     

Aspiration biopsy cytology, mammography and clinical exploration: a modern set up in diagnosis of tumors of the breast.

Six hundred and two mammary tumors were examined clinically, by mammography and cytology, with a histologic checkup following surgical biopsy. There were 247 cases of malignoma and 355 benign cases. The limited reliability of the individual methods is demonstrated, and it is shown that their combined use can improve the diagnosis. More malignomas are detected, and preoperative diagnosis is made more safely. If all three methods yield identical results, as was the case in 50.2% of the malignant and 32.7% of the benign lesions, the probability of diagnostic error is less than one per cent. With a malignoma thus established, surgical treatment may follow immediately, or irradiation can be started. In benign cases a surgical biopsy may be foregone and further developments may be awaited with due provision for regular control. If the three methods yield conflicting or doubtful results, elucidation by surgical biopsy and histology is indicated.     

Systemic lupus erythematosus; early cytologic diagnosis

The diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus-a relatively common disease-is difficult because of the variable nature of the symptoms, which resemble those of many other conditions. The finding of the characteristic cells is pathognomonic, although failure to find them does not rule out the diagnosis. If the diagnosis is suspected the "L.E." cell test should be performed on two samples of blood from the veins and one from the bone marrow. After separation of a haparinized sample by centrifuge, a drop from the buffy coat is Wright-stained on a slide and examined for rouleaux formation and for a hematoxylinstaining material sometimes seen in intercellular bodies (which may be surrounded by a rosette of leukocytes) and sometimes seen as ingested by a leukocyte. Only the last finding is positively diagnostic of lupus erythematosus.A statistical analysis of 62 cases treated at the Los Angeles County General Hospital is given. Because of the frequency of rheumatoidlike arthritic changes in the disease, all patients with this form of arthritis should be given the test. Spontaneous remission and then relapse after a long asymptomatic interval occurred in many cases. With early diagnosis and vigorous treatment with cortisone and corticotropin, many patients can be relieved of symptoms.     

A systematic assessment of statistics,risk factors,and underlying features involved in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer remains the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the world, and will continue to become the number two cause of cancer-related death unless a remarkable breakthrough is achieved. With a slim chance of early diagnosis, surgery can only provide a median survival of 17–23 months. The presence of a dense stroma makes this cancer resilient to chemotherapy, with very few potent inhibitors like nab paclitaxelin available that can work in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. Survival rates, on the one hand, lie at 8.5%. Variation in types of pancreatic cancer, on the other hand, makes it notoriously difficult to come up with a practical solution for the treatment of this disease. A deeper understanding of the root cause would be beneficial for diagnosis. Advancement in the field of genomics has made the identification of novel biomarkers relatively easier. By coupling this factor with the production of suitable inhibitors, testing in large numbers can be made possible with the help of cell lines. With the combined efforts of biological knowledge and modern technology, the cure for pancreatic cancer could be at hand.     

Detection and Management of Deep Vein Thrombosis

The accuracy of diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis is significantly improved by combining clinical evaluation with other adjunctive methods, especially fibrinogen uptake tests, technetium scans, Doppler techniques and phlebography. Using these studies, early treatment with intravenous administration of heparin can be begun and in selected cases with long-term risks, warfarin is often useful. These same drugs, in different dosage schedules, may also be helpful as prophylaxis. With these methods of treatment, thrombectomy and caval interruption are required less often. If interruption of inferior vena cava flow becomes necessary, several new methods utilizing intracaval filters are proving to be very useful.     

重视侵袭性真菌病的诊治

随着免疫抑制剂、广谱抗菌素、器官移植和侵袭性操作应用的增加,侵袭性真菌病的发生率也相应地增加。临床医生的误诊误治,更加重了这种倾向。要纠正这种倾向,必须提高对侵袭性真菌病的认识水平。分清真菌相关的概念,了解微生物学特性,熟悉流行病学现状和趋势,重视早期诊断尤其是疑似线索,对实现真正意义上的分层治疗是非常重要的。     

分子生物学在血液病诊断和治疗中的应用及研究进展

分子生物学自问世以来在各个领域都有着非常广泛的应用。随着分子生物学手段的不断发展,其在医学诊断和疾病治疗等领域的作用也获得医护人员的认可。分子生物学方法在血液病诊断和治疗方面的应用也尤为突出。本文综述了PCR,荧光原位杂交技术、基因芯片和二代测序等分子生物学手段在血液病中的应用,为血液病的诊断、治疗监测以及用药指导等方面的研究提供参考。     

SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS—Early Cytologic Diagnosis

The diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus—a relatively common disease—is difficult because of the variable nature of the symptoms, which resemble those of many other conditions. The finding of the characteristic cells is pathognomonic, although failure to find them does not rule out the diagnosis.If the diagnosis is suspected the “L.E.” cell test should be performed on two samples of blood from the veins and one from the bone marrow. After separation of a haparinized sample by centrifuge, a drop from the buffy coat is Wright-stained on a slide and examined for rouleaux formation and for a hematoxylinstaining material sometimes seen in intercellular bodies (which may be surrounded by a rosette of leukocytes) and sometimes seen as ingested by a leukocyte. Only the last finding is positively diagnostic of lupus erythematosus.A statistical analysis of 62 cases treated at the Los Angeles County General Hospital is given. Because of the frequency of rheumatoidlike arthritic changes in the disease, all patients with this form of arthritis should be given the test. Spontaneous remission and then relapse after a long asymptomatic interval occurred in many cases. With early diagnosis and vigorous treatment with cortisone and corticotropin, many patients can be relieved of symptoms.     

Behandlung depressiver Störungen bei Diabetes mellitus

Approximately 25% of all diabetes patients suffer from symptoms of clinical depression. This comorbidity of depression and diabetes is associated with hypoglycaemia, microvascular and microvascular complications and a clearly increased mortality. With regard to psychosocial outcome depression is related to impaired generic and diabetes-specific quality of life and poor treatment adherence. Despite this life endangering interaction depression is under-diagnosed and under-treated in diabetes patients. Therefore a screening for depression should be an integral part of routine care. Treatment for depression is aimed not only towards improvement of depression but should focus on physical aspects of diabetes as well. Depression can be treated with antidepressant medication, psychotherapy or a flexible combination of both. These approaches demonstrate relatively good results that are comparable to those patients with depression without diabetes. Up to now no single treatment that consistently leads to better medical outcome in patients with depression and diabetes could be identified. The management of diagnosis and treatment of comorbid depression in diabetes can be enhanced by following algorithms that are grounded on evidence-based treatment guidelines.